¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 1: ∏ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ· ˙ÒÓË ....................................................................................................................................25

1.1 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙÈ· ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›·.........................................................................................................................................................25
1.2 ∫·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ·˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ ............................................................................................................................................25
1.3 ¢È·›ÚÂÛË Ù˘ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ·˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ .................................................................................................................................................27

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 2: £·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· ·̷ٷ....................................................................................................................................29

2.1 °ÂÓÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi ..........................................................................................................................................................29
2.2 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ...................................................................................................................................................29
2.3 ∂›‰Ë Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ – ·ÓÂÌÔÁÂÓ‹ ·̷ٷ ..........................................................................................................................................30
2.3.1 ™¯¤ÛË ‡„Ô˘˜, Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÂÌÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ (fetch) ..........................................31
2.4 ¢È¿ÎÚÈÛË Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ú˯ÒÓ ÓÂÚÒÓ Î·È Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÓÂÚÒÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ‚¿ıÔ˘˜ ..............................................................................31
2.5 ™¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·̷ÙÔ˜ ...............................................................................................................33
2.6 ¢ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ............................................................................................33
2.6.1 ∞Ó¿ÎÏ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ (wave reflection) ....................................................................................................................33
2.6.2 ¢È¿ıÏ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ (wave reflection) .....................................................................................................................35
2.6.3 ™‡ÁÎÏÈÛË Î·È ·fiÎÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ............................................................................................................................35
2.6.4 ¶ÂÚ›ıÏ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ (wave diffraction)..................................................................................................................35
2.6.5 £Ú·‡ÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ......................................................................................................................................................37
2.7 £·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· ·̷ٷ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜ – ∆ÛÔ˘Ó¿ÌÈ (tsunami waves) ..................................................................................................39
2.7.1 °ÂÓÈο ................................................................................................................................................................................39
2.7.2 ∞›ÙÈ· Á¤ÓÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜.....................................................................................................39
2.7.3 ∫˘Ì·ÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ı·Ï·ÛÛÈˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜................................................................................40
2.7.4 ∫·Ù·ÛÙÚÂÙÈο ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜ ........................................................................................41
2.7.4.1 ∆Ô ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈÔ Î‡Ì· ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ 2004 ÛÙËÓ πÓ‰ÔÓËÛ›· ..............................................................................43
2.7.5 £·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· ·̷ٷ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·..................................................................................................................44
2.7.6 ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ÁÈ· ·Ï·ÈÔ-ÙÛÔ˘Ó¿ÌÈ .......................................................................................................................................45
2.7.7 ¶ÚfiÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜ ..........................................................................................................45
2.8 ∫˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË .........................................................................................................................................................47

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 3: ¶·Ú¿ÎÙÈ· Ú‡̷ٷ ..................................................................................................................................49

3.1 £·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· Ú‡̷ٷ .....................................................................................................................................................................49
3.2 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙÈ· Î˘Ì·ÙÔÁÂÓ‹ Ú‡̷ٷ ................................................................................................................................................50
3.3 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙÈ· ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›· È˙‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ...............................................................................................................................................51

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 4: ¶·Ï›ÚÚÔȘ (tides) ...................................................................................................................................53

4.1 °ÂÓÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ·Ï›ÚÚÔÈ·˜.................................................................................................................................53
4.2 °¤ÓÂÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÈÚÚÔÈÒÓ – ›‰Ë ·Ï›ÚÚÔÈ·˜ .............................................................................................................................54
4.3 ∞ÌÊȉÚÔÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· (amphidromic system) ........................................................................................................................56
4.4 ¶·Ï›ÚÚÔÈ· Î·È Â›‰· – ÛÙ¿ı̘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜.........................................................................................................................57
4.5 ∏ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙˆÚÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÛÙË ÛÙ¿ıÌË Ù˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ ............................................................................58
4.6 ∂‡ÚÔ˜ ·Ï›ÚÚÔÈ·˜ (tidal range).................................................................................................................................................59
4.6.1 ¢È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÎÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ·Ï›ÚÚÔÈ·˜ ..............................................................................................60
4.6.2 ™¯¤ÛË Â‡ÚÔ˘˜ ·Ï›ÚÚÔÈ·˜ – ·Ú¿ÎÙÈˆÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ·Ú¿ÎÙÈˆÓ ÁˆÌÔÚÊÒÓ...................................................61
12 ¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 5: ™Ù¿ıÌË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ (sea-level) ..................................................................................................................63

