Competition, Interdisciplinarity and Teams in Science

François Maublanc

To cite this version:

François Maublanc. Competition, Interdisciplinarity and Teams in Science. Economics and Finance.
Université de Bordeaux, 2018. English. �NNT : 2018BORD0354�. �tel-02076695�

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 THÈSEPRÉSENTÉE
POUROBTEN
IRLEGRADEDE

DOCTEUR DE
L
’UN
IVERS
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ÉCOLEDOCTORALEENTREPR
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,ÉCONOM
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P
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COMPET
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,INTERD
ISCIPL
INAR
ITY AND
TEAMSINSCIENCE

Sou
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 Con
ten
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1 Tu
llockcon
tes
tsw
ithanunce
rta
innumbe
rofp
rize
s 9

1 In
trodu
cti
on. .................................. 9

2 Th
emod
el
. ................................... 1
1

3 P
riz
eal
loc
ati
on m
ech
ani
smsandequ
il
ibr
iumou
tcom
es ........... 1
3

3
.1 W
inn
erS
ele
cti
on M
ech
ani
sm(WSM
)................. 1
3

3
.2 L
oos
erE
lim
ina
tion M
ech
ani
sm(LEM
)................ 1
5

4 C
omp
ara
tiv
est
ati
cs............................... 1
8

4
.1 D
ist
ribu
tiono
fth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
s.................. 1
8

4
.2 Numb
ero
fcon
tes
tan
ts ......................... 2
5

5 C
onc
lus
ion.................................... 2
8

6 App
end
ix .................................... 2
9

6
.1 W
inn
erS
ele
cti
on M
ech
ani
sm(C
larkandR
ii
s(1
996
),sub
sec
tion3
.1)2
9

6
.2 L
oos
erS
ele
cti
on M
ech
ani
sm(F
ueta
l.(
201
4),sub
sec
tion3
.2) ... 3
1

6
.3 F
irs
tOrd
erandS
econdO
rde
rSt
och
ast
icD
omin
anc
e ........ 3
3

6
.4 P
roo
fsa
sso
cia
tedt
oth
eWinn
erS
ele
cti
on M
ech
ani
sm(WSM
) ... 3
5

6
.5 P
roo
fsa
sso
cia
tedt
oth
eLo
serE
lim
ina
tion M
ech
ani
sm(LEM
) ... 4
6

2 T
eam P
roduc
tionFunc
tioninSc
ience 53

1 In
trodu
cti
on................................... 5
3

2 Th
emod
el ................................... 5
6

3 C
omp
lex
ityo
fth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on .................... 5
8

4 Equ
il
ibr
iumou
tcom
es ............................. 5
9

5 C
omp
ara
tiv
est
ati
cs .............................. 6
0

v
v
i CONTENTS

5
.1 P
roj
ectich
ara
cte
ris
tic
s ........................ 6
0

5
.2 C
omp
eti
tionin
ten
sit
y ......................... 6
2

6 Ex
ten
sion
s.................................... 6
6

7 C
onc
lus
ion.................................... 6
9

8 App
end
ix .................................... 7
1

8
.1 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion8 ......................... 7
1

8
.2 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion9 ......................... 7
5

8
.3 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
0 ........................ 7
7

8
.4 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
1 ........................ 7
8

8
.5 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
2 ........................ 7
9

8
.6 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
3 ........................ 8
0

8
.7 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
4 ........................ 8
2

8
.8 P
rop
ert
ieso
fΥi ............................ 8
4

3 Docomp
lexp
rojec
tsleadtoh
ighe
rci
tat
ionimpac
t? 87

1 In
trodu
cti
on................................... 8
7

2 F
romth
emod
elt
oth
eda
ta .......................... 8
8

3 L
ite
ratu
rer
evi
ew ................................ 9
3

4 D
ataand M
eth
ods ............................... 9
5

4
.1 D
atas
et................................. 9
5

4
.2 V
ari
abl
es................................. 9
6

5 R
esu
lts......................................1
11

5
.1 1
-2d
isc
ipl
ine
s..............................1
11

5
.2 1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s .............................1
15

6 R
obu
stn
essch
eck
s................................1
29

7 I
sin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yin
cre
asin
gov
ert
ime
? ..................1
32

8 D
iscu
ssi
on....................................1
38
CONTENTS v
ii

9 C
onc
lus
ion....................................1
41

1
0 App
end
ix ....................................1
43

1
0.1 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
6 ........................1
43

1
0.2 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
7 ........................1
44

1
0.3 M
oreth
an6r
efe
ren
ces.........................1
45

1
0.4 CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e..........................1
61

1
0.5 W
oSsub
jec
tca
teg
ori
es.........................1
77

1
0.6 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
s .............................1
91

