LESSON 2

I PL E S O F L E A R N I N G
PRINC
OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss the different learning principles anchored on the

different theories of learning; and
2. Compare and contrast different learning approaches
 ACTIVITY
Think Pair Share A-Z

Standard to follow:
1. Pair with your classmates.
2. Complete the table of different learning-assessment strategies or
tools that your teacher used across different subjects. It includes
even your elementary and secondary teachers.
3. Use the first name of your pair to list different assessment
strategies or tools. An example was given below. Further,
determine which theories of learning it is anchored from.
4. Answer the follow up question with your pair.
Before we begin the discussion let us first give distinction to these important terms;
Independent Learning. This learning approach will let the students to take charge of his own learning.
Students are given an opportunity to make informed choices and take responsibility of his own learning.
Collaborative Learning. This educational approach uses groups to enhance learning through working
together. Groups of two or more learners work together to solve problems, complete tasks, or learn new
concepts.
Concept Based Learning. It is an approach where students consider big ideas rather than the specific
content. Teachers gives meaningful experiences by introducing the real world meaning of the knowledge
and skills.
Processed Based Learning. It is a holistic approach where the process of understanding the concept
becomes the direction of the instruction. It allows intensive interaction among students.
Tasked Based Learning. In this activity, teacher provides task as the basis of the completion of the
subjects. This means that the completion of the central task becomes the priority of the classroom
activities.
Project Based Learning. Project Based Learning (PBL) is a teaching method in which students learn by
actively engaging in real-world and personally meaningful projects.
 Name Learning-Assessment Year Theories of
Strategies/Tools Level Learning

E E----
X X------
E E-----
Q Q------
U U-----
I I------
E E--
L LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
ANALYSIS
1. Explain the completed table.
2. What are your experiences when your teacher used that
assessment tools/strategies?
3. What is the purpose of your teacher in using that assessment
tools/strategies?
4. What are the basis of giving the specific strategies?
5. What do you think are the considerations of your teachers in
selecting the learning-assessment strategies or tools?
6. Does it provide meaningful learning experiences? Why?
Most of the teachers used the traditional way of teaching because they
thought that this is the best approach of learning. Many of these
teachers used the PPP approach where teachers present the lessons,
let the students practice the concept and produce the product of
learning.
This framework is reliable and effective for different learning activities.
However, the shift of the learning styles of the students brought by the
information technology, where information is readily available
anywhere, it implies that the ways of teaching our students should also
follow changes.
In this section you will thoroughly learn independent and collaborative
learning, concept and processed based learning, and task and project
based learning.
Independent Learning vs Collaborative Learning
The concept of Independent Learning and Collaborative Learning lies on the individual
capacity to work on his own and working with others. Many of our students believe that
they can work effectively with others but there are some students that can work
independently with themselves.
The independent learning approach gives the students the autonomy to work on
his/her own in understanding of the concepts. Students become more involve in doing
projects independently and being evaluated based on the same criteria used for others.
This independent learning approach is given to the students after passing the zone of
proximal development. Since this approach is highly demanding on the individual skills,
teachers should ensure that the students have the full grasp of understanding of the prior
learning. This means that teachers should prepare the students on the prerequisite skills
to become successful in this approach.
Shown in table 1 is the advantages and disadvantages of independent learning.
Advantages Disadvantages
• Fosters self-accountability and evaluation, and working at own • Students may become frustrated because of a lack of structure
pace. and time management skills.
• Demonstrates the importance of effective time management • Does not have reference points in order to utilize the thinking
and organizational skills. of others regarding multiple ways to solve a problem and
develop a solution.
• Demonstrates the linkage between planning and effort in
relationship to developing a quality solution. • Can result in a lack of appreciation for the need to develop
group process and team building skills.
• Allows for creativity and how to link it to developing high
quality solutions in a non-structured environment. • Some students may not do well in an unstructured self-directed
learning environment.
• Increases engaged learning and time-on-task.
• The teacher may have difficulty structuring the classroom
• Allows use of “strengths management” by allowing the student learning time because students have different learning paces.
to apply their best personal assets and learning style to reach an
effective solution. • Students may stop trying because success seems beyond their
knowledge and skill levels.
• Builds self-confidence if a high quality solution is achieved.
• Encourages working hard to be successful and therefore
creating a sense