5.1 √ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ (sea-level) ............................................................................................................................63
5.2 ∞›ÙÈ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘................................................................................................................................63
5.2.1 ∏ ·ÛÙÚÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ıˆڛ· (ÂÚ› ÙˆÓ ·ÁÂÙÒÓˆÓ)............................................................................................................64
5.3 ∂Ӊ›ÍÂȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ........................................................................................................................65
5.3.1 ∞fiÏ˘ÙË Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂӉ›ÍÂˆÓ (ÛËÌ›ˆÓ–‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ) ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜..66
5.3.1.1 ª¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ .....................................................................................................................................66
5.3.2 ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘„fiÌÂÙÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ – ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜............................68
5.3.3 ∆¿ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ...............................................................................................................69
5.3.4 ∏ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÙÚËÌ·ÙÔÊfiÚˆÓ ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘.......................................69
5.4 ªÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ηٿ ÙÔ ∞ÓÒÙÂÚÔ ¶ÏÂÈÛÙfiηÈÓÔ .................................................................................69
5.4.1 ¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚¤ÛÙÂÚÔ˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÌÒÓ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜
Ù˘ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÏÂÈÛÙfiηÈÓÔ˘ ...................................................................................................................................71
5.4.2 ™˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·Î˘Ì¿ÓÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÔÙfiˆÓ Ô͢ÁfiÓÔ˘ Ì ÙË ÛÙ¿ıÌË Ù˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜
Î·È ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ¢ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ – ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ ....................................................................................................72
5.5 ªÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ηٿ ÙÔ √ÏfiηÈÓÔ ...............................................................................................................75
5.6 ªÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ .......................................................................................................................78
5.7 ª¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ Ù˘ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜..............................................................................................79

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 6: ¶·Ú¿ÎÙÈ· È˙‹Ì·Ù·...................................................................................................................................81

6.1 ¶ËÁ¤˜ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈˆÓ È˙ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ.......................................................................................................................................................81
6.2 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Î·È È‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ È˙ËÌ·ÙÔÁÂÓÒÓ ÎfiÎΈÓ....................................................................................................81
6.2.1 ¶ÚԤϢÛË ÙˆÓ ÎfiÎΈÓ...................................................................................................................................................81
6.2.2 ª¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÎfiÎÎˆÓ ..............................................................................................................................................................81
6.2.3 ∫ÔÎÎÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË È˙ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ..................................................................................................................................83
6.2.3.1 ¢ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›· – ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ....................................................................................................83
6.2.3.2 ∫ÔÎÎÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ¿ÌÌÔ˘........................................................................................................................84
6.2.3.3 ∫ÔÎÎÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÏÂÙfiÎÔÎÎˆÓ È˙ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (ÈχԘ Î·È ·ÚÁ›ÏÔ˘)........................................................85
6.2.3.4 ∞ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË Î·È ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÎÔÎÎÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘.....................................87
6.2.4 ™¯‹Ì· – ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÎfiÎÎˆÓ ...................................................................................................................................................93
6.3 ∆Ô ÈÛÔ˙‡ÁÈÔ ÙˆÓ È˙ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ·˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ ....................................................................................................................95

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 7: ¶·Ú¿ÎÙȘ ÁˆÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂÙÚˆ‰ÒÓ (‚Ú·¯ˆ‰ÒÓ) ·ÎÙÒÓ ............................................................................97