1
0.7 Ind
ividu
alF
ixedEff
ect
s ........................2
04

L
isto
ftab
les 231

L
isteo
ffigu
res 241

T
ableo
fcon
ten
ts 243
v
ii
i CONTENTS
 Gene
ralIn
troduc
tion

A
reid
easg
ett
ingha
rde
rtofind? Th
isqu
est
ionf
ormu
lat
edb
yBl
oome
tal
.(2
017
)st
ems
f
romth
eob
serv
ati
ono
fasub
stan
tia
ldim
ini
shin
gofr
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ityc
oup
ledw
ith
ac
ons
ide
rab
ler
iseinr
ese
archeff
ort
s.B
etw
een1
930and2
014
,th
eye
stim
ateth
atth
e
eff
ect
ivenumb
ero
fre
sea
rch
ersh
asb
eenmu
lt
ipl
iedb
y23wh
il
eth
eto
talf
act
orp
rodu
ctiv
-
i
tyg
row
thr
ateo
fth
eUn
itedS
tat
esh
asb
eend
ivid
edb
y2(F
igu
re1
). Th
isob
serv
ati
on
s
eem
sconfi
rmedinaw
ider
ang
eofc
ase
s. On
eofth
emo
sts
trik
ingf
act
sth
atem
erg
efr
om
th
eirp
ape
rcon
cern
sth
eMoo
re’
sLaw(
Moo
re,1
965
),wh
ichr
efe
rst
oth
edoub
lin
gofth
e
numb
ero
ftr
ans
ist
orsinm
icr
opr
oce
sso
rsev
erytw
oye
ars
,ar
ema
rkab
lys
tab
ler
ela
tion
ship
o
vert
ime(F
igu
re2
).T
oach
iev
eth
esam
eannu
alg
row
thr
ateo
fth
enumb
ero
ftr
ans
ist
ors
(
≈35%
),th
enumb
ero
fre
sea
rch
ersr
equ
iredin2
014i
s18t
ime
sth
atinth
eea
rly1
970
s.
O
the
rapp
li
cat
ion
sina
gri
cul
tur
eand m
edi
calt
echn
olo
gie
ssh
ows
imi
larp
att
ern
swi
tha
d
ecr
eas
einth
ere
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
itya
tanannu
alr
atea
round3
.5%
.

Th
ede
cl
ineo
fre
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ityinn
otan
ewqu
est
ioninth
einn
ova
tione
con
omi
cs
l
ite
ratu
re.B
loome
tal
.(2
017
)ar
ere
sur
rec
tin
gano
lde
rdeb
atefi
rstin
trodu
cedb
yEv
ens
on
(
199
3)andl
ate
rbyL
anj
ouwandS
chank
erm
an(
200
4)wh
oob
serv
eth
atth
era
tioo
fth
e
numb
ero
fpa
ten
tedinn
ova
tion
stoth
ere
sea
rchandd
eve
lopm
entexp
end
itu
res(
orth
e
numb
ero
fsc
ien
tis
tsanden
gin
eer
s)h
asb
eenapp
rox
ima
tiv
elyd
ivid
edb
ytw
obe
twe
enth
e
1
960
’sand1
990inth
eUn
itedS
tat
es,Un
itedK
ingd
om,G
erm
anyandF
ran
ce.

1
2 GENERALINTRODUCT
ION

F
igu
re1
:Ag
gre
gat
eDa
taonG
row
thandR
ese
archEff
ort
.Sou
rce
:Bl
oome
tal
.(2
017
).

F
igu
re2
:Moo
re’
sLaw-Thenumbe
ro ft
rans
isto
rsonin
teg
rat
edc
ircu
itch
ips
(
197
1-20
16)
.S our
ce:W
ikiped
ia.

Inth
eph
arm
aceu
tic
als
ect
or,r
ese
archexp
end
itu
resh
avesub
stan
tia
llyin
cre
asedwh
il
e
th
ein
trodu
cti
ono
fnew m
ole
cul
aren
tit
iesandn
ewd
rug
sonth
ema
rke
tde
cl
ine
sorr
e-
m
ain
satb
ests
tab
leo
vert
ime
. C
ockbu
rn (
200
6)a
rgu
esth
atth
esem
easu
reso
f R&D
effi
cien
cyo
ver
est
ima
teth
ede
cl
ineo
fre
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ity
:ifth
eri
sin
gco
sto
fnewd
rug
s
 3

i
sind
ispu
tab
le
,as
ign
ific
antp
arti
sal
sodu
etoin
cre
asin
gtr
ans
act
ionc
ost
sando
the
r
m
ark
etin
effic
ien
cie
s.N
eve
rth
ele
ss,ac
ons
ensu
sisem
erg
ingam
ongs
cien
tis
tsonth
efa
ct
th
atr
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ityi
ssh
arp
lyd
ecl
inin
g.