Source: Bartz (2020). Collaborative, Individualized, and Competitive learning: What are the advantages and disadvantages?, Association of Middle Schools
Collaborative Learning approach allows students to share their idea with their
classmates. This approach makes the students more engage with the topic since
they are communicating their understanding with their classmates. The central
idea of collaborative learning approach lies on the students’ ability to help others.
Students motivation becomes important in doing collaborative learning
approaches. Students should feel that they are responsible and accountable to
the group for doing their best.
In doing collaborative learning approach, teachers should consider five
principles that will be helpful in making this approach effective.
1. teachers should share or distribute the leadership.
2. there should be heterogeneous groupings.
3. teacher should allow positive interdependency, recognizing and valuing
dependence among each students.
4. make sure that teachers should monitor the activity to ensure that
students are working effectively and efficiently with others.
5. let the group responsible for their learning. Give them the autonomy
to solve problems on their own.
 Shown in table 2 is the advantages and disadvantages of collaborative learning.
Advantages
• Promotes positive interpersonal relationships.
• Develops group skills.
• Prompts learning from each other.
• Furnishes multiple perspectives for problem solving and solution
development.
• Provides opportunities to better understand each other, develop
and improve friendships, and learn more about each other.
• Allows for both leadership and followership experience.
• Causes appreciation for the value of dependency upon others to
solve problems and form solutions.
• Offers practice at verbally exploring and justifying reasoning to one
another.
• Allows for learning how to teach one another and help each other
develop ideas.
• Demonstrates the importance of teamwork.
Source: Bartz (2020). Collaborative, Individualized, and Competitive learning: What are the advantages and disadvantages?, Association of Middle Schools
Disadvantages
• Introverts may be less likely to meaningfully participate.
• Lower achievers may be overwhelmed and feel insecure by the
knowledge and skills demonstrated by higher achievers.
• May minimize thinking and working independently and relying on
self-initiative to complete work.
• May result in conflict if compromise is not accepted by members
and negatively impacts creating a high-quality solution to the
problem.
• Higher achievers may spend considerable time working and
developing lower achievers’ knowledge and skills at the expense of
advancing their learning.
• May result in unequal distribution of the workload in accomplishing
the group’s solution.
• Since students learn at different rates, some may be slowed down
while others constantly struggle to keep up with the activities
needed to develop an effective solution.
• Members may intentionally not put forth maximum effort because
they perceive others will do the work for them.
Task-based Learning (TBL) vs. Project-based Learning (PBL)

The traditional presentation, practice, production (PPP) approach has

been widely used by our newly qualified teachers to be the base of
their lesson plan. It is undeniably reliable and a valid framework
around which to base a series of classroom activities. It is the best
way to cover all the lexical areas and grammar points in the course
book or syllabus but it is debatable if it fulfills the needs of the
learner. Many teachers, having experimented the PPP approach
which does not take into account the particular needs of each
learner, and the language content is almost always dictated by the
coursebook and/or syllabus, turn to more learner-centered
approaches which is the TBL and the PBL where the needs of the
learner are central to the lesson content.
- Task-based learning (TBL) or Task-based language teaching
(TBLT) is a methodology or an approach in which learning
revolved around completion of meaningful tasks with the main
focus on the authentic use of language for a genuine
communication.
- A task can be a real-life situation or such have a pedagogical
purpose which involves a meaningful communication with a gap
such as different information or opinion between what the
students know to prompt a communication.
- A clear goal is presented which will enable students to know how
they will complete the task. This will also make them know when
the task is completed.
- Project-based learning (PBL) is an instructional approach
intended to specifically give the students an opportunity to
develop knowledge and skills through engaging projects for an
extended period of time set around challenges and real-world
problems. The essential elements of this flexible and dynamic
pedagogy includes a challenging problem or question, sustained
.
inquiry, authenticity, application of learning, integration, student
voice and choice, public product for authentic audience, and
feedback loops of critique, reflection and refining of the product -
including formative and summative assessment which promotes
deeper learning, greater engagement, and higher quality work.
- For better use than the traditional PPP approach, in some point, TBL and
PBL shares a common ground primarily in achieving realistic objectives,
and the language or way that is needed to achieve such objectives.
- These two approaches treat language as an instrument to finish a given
target instead of a disengaged sentence structure point or lexical set to
learn and rehearse.
- They give a lot of chance for correspondence in authentic contexts and
give the student opportunity to utilize the linguistic resources he/she has,
and afterward think about what they realized or need to learn.
- The PBL approach takes learner-centeredness to a more elevated level. It
imparts numerous perspectives to TBL, yet in the event that anything, it is
considerably more aggressive.
- Though TBL makes the task focal point of a lesson, it also makes
the task focal point of an entire term or academic year.
- Finally, teachers often use the combination of TBL, PBL and
some traditional techniques such as PPP to deal with problems
that might appear in the planning.
- Its important to consider when to use an approach or a
combination of approaches that works best for the teacher and
the learner.
APPLICATION

Directions: Create a Venn Diagram to differentiate approaches

of leaning on the principles of learning.
1. Independent Learning vs Collaborative Learning
2. Concept Based Learning vs Process Based Learning
3. Task Based Learning vs Project Based Learning
THANK YOU!!!