7.1 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙÈÔÈ ÎÚËÌÓÔ› (coastal cliffs) ............................................................................................................................................97
7.1.1 ¶ÚÔÊ›Ï ·Ú¿ÎÙÈˆÓ ÎÚËÌÓÒÓ...........................................................................................................................................97
7.1.1.1 ™‡ÓıÂÙÔÈ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈÔÈ ÎÚËÌÓÔ›..........................................................................................................................101
7.1.2 ªË¯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ˘Ô¯ÒÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈˆÓ ÎÚËÌÓÒÓ...................................................................................................102
7.1.3 ƒ˘ıÌÔ› ˘Ô¯ÒÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈˆÓ ÎÚËÌÓÒÓ............................................................................................................103
7.2 ÀÔÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘ ‚Ú·¯ˆ‰ÒÓ ·ÎÙÒÓ........................................................................................................103
7.3 £·Ï¿ÛÛȘ ÂÁÎÔ¤˜ (marine notches)....................................................................................................................................105
7.3.1 £·Ï¿ÛÛȘ ÂÁÎÔ¤˜ Î˘Ì·ÙÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘.........................................................................................................107
7.3.2 £·Ï¿ÛÛȘ ÂÁÎÔ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÙË ‰È·‚ÚˆÙÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ
(‚Èԉȷ‚ÚˆÛÈÁÂÓ›˜).......................................................................................................................................................107
7.3.3 √È ı·Ï¿ÛÛȘ ÂÁÎÔ¤˜ ˆ˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ Ù˘ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ ...................................................................109
7.4 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙÈÔÈ ¿ÁÎÔÈ (shore platforms) ......................................................................................................................................112
7.5 £·Ï¿ÛÛȘ ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜ (marine terraces) ...........................................................................................................................115
7.5.1 √È ı·Ï¿ÛÛȘ ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜ ˆ˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜ .......................................................117
7.5.2 ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈˆÓ ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›‰ˆÓ..........................................................................................................118

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 8: ¶·Ú¿ÎÙȘ ÁˆÌÔÚʤ˜ ·fiıÂÛ˘ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ Ì ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔÓ Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi ..................121
8.1 ∞ÈÁÈ·ÏÔ› (beaches) ....................................................................................................................................................................121
8.1.1 ¶ÚÔÊ›Ï ·ÈÁÈ·ÏÔ‡ ............................................................................................................................................................122
 ¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· 13

8.1.1.1 √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ................................................................................................................................122

8.1.1.2 √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÎÈÔÌÂÙÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ È˙‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.......................................................................................................123
8.1.2 ÷ÏÈÎÒ‰ÂȘ ·ÈÁÈ·ÏÔ› (gravel beaches) .........................................................................................................................123
8.1.3 æËÊȉÔ·Á›˜ ·ÈÁÈ·ÏÔ› ‹ ·ÎÙfiÏÈıÔÈ (beachrocks) .....................................................................................................126
8.2 ºÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÁˆÌÔÚʤ˜ ·fiıÂÛ˘ .......................................................................................................................................129
8.2.1 ∆fiÌÔÏÔ (tompolo) ........................................................................................................................................................130
8.2.2 °ÏˆÛÛÔÂȉ›˜ ‚Ú·¯›ÔÓ˜ (spits)....................................................................................................................................130
8.2.3 ºÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÓËÛÈ¿ (barrier islands) .............................................................................................................................132
8.2.3.1 ªÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο......................................................................................................................132
8.2.3.2 ™¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÓËÛÈÒÓ ........................................................................................................132
8.2.3.3 ªÔÚÊÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÊÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÓËÛÈÒÓ .........................................................................133
8.3 ¶·Ú·ÏȷΤ˜ Ú¿¯Â˜ (beach ridges) ..........................................................................................................................................134
8.3.1 ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÏÈ·ÎÒÓ Ú¿¯ÂˆÓ .................................................................................................................136
8.3.2 ¶Â‰È¿‰Â˜ ·Ú·ÏÈ·ÎÒÓ Ú¿¯ÂˆÓ (ridge and swale topography) .................................................................................136
8.3.3 ƒ˘ıÌÔ› ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÏÈ·ÎÒÓ Ú¿¯ÂˆÓ ..............................................................................................................138
8.3.4 ¶·Ï·ÈÔÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÏÈ·ÎÒÓ Ú¿¯ÂˆÓ ...........................................................................................138
8.4 ªÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÎÚÔ·Ó¿ÁÏ˘ÊÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈˆÓ ·Ôı¤ÛˆÓ..........................................................138
8.4.1 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙȘ ·ÌÌÒ‰ÂȘ Î·È ¯·ÏÈÎÒ‰ÂȘ ˙ÒÓ˜ (berms).................................................................................................138
8.4.2 ∏ÌÈÛÂÏËÓÔÂȉ›˜ ·ÌÌÒ‰ÂȘ ‹ ¯·ÏÈÎÒ‰ÂȘ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ› (beach cusps).....................................................................140
8.4.3 ∞ÌÌÔÚÚ˘Ù›‰Â˜ (ripple marks)........................................................................................................................................141