Th
isi
sa m
ajo
rcon
cerns
inc
eid
easandth
eirad
opt
iona
rea
tth
eco
reo
fec
onom
ic
p
rog
res
s. Th
efir
ste
con
omi
cgr
owth m
ode
ls(R
ome
r,1
990
)suppo
sec
ons
tan
tre
sea
rch
p
rodu
ctiv
ityimp
lyin
gth
atth
egr
owthr
ateo
fid
easi
spr
opo
rti
ona
ltoth
enumb
ero
f
p
eop
lew
ork
inginth
ere
sea
rchs
ect
or.I
tre
sul
tsas
cal
eeff
ect
:ifth
esh
areo
fwo
rke
rs
d
evo
tedt
ore
sea
rchi
scon
stan
tov
ert
ime
,th
enth
eto
talf
act
orp
rodu
ctiv
ityandth
e
g
row
thr
ateo
fth
eec
onom
yar
epr
opo
rti
ona
ltoth
esi
zeo
fth
elabo
rfo
rce
.How
eve
rth
ere
i
snoemp
ir
ica
lev
iden
ceo
fsu
char
ela
tion
.Jon
es(
199
5)a
rgu
esth
atth
egr
owthr
ate
o
fid
easd
oesn
oton
lyd
ependonth
enumb
ero
fre
sea
rch
ers
,bu
tal
soonth
est
ocko
f
kn
owl
edg
einth
eec
onom
yintw
odiff
eren
twa
ys. Th
efir
ston
eimp
li
cit
lya
ssum
esth
at
kn
owl
edg
eisinfin
ite
:th
enumb
ero
fnewid
easin
cre
ase
swi
thth
est
ocko
fkn
owl
edg
e
inth
eec
onom
y,s
ign
ify
ingth
atp
rev
iou
sdi
sco
ver
iesm
akee
asi
ert
ofindn
ewid
eas
. Th
e
s
econdon
ein
fer
sth
atkn
owl
edg
eisfin
ite
:find
ingn
ewid
easd
ecr
eas
esth
est
ocko
fth
ose
n
oty
etd
isc
ove
red
,mak
ingth
enewon
esh
ard
ert
ofind
.Inbo
thc
ase
sth
egr
owthr
ate
o
fid
easd
ecr
eas
esw
ithth
est
ocko
fkn
owl
edg
eav
ai
lab
leinth
eec
onom
y. Th
esem
ode
ls
a
ssum
eth
atr
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ityi
scon
stan
tov
ert
ime
.How
eve
rth
epr
evi
ousemp
ir
ica
l
ob
serv
ati
onss
eemt
osuppo
rtth
atr
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ityi
sde
cl
inin
g,m
ean
ingth
atth
ese
m
ode
lspo
ten
tia
llyo
ver
est
ima
teth
egr
owthr
ateo
fid
eas
.Se
ger
str
om(
199
8)i
sth
efir
stt
o
exp
lor
eth
econ
sequ
enc
eso
fR&Db
ecom
ingm
oreand m
ored
ifficu
lto
vert
imeinaR&D
end
ogen
eou
sgr
owth m
ode
l. H
eas
sum
esth
atr
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ityi
sde
cl
inin
ggiv
en
th
atth
emo
st“
obv
iou
s”id
easa
red
isc
ove
redfi
rst
,mak
ingth
enewon
esh
ard
ert
ofind
.
H
owev
erth
ena
tur
eofid
eas(o
bviou
sorc
omp
lex)r
ema
insafu
zzyc
onc
ept
.

N
atu
ral
lyc
ome
sth
equ
est
iono
fwh
yre
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ityi
sde
cl
inin
g.Inth
eph
ar-
m
aceu
tic
als
ect
or amm
,P oll
ieta
l.(
201
1)ob
serv
eth
atth
eR&Dexp
end
itu
resh
avesu
stan
-
t
ial
lyin
cre
asedwh
il
eth
enumb
ero
fnewd
rug
sbe
ingapp
rov
edr
ema
inss
tab
le
.Ac
cord
ing
t
oth
eau
tho
rs,R&Dexp
end
itu
resh
aveb
eenc
onc
ent
rat
edonh
ighr
isko
ffa
ilu
rer
ese
arch
a
rea
s. Th
epr
odu
ctiv
ityc
ris
isinth
eph
arm
aceu
tic
als
ect
orm
ayb
etempo
rarys
inc
efirm
s
h
avein
ves
tedh
igham
oun
tso
fmon
eyonr
iskyr
ese
archa
rea
swi
thth
ehop
etoinn
ova
te
d
isrup
tiv
elyr
ath
erth
anin
crem
ent
ally
. Th
ism
igh
tmom
ent
aryl
eadt
oad
ecl
ineinth
e
r
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ityth
atc
anb
ecomp
ens
atedinth
efu
tur
ebyag
rea
ternumb
ero
f
p
aten
ts,d
rug
sand m
ole
cul
aren
tit
iesonth
ema
rke
t.A
cco
rdin
gtoAk
cig
ite
tal
.(2
013
),
4 GENERALINTRODUCT
ION

th
eund
erin
ves
tmen
tofg
ove
rnm
ent
sandp
riv
ates
ect
orinb
asi
cre
sea
rchi
sde
trim
ent
al
s
inc
eba
sicr
ese
archg
ene
rat
esg
rea
terpo
sit
ivesp
il
lov
ersf
orth
eec
onom
yth
anapp
li
edr
e-
s
ear
ch.G
iventh
atc
oll
abo
rat
ioninS
cien
cei
sbe
com
ingm
oreth
eru
leth
anth
eex
cep
tion
Ad
( am
seta
l.,2
005
),c
oord
ina
tionc
ost
sandf
ree
-r
idin
gcou
lda
lsoexp
lainth
ede
cl
inein
th
ere
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ity
.

P
erh
apsth
emo
ren
atu
ralr
eas
ont
oexp
lainth
isph
enom
enoni
sth
atr
ese
archi
sbe
-
c
omin
gmo
reand m
orec
omp
lex
.Ac
cord
ingt
oth
eOx
for
dDi
ctiona
ryo
fEn
gl
ish,c
omp
lex
h
ass
eve
ralm
ean
ing
s. Th
efir
ston
eis“No
tea
sytoana
lys
eorund
ers
tand
;comp
li
cat
ed
o
rin
tri
cat
e”.A
skn
owl
edg
eac
cumu
lat
es,i
tbe
com
esin
cre
asin
glyd
ifficu
ltt
o“r
eachth
e
f
ron
tie
r”
.Jon
es(
200
9)a
rgu
esth
atr
ese
arch
ersn
eedt
osp
end m
oreand m
oret
imein
edu
cat
iont
oth
ede
trim
ento
ftim
etoinn
ova
tea
sth
ekn
owl
edg
efr
ont
ierm
ove
sfu
rth
er.
Th
erei
sanin
cre
asin
gedu
cat
ion
albu
rdens
oth
ata
geo
ffir
stin
ven
tionin
cre
ase
sov
er
t
ime
,ind
ividu
alkn
owl
edg
ena
rrow
sle
adin
gtoag
rea
tersp
eci
ali
zat
ion
,andt
eams
ize
g
row
s. C
ons
equ
ent
ly
,th
elabo
rcon
sump
tionin
cre
ase
sandthu
sth
eas
soc
iat
edc
ost
s,
l
ead
ingt
oad
ecl
ineinr
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ity
.