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 9: ¶·Ú¿ÎÙȘ ÁˆÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙ¿ÌÈ· ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÛ›· È˙‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ...143
9.1 ¢¤ÏÙ· ÔÙ·ÌÒÓ (river delta) ....................................................................................................................................................143
9.1.1 ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÙ¿ÌÈˆÓ ‰¤ÏÙ· ........................................................................................................143
9.1.2 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÔÙ¿ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ............................................................................................................................144
9.1.3 ªÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ‰¤ÏÙ· ..................................................................................................................146
9.1.3.1 ¢ÂÏÙ·˚΋ ‰ȿ‰· (delta plain)......................................................................................................................146
9.1.3.2 ª¤ÙˆÔ ‰¤ÏÙ· (delta front) ............................................................................................................................148
9.1.3.3 ¶ÚÔ‰¤ÏÙ· (prodelta)........................................................................................................................................148
9.1.4 ∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÙ¿ÌÈˆÓ ‰¤ÏÙ· .................................................................................................................................148
9.1.4.1 ¢¤ÏÙ· Ì ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙȘ ÔÙ¿ÌȘ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ...................................................149
9.1.4.2 ¢¤ÏÙ· Ì ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙÔÓ Î˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi...................................................................150
9.1.4.3 ¢¤ÏÙ· Ì ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙȘ ·Ï›ÚÚÔȘ ...................................................................150
9.1.5 ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‰¤ÏÙ· ÛÙÔ ÔÏfiηÈÓÔ ..............................................................................................................................154
9.1.6 ¢¤ÏÙ· Î·È ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·..........................................................................................................................154
9.1.7 ∞ÓıÚˆÔÁÂÓ›˜ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ‰¤ÏÙ·........................................................................................................................155
9.1.8 ∆· ‰¤ÏÙ· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ ...................................................................................................................................................156
9.2 ¢ÂÏÙ·˚ο ÚÈ›‰È· (fan deltas) ..................................................................................................................................................163
9.2.1 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÏÙ·˚ÎÒÓ ÚÈȉ›ˆÓ (feeder system) .............................................................................163
9.2.3 ªÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÏÙ·˚ÎÒÓ ÚÈȉ›ˆÓ .........................................................................................................................164

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 10: ¶·Ú¿ÎÙȘ ÁˆÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ·Ï›ÚÚÔȘ................................167
10.1 ¶Â‰›· ËÏÔ‡ (mud flats) ..........................................................................................................................................................167
10.1.1 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ëψ‰ÒÓ È˙ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ...........................................................................................................................167
10.1.2 ∞ÎÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ηٷϷ̂¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ›˙ËÌ· ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ ËÏÔ‡.........................................................................................168
10.1.3 ªÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙˆÓ ‰›ˆÓ ËÏÔ‡ ...............................................................................................................170
10.1.3.1 ∏ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ...............................................................................................................................170
10.2 ∂Ó‰Ô·ÏÈÚÚÔȷο ‹ ·ÏÈÚÚÔȷο ‰›· (intertidal or tidal flats)......................................................................................171
10.2.1 K·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ È˙ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙ· ·ÏÈÚÚÔȷο ‰›· ......................................................................................................172
10.3 ∞ÏÌ˘Ú¿ ¤ÏË (saltmarshes)........................................................................................................................................................173
10.3.1 ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÌ˘ÚÒÓ ÂÏÒÓ ..........................................................................................................175
10.3.1.1 ¶ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ È˙‹Ì·ÙÔ˜........................................................................................................................................175
10.3.1.2 ¶·Ï›ÚÚÔÈ· ........................................................................................................................................................175
10.3.1.3 ∫˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ......................................................................................................................................................176
10.3.1.4 ªÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜.......................................................................................................................176
14 ¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 11: ¶·Ú¿ÎÙȘ ÁˆÌÔÚʤ˜ ·ÈÔÏÈ΋˜ ·fiıÂÛ˘..........................................................................................177

11.1 ∞ÈÔÏÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ .................................................................................................................................................................177
11.1.1 ∞ÈÔÏÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ·fiıÂÛË...................................................................................................................................177
11.1.2 ∏ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÌÌÔ˘ Î·È ·Ó¤ÌÔ˘ .............................................................................................................178
11.2 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙȘ ·ÌÌÒ‰ÂȘ ı›Ó˜ (coastal sand dunes) ..................................................................................................................178
11.2.1 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈˆÓ ·Ì̈‰ÒÓ ıÈÓÒÓ......................................................................................................178
11.2.2 ¶ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈˆÓ ·Ì̈‰ÒÓ ıÈÓÒÓ..................................................................................179
11.2.3 ∂›‰Ë ·Ú¿ÎÙÈˆÓ ·Ì̈‰ÒÓ ıÈÓÒÓ .................................................................................................................................180