Th
ese
cond m
ean
ingo
fcomp
lex
ityi
s“Con
sis
tin
gof man
ydiff
eren
tandc
onn
ect
ed
p
art
s.”D
oin
gre
sea
rchi
sin
trin
sic
allyap
rodu
ctiv
epr
obl
em:i
trequ
ire
stoc
omb
inep
rev
i-
ou
sac
adem
icw
ork
sinap
art
icu
larw
ayt
opr
odu
cen
ewid
eas
.He
rein
cre
asin
gth
ecom
-
p
lex
ityo
fre
sea
rchp
roj
ect
sme
ansth
atth
eknow
led
gep
rodu
ctionfun
ctionh
asch
ang
ed
o
vert
ime
,inaw
ayth
atl
ead
stoanin
cre
aseo
fth
elabo
rcon
sump
tionandad
ecl
ineo
f
r
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ity
. Su
chexp
lan
ati
ond
oesn
otex
istinth
eli
ter
atu
rey
et,andi
sth
e
m
ainsub
jec
tofth
isth
esi
s.T
odos
o,w
epr
opo
sein Ch
apt
er2ath
eor
eti
calm
ode
lto
und
ers
tandh
owv
ari
ati
onsinth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
onth
atw
esuppo
seo
fth
e
c
ons
tan
tel
ast
ic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
ionf
ormaff
ect
ssc
ien
tifi
cou
tpu
tandp
rodu
ctiv
ity
. Am
ong
m
anyr
esu
lts
,wefindth
at,a
tequ
il
ibr
ium
,al
lth
eva
riab
lesd
ependonasyn
the
ticind
ex
o
fth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
onth
atw
edefin
etob
eit
scomp
lex
ity
. W
esh
owh
ow
ch
ang
esinth
isind
ex m
odi
fyth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onandp
rodu
ctiv
itya
tequ
il
ibr
ium
.

T
oemp
ir
ica
llyt
estou
rmod
el(Ch
apt
er3
),w
econ
sid
eron
epa
rti
cul
arf
ormo
fcomp
lex
-
1
i
ty,c
all
edin
ter
dis
cip
lina
rit
y , wh
ichr
equ
ire
scomb
inin
gsk
il
lsandeff
ort
sfr
omd
iffe
ren
t
1
Oneimpo r
tantchall
engeinth ePhi
losophyofSc
iencehasb eentocon ceptua
li
sediffer
entform sof
combin
in gdis
cipl
ine
s. Th e
sea cademi
cw orksl
edtod iffe
rentexp re
ssion
ssu cha s mu
lt
idis
cip
linari
ty,
int
erdi
scip
linar
ityortransd
isc
ipl
inar
ity
,wh i
chhavebeenemployedindiffer
en t
lyforalongt
im ea
l though
aclea
rclass
ificat
ionexist
ssincethepaperofCho
iandP ak( 2006).
 5

r
ese
archa
rea
sora
cad
emi
cdi
scip
lin
es.M
orep
rec
ise
ly
,th
eNa
tion
alA
cad
emyo
fSc
ien
ce
d
efin
esin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yasf
oll
ows
:

In
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryr
ese
archi
sa m
odeo
fre
sea
rchb
yte
amso
rind
ividu
alsth
at
in
teg
rat
esin
form
ati
on,d
ata
,te
chn
iqu
es,t
ool
s,p
ersp
ect
ive
s,c
onc
ept
s,and
/or
th
eor
iesf
romtw
oorm
ored
isc
ipl
ine
sorbod
ieso
fsp
eci
ali
zedkn
owl
edg
eto
adv
anc
efund
amen
talund
ers
tand
ingo
rtos
olv
epr
obl
emswh
oses
olu
tion
sar
e
b
eyondth
esc
opeo
fas
ing
led
isc
ipl
ineo
rar
eao
fre
sea
rchp
rac
tic
e.

I
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yisaf
ormo
fcomp
lex
ity
,th
isi
sno
tth
eon
lyf
ormo
fcomp
lex
ity
.
Ou
rch
oic
etos
tudyin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yism
otiv
atedb
yth
efa
ctth
atth
ist
opi
cha
sre
ceiv
ed
ag
row
ingin
ter
estf
romth
esc
ien
tifi
ccommun
ityinr
ecen
tye
ars
.Va
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e
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egiv
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ter2,w
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fth
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lex
ity
o
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8 GENERALINTRODUCT
ION

p
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aly
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eeff
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all
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th
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ren
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Tu
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1 In
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2
S
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ram
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ays
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ueta
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.(2
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tase
tal
.(2
017
)pr
opo
se
1
Th
ispap
erisco-au
thoredwithS
ébas
tienRoui
llon
.
2
Th
eve
ryfi r
stcontr
ibu
tionsonmul
tip
le-p
riz
econte
stsa
reG
laz
erandHa
ssin(
1988
)andB
erry(
1993
).

9
1
0 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

t
ote
stexp
erim
ent
allyana
ll
-pa
yau
cti
onw
ith mu
lt
ipl
eend
ogen
ousandun
cer
tainp
riz
es.
K
eep
ingc
ons
tan
tth
eexp
ect
ednumb
ero
fpr
ize
s,th
eyob
serv
eth
atm
oreun
cer
tain
tyl
ead
s
t
oad
ecr
eas
einth
eeff
ortsp
entb
ypl
aye
rs.

Su
rpr
iz
ing
ly
,th
eca
seo
f mu
lt
ipl
e-p
riz
econ
tes
tsw
ithanun
cer
tainnumb
ero
fpr
ize
s
h
asn
eve
rbe
enin
ves
tig
atedth
eor
eti
cal
ly
,al
thou
ghth
isi
san
atu
rala
ssump
tionandan
imm
edi
ateex
ten
siono
fth
eli
ter
atu
reju
stsu
rvey
ed. M
anyr
eal
-l
ifeex
amp
lesc
orr
epond
t
oth
iss
itu
ati
on.Infi
rms
,wo
rke
rsm
ayc
omp
etew
ith
outkn
owin
gex
act
lyth
enumb
ero
f
p
rom
oti
ons
.InS
cien
ce,r
ese
arch
ersc
omp
etet
oob
tainfund
swi
thou
tkn
owin
gpr
eci
sely
h
owfund
inga
gen
cie
sal
loc
ateth
eirbud
getb
etw
eenp
roj
ect
s. T
opub
li
shth
eirp
ape
r,
r
ese
arch
ersh
avel
imi
tedin
form
ati
onsc
onc
ern
ingth
eac
cep
tat
ionr
ateo
fjou
rna
ls
.Inth
e
a
cad
emi
cjobm
ark
et,PhDs
tud
ent
sar
eno
taw
areo
fth
eex
actnumb
ero
fjob
sofa
ssi
stan
t
p
rof
ess
orso
rre
sea
rch
ersth
atw
il
lbea
vai
lab
lea
fte
rth
eirPhDd
efen
se. Th
epu
rpo
seo
f
th
epr
esen
tpap
eri
stop
rov
ideafi
rsta
ttemp
ttofi
llth
egapc
onc
ern
ingun
cer
tain
tyon
th
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sinc
ont
est
s.

W
econ
sid
eraT
ull
ockc
ont
estsu
cce
ssfun
cti
onw
ithr
isk
-neu
tra
landsymm
etr
icp
lay
-
e
rs,a
ssum
ingth
atth
enumb
ero
f(id
ent
ica
l)p
riz
est
obeaw
ard
edi
sar
and
omv
ari
abl
e,
w
ithac
omm
onkn
owl
edg
epr
obab
il
ityd
ist
ribu
tion
. W
ech
ara
cte
riz
eth
eNa
shequ
il
ibr
ium
o
fth
eco
rre
spond
ingc
ont
estg
ameandid
ent
ifys
omeo
fit
spr
ope
rti
es. Und
erasp
ecifi
ca-
t
ionc
omm
onlyu
sedinth
eli
ter
atu
reon mu
lt
ipl
e-p
riz
econ
tes
t B
s(er
ry,1
993
;Cl
arkand
R
ii
s,1
996
),w
efindth
atth
eag
gre
gat
eeff
orto
fth
econ
tes
tan
tsin
cre
ase
swh
enth
eun
cer
-
t
ainnumb
ero
fpr
ize
sge
tssm
all
erinth
esen
seo
fth
efir
st-
ord
ers
toch
ast
icd
omin
anc
eor
wh
enth
eri
skinth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sde
cre
ase
sinth
esen
seo
fth
ese
cond
-ord
ers
toch
ast
ic
d
omin
anc
e. W
edi
scu
ssh
owth
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
onandth
esp
ecifi
cat
iono
fth
epr
obab
il
ity
fun
cti
onc
an m
odi
fyth
epr
ope
rti
esp
rev
iou
slyd
ete
rmin
ed. W
eal
sop
rov
ideanum
eri
cal
i
llu
str
ati
ont
odi
spl
ayl
essexp
ect
edb
eha
vio
rs.

Th
isp
ape
ral
soc
ont
ribu
test
oth
eli
ter
atu
ref
romat
echn
ica
lpo
into
fvi
ew. Ou
r
r
esu
ltsf
oll
owf
romth
epr
ope
rti
es(m
ono
ton
ic
ityandc
onc
avi
ty)o
fad
isc
ret
efun
cti
on
fi
rstapp
ear l
edinCarkand R
ii
s(1
996
)th
eninF
ueta
l.(
201
4). W
esh
owh
ereh
ow
t
oex
tendi
ttoac
ont
inuou
sandtw
iced
iffe
ren
tia
blefun
cti
on,b
yus
ingo
fth
eps
i(o
r
d
igamma)fun
cti
on(
Abr
amow
itzandS
tegun,1
964
). Th
isg
rea
tlye
ase
sth
ean
aly
siso
f
i
tsp
rop
ert
ies
,wh
icha
reob
tain
edf
romfi
rst
-ord
erands
econd
-ord
erd
eriv
ativ
es. W
eal
so
enh
anc
eth
econd
it
ion
sofex
ist
enc
eofasymm
etr
icequ
il
ibr
iumo
fth
econ
tes
tgam
esg
iven
2
. THE MODEL
. 1
1

inth
epap
erso
fCl
arkandR
ii
s(1
996
)andF
ueta
l.(
201
4).