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 12: ∞ÎÙ¤˜ ÎÔÚ·ÏÏÈÔÁÂÓÒÓ ˘Ê¿ÏˆÓ (coral reefs) .......................................................................................185

12.1 ™˘Óı‹Î˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚ·ÏÏÈÒÓ......................................................................................................................................185
12.2 ∂›‰Ë ÎÔÚ·ÏÏÈÔÁÂÓÒÓ ˘Ê¿ÏˆÓ ..................................................................................................................................................187
12.3 £ÂˆÚ›Â˜ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚ·ÏÏÈÔÁÂÓÒÓ ˘Ê¿ÏˆÓ.............................................................................................................189
12.4 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚ·ÏÏÈÔÁÂÓÒÓ ˘Ê¿ÏˆÓ.......................................................................................................................190
12.4.1 ∫ÔÚ·ÏÏÈÔÁÂÓ›˜ ‹ ‰ÔÌÈΤ˜ ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜ (coral or constructional terraces) ...........................................................191
12.5 ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚ·ÏÏÈÔÁÂÓÒÓ ˘Ê¿ÏˆÓ .......................................................................................................193

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 13: ∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÎÙÒÓ .......................................................................................................................195

13.1 ∫ÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ...........................................................................................................................................................195
13.1.1 ∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË Î·Ù¿ D.W. Johnson (1919)......................................................................................................................195
13.1.2 ∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË Î·Ù¿ F.P. Shepard (1948) ........................................................................................................................195
13.1.3 ∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË Î·Ù¿ C.A. Cotton (1974) .........................................................................................................................196
13.1.4 ∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË Î·Ù¿ H. Valentin (1952) ..........................................................................................................................196

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 14: ¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÎÙÒÓ Î·È Ì¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ......................................................................................199

14.1 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙÈ· ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË .................................................................................................................................................................199
14.1.1 ª¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÎÙÒÓ ·fi ÙË ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË.......................................................................................................201
14.1.1.1 ™ÎÏËÚ¤˜ χÛÂȘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ...........................................................................................................................201
14.1.1.2 ◊Ș χÛÂȘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜...............................................................................................................................207
14.1.1.3 ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÂÂÈÒÓ Ù˘ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ·˜ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘..........................................................209
14.2 ∂ÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ..........................................................................................210
14.2.1 ∏ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ·ÎÙÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘.......................................................................210
14.2.1.1 ∞ÈÁÈ·ÏÔ› – ηÓfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ P. Bruun...................................................................................................................210
14.2.1.2 ∞ÏÌ˘Ú¿ ¤ÏË ......................................................................................................................................................213
14.2.1.3 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙȘ ·ÌÌÒ‰ÂȘ ı›Ó˜ .............................................................................................................................213
14.2.2 ∂ÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ÙÚˆÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÎÙÒÓ Û ÌÈ· ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ................214
14.2.2.1 ¢Â›ÎÙ˘ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ·˜ ÙÚˆÙfiÙËÙ·˜ (Coastal Valnerability Index-CVI) ...........................................................214
14.2.3 ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘.......................................215
14.2.4 √È ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·....................................................215

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 15: √ÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ¶·Ú¿ÎÙÈ·˜ ∑ÒÓ˘ - √.¢.¶.∑.

(Integrated Coastal Zone Management - I.C.Z.M.)......................................................................................219
15.1 ¶È¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ...................................................................................................................................................219
15.2 √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÎÙÒÓ ..............................................220
15.3 ∏ ÔÚ›· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ·˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ (√.¢.¶.∑.) –
Integrated coastal zone management (I.C.Z.M.) ..................................................................................................................220
15.4 ™Ùfi¯ÔÈ Î·È ÛËÌ›· – ÎÏÂȉȿ Ù˘ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤Ó˘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ·˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ (√.¢.¶.∑.) ..................................221
15.5 µ·ÛÈο ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ √.¢.¶.∑. .................................................................................................................222
15.6 ∆Ô ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ· ˙ÒÓË....................................................................................................223
°ÏˆÛÛ¿ÚÈÔ fiÚˆÓ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ·˜ ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ...........................................................................................................227
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ..............................................................................................................................................................235