F
ina
lly
,th
isp
ape
risr
ela
tedt
oMün
ste
r(2
006
),L
imand M
atr
os(
200
9),My
ers
onand
W
ärn
eryd (
200
6),andK
ahan
aandK
lun
ove
r(2
015
),wh
oex
tendth
econ
tes
tli
ter
atu
ret
o
s
itu
ati
onswh
ereth
enumb
ero
fcon
tes
tan
tsi
sun
cer
tain
. Th
eysh
owth
atth
e(e
x-an
te)
a
ggr
ega
teeff
ortinac
ont
estw
ithpopu
lat
ionun
cer
tain
tyi
ssm
all
erth
ani
tsc
oun
terp
artin
ac
ont
estw
ithpopu
lat
ionc
ert
ain
tyandth
esam
eexp
ect
ednumb
ero
fcon
tes
tan
ts. Und
er
s
omec
ond
it
ion
s,ou
rpap
erg
ive
sth
ean
alo
gfind
ingf
orc
ont
est
swi
thp
riz
eun
cer
tain
ty.

Th
ere
sto
fth
epap
eri
sor
gan
izeda
sfo
llow
s.S
ect
ion2s
etsou
tth
emod
el
.Se
cti
on
3p
res
ent
sth
epr
izea
llo
cat
ion m
ech
ani
smsandch
ara
cte
riz
esth
eNa
shequ
il
ibr
iumo
fth
e
c
ont
estg
ame
s.S
ect
ion4d
eal
swi
thth
epr
ope
rti
eso
fth
eequ
il
ibr
iumou
tcom
e.S
ect
ion5
c
onc
lud
es.S
eve
ralp
roo
fsa
reg
iveninth
eApp
end
ix.

2 The mode
l.

W
econ
sid
er n(
riskn
eut
ral
)pl
aye
rsc
omp
etin
ginan
est
edc
ont
estaw
ard
ingkp
riz
es,w
ith
3
1≤k <n. A
llp
riz
esh
aveth
esam
eva
lue
,giv
enb
yth
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
onV(
k) . Th
e
c
ont
est
ant
ssimu
ltan
eou
slyex
ertano
ver
alleff
ortf
ora
llp
riz
esino
rde
rtog
etach
anc
e
t
owinon
epr
izeandn
omo
re. Th
eind
ividu
aleff
orto
fap
lay
erii
sden
otedb
yxiand
n
th
eag
gre
gat
edeff
orti
sden
otedb
yX = =1 x
j j. L
etf(
xi)b
eth
eimp
actfun
cti
ono
f
p
lay
eri(
Mye
rsonand W
ärn
eryd,2
006
),anda
ssum
eth
atth
isi
sas
tri
ctlyin
cre
asin
gand
4
c
onc
avefun
cti
on,w
ithf(
0)=0.T
oea
seth
eno
tat
ion
,itw
il
lbeu
sefu
lbe
lowt
odefin
e
5
g(
xi)≡f(
xi)
/f(
xi).

Inth
eli
ter
atu
reon mu
lt
ipl
e-p
riz
econ
tes
ts(
Ber
ry,1
993
;Cl
arkandR
ii
s,1
996
),i
tis
s
tand
ardt
ous
eth
esp
ecifi
cat
ionwh
er x)=xr,w
ef( ith0<r≤1
,andV(
k)=V/k. T
o
e
aseth
ecomp
ari
son
,be
loww
ewi
lls
ome
tim
esr
efe
rtoi
tasab
enchm
arkc
ase
.How
eve
r,
i
tisw
orthn
otin
gth
atm
osto
fth
ean
aly
sisandr
esu
ltsw
il
lbed
eriv
edw
ith
inth
egen
era
l
m
ode
l.

L
etPi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)d
eno
teth
e(e
xan
te)p
rob
abi
li
tyth
atp
lay
eriw
inson
epr
izeinth
e
c
ert
ainc
ase
. Th
eor
igin
ali
tyo
fou
rpap
eri
sth
atw
eas
sum
eth
atth
epl
aye
rsa
reun
awa
re
3
Fortechni
calreasons,itwi
llbeconven
ienttoassum ebelowtha
tV( k)isdefin
edandtw
iced
iff e
ren
-
t
iab
l eforal
lk∈[1 ,n].
4
Theseassumptionsar ecommonlyusedintheli
teratur
e.
5
Rem a
rktha t g( xi)i sin
crea
sing
. Ind eed
,f( xi) > 0 and f (
xi) ≤ 0 imp
lytha
tg( xi) =
2
1−f( xi)
f( xi)/(
f( xi)) >0.
1
2 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

o
fth
eex
actnumb
ero
fpr
ize
stob
eaw
ard
edandon
lykn
owth
atth
isnumb
eri
sdi
str
ibu
ted
b
etw
een1andK,a
cco
rdin
gtoap
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tionπ(
k).Inth
iss
ett
ingw
ithan
un
cer
tainnumb
ero
fpr
ize
s,e
achp
lay
eriexp
ect
stow
inon
epr
izew
ithp
rob
abi
li
ty

K
E[
Pi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)
]= π(
k)Pi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k).
k=1

W
econ
sid
erfi
rstth
eca
se wh
ereth
epl
aye
rsob
serv
eth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
s kt
obe
a
llo
cat
edb
efo
reth
eych
oos
eth
eirl
eve
lofeff
ort
. W
eth
end
ealw
ithth
eca
sewh
ereth
e
p
lay
erson
lykn
owth
atth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
ski
sdi
str
ibu
tedb
etw
een1andK,a
cco
rdin
g
t
oth
epr
obab
il
ityd
ist
ribu
tionπ(
k).

Wh
enth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
siskn
own w
ithc
ert
ain
ty,e
achp
lay
er iob
serv
eskand
ch
oos
esxit
omax
imi
ze
Pi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)V(
k)−xi. (
1.1
)

F
oranin
ter
iors
olu
tion
,th
efo
llow
ingfi
rstands
econd
-ord
erc
ond
it
ion
s mu
stb
esa
tisfi
ed

∂
Pi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)V(
k)−1=0
,fo
ral
li,
∂xi

∂2
Pi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)V(
k)<0
,fo
ral
li,
∂x2
i

a
swe
lla
sth
epa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
int

Pi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)V(
k)−xi≥0
.

C
ons
ide
rnowth
eca
sewh
ereth
epl
aye
rsch
oos
eth
eireff
ortund
erun
cer
tain
ty. Kn
ow-
in
gth
atki
sdi
str
ibu
tedb
etw
een1andK,a
cco
rdin
gtoap
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tionπ(
k),
e
achp
lay
erm
axim
ize
shi
sexp
ect
edu
ti
li
tyw
ithr
esp
ectt
ohi
sowneff
ort

K
π(
k)Pi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)V(
k)−xi.
k=1

F
oranin
ter
iors
olu
tion
,th
efo
llow
ingfi
rstands
econd
-ord
erc
ond
it
ion
smu
stb
efu
lfil
led

K
∂
π(
k) Pi(x1,
..
.,x
n;k)V(
k)−1=0
,fo
ral
li,
k=1 ∂xi
3
. PR
IZEALLOCAT
ION MECHAN
ISMSANDEQU
ILIBR
IUMOUTCOMES 1
3

K
∂2
π(
k) 2Pi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)V(
k)<0
,fo
ral
li,
k=1 ∂xi
a
swe
lla
sth
epa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
int

K
π(
k)Pi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)V(
k)−xi≥0
.
k=1

3 P
rizea
lloca
tion mechan
ism
sandequ
il
ibr
iumou
t-
come
s

W
epr
opo
setw
osp
ecifi
cat
ion
sfo
rth
epr
obab
il
ityfun
cti
on Pi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)h
ere
,ea
cho
f
th
ema
sso
cia
tedt
oad
iffe
ren
tpr
izea
llo
cat
ionp
roc
ess
. W
ede
alw
ithth
eCl
arkand
R
ii
s(1
996
)winn
ers
ele
cti
on m
ech
ani
sm(WSM
)andth
eFue
tal
.(2
014
)lo
sere
lim
ina
tion
m
ech
ani
sm(LEM
).W
eal
soch
ara
cte
riz
eth
eNa
shequ
il
ibr
iumo
fth
eco
rre
spond
ingc
ont
est
g
ame
s.

3
.1 W
inne
rSe
lec
tion Mechan
ism( WSM
)

Th
epr
ize
sar
eaw
ard
edinkr
ound
s,a
cco
rdin
gtoth
eit
era
tiv
epr
oce
ssin
it
ial
lyd
esc
rib
ed
6
inC
larkandR
ii
s(1
996
) .L
etN(
κ)d
eno
teth
ese
tofp
lay
erss
ti
llr
ema
inin
ginth
econ
tes
t
a
troundκ7. Th
econd
it
ion
alp
rob
abi
li
ty8
th
atan
ypl
aye
riinN(
κ)w
insth
epr
izeinth
e
κ-
thr
oundi
sequ
alt
o


 f(
xi)
 i
f
 f(
xj) j κ)f
∈N( (
xj)>0
κ
p
i(x1,
..
.,x
n)=
j∈N(κ)
.
 

 1
i
fx1=.
..=xn
n+1−κ

I
fpl
aye
rii
sdr
awna
trand
omdu
rin
groundκ,th
ese
tofr
ema
inin
gpl
aye
rsth
enev
olv
es
a
cco
rdin
gto
N(
κ+1
)=N(
κ)−{i
}.

6
Mored e
tai
lsareg
iveninAppendix 6
.1.
7
Cl
early,N(1 )={1,.
..
,n}.
8
Thec ont
estsu
cce
ssfunct
ionhasbeenax
ioma
tiz
edbySkap
erda
s(1996)
.
1
4 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

Th
epr
oce
ssi
srep
eat
edun
ti
lal
lpr
ize
sar
eal
loc
ated
.As
sum
ingth
atxj=x,f
ora
llj=i
,
C
larkandR
ii
s(1
996
)sh
owth
at

f(
xi)
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)=
f(
xi)+(n−1)f(
x)
k κ−1
f(
xi) f(
xi)
+ 1− .
κ=2 λ=1 f(
xi)+(n−λ)f(
x) f(
xi)+(n−κ)f(
x)

9
C
ons
ide
rin
gth
esymm
etr
icequ
il
ibr
ium(
let
tin
gxi=xf
ora
lli
),w
ecanc
alcu
lat
eth
at

n
∂ n−k 1 n−k1 f( x)
Pi(
x,.
..
,x;
k)= − . (
1.2
)
∂xi n r=1 r r=1 r f(
x)

P
ropo
sit
ion1g
ive
sth
econd
it
ion
sofex
ist
enc
eandth
eexp
res
siono
fth
eNa
shequ
il
ib-
r
iumo
fth
egam
ewh
enth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
siskn
ownw
ithc
ert
ain
ty.

P
ropo
sit
ion1 Th
eree
xis
tsas
ymm
etr
icpu
res
tra
teg
yequ
il
ibium x∗
r ∗
i=x fo
ral
lii
f
th
efo
llow
ingsuffi
cien
tcond
it
ioni
ssa
tisfi
ed

n
1 n−k1
− ≤1
, (
1.3
)
r=1 r r=1 r

wh
erea
llth
epla
yer
sex
ertaneffo
rtsa
tis
fyin
g

x∗)=AWSM (
g( k,n), (
1.4
)

wh
erew
edeno
te10

n
n−k 1 n−k1
AWSM (
k,n)=V(
k) − . (
1.5
)
n r=1 r r=1 r

P
roo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix6
.4.
3. W
edr
awa
tten
tiont
oth
efa
ctth
atou
rpr
oofimp
rov
es
th
epr
eced
enton
esc
onc
ern
ingth
econd
it
ion
sofex
ist
enc
eofth
eNa
shequ
il
ibr
ium
.Cl
ark
andR
ii
s(1
998
)giv
easuffi
cien
tcond
it
iononth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
skandth
epa
ram
ete
rr
o
fth
eimp
actfun
cti x)=xr t
onf( oob
tainal
oca
lmax
imum
,soth
atth
eut
il
ityfun
cti
on
9
Fo
rrea
sonstha
twi
llbe
comec
learbe
low
,theexpre
ssiono
fthefirs
t-o
rde
rcond
itionus
edh er
e,though
equ
iva
len
t,diffe
rsf
romtha
tin(C
larkandRi
is,1996
). Theproo
fisgiv
eninAppendix6
.4.1
.
10 k−1
Cla
rkand R
ii
s(1996
)wr
iteAWS M (
k,n) =V(
k) k− j=0 (
k−j
)/(
n−j
) /n, wh
ichi
sequ
iva
-
l
ent
.
3
. PR
IZEALLOCAT
ION MECHAN
ISMSANDEQU
ILIBR
IUMOUTCOMES 1
5

i
scon
cav
eaoundxi=x∗. H
r erew
egiv
eth
epr
ooff
oran
yimp
actfun
cti
onf(
x)andsh
ow
th
atp
lay
eri
’su
ti
li
tyfun
cti
oni
scon
cav
ewi
thxio
verth
ein
terv
al[
0;x]
.

Wh
enth
epl
aye
rsch
oos
eth
eireff
ortund
erun
cer
tain
ty,w
ees
tab
li
shinP
ropo
sit
ion 2
th
esymm
etr
icN
ashequ
il
ibr
iumo
fth
egam
eandi
tsc
ond
it
ion
sofex
ist
enc
e.

P
ropo
sit
ion2 Th
eree
xis
tsas
ymm
etr
icpu
res
tra
teg
yequ
il
ibium x∗
r ∗
i=x fo
ral
lii
f
th
efo
llow
ingsuffi
cien
tcond
it
ioni
sfu
lfil
led

n
1 n−K 1
− ≤1
,
r=1 r r=1 r

wh
erea
llp
lay
erse
xer
taneffo
rtsa
tis
fyin
g

K
∗
g(
x)= π(
k)AWSM (
k,n), (
1.6
)
k=1

w
ith
n
n−k 1 n−k1
AWSM (
k,n)=V(
k) − .
n r=1 r r=1 r

N
otea
lsoth
ateff
orta
tequ
il
ibr
iuminth
eun
cer
tainc
asei
sal
ine
arc
omb
ina
tiono
f
equ
il
ibr
iumeff
ort
sinth
ece
rta
inc
asew
eigh
tedb
yth
epr
obab
il
it
ies
.

3
.2 Loo
serE
lim
ina
tion Mechan
ism(LEM
)

In
ste
ado
fse
lec
tin
g-inth
ewinn
ersine
achn
est
edr
oundl
ikeinth
emod
elo
fCl
arkandR
ii
s
11
(
199
6),F
ueta
l.(
201
4)p
ropo
sea m
ech
ani
smwh
ichs
ele
cts
-ou
tlo
ser
s .Ine
achr
ound
12
κ,on
epl
aye
randn
omo
rei
sel
imin
atedandd
oesn
’tr
ece
ivean
ypr
ize . Th
eel
imin
ati
on
p
roc
essc
ont
inu
esun
ti
lkp
lay
erssu
rviv
e,o
requ
iva
len
tlyn−kp
lay
ersa
rer
emo
vedf
rom
th
ein
it
ials
eto
fcon
tes
tan
ts.A
tth
eendo
froundκ= n−k,e
achsu
rviv
orr
ece
ive
sa
p
riz
eofv
a eV(
lu k).

L
etS(
κ)d
eno
teth
ese
tofsu
rviv
orsr
ema
inin
ginth
econ
tes
ta oundκ13. Th
tr e
14 κ
c
ond
it
ion
alp
rob
abi
li
ty qitha
tap
lay
eriinS(
κ)i
sel
imin
atedinth
eκ-
thr
oundi
s
11
Mored eta
il
sa regiveninApp endix 6
.2.
12
Fueta l
.( 2014)allowselim
inatedplaye
rstorece
iveap r
izeofpos
itivevalu
e. He
rewe mak
eth e
a
ssump t
iontha teliminatedplay
ersg e
tnop r
izetohaveaper
fect ma
tchwiththeCla
rkandR
ii
s( 1996)
p
riz
es t
ru cture
.
13
Cl
earlyS(1 )=1 ,.
..,n
14
Thec ontes
te l
iminationfunc
tionhasbeenaxiomat
izedbyLuand W ang(2016)
.
1
6 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

equ
alt
o 


1
 i
f κ)f(
xj)>0
f(
xi)
 1 j
∈S(
κ
q
i(x1,
..
.,x
n)=
κ)f(
j∈S( xj)



 1
i
fx1=.
..=xn
n+1−κ

I
fpl
aye
rii
sel
imin
ateda
troundκ,th
enth
ese
tofsu
rviv
orsinn
extp
eri
odev
olv
es
a
cco
rdin
gto
S(
κ+1
)=S(
κ)−{i
}

S
inc
eon
lyon
epl
aye
rise
lim
ina
tedine
achr
ound
,th
epr
oce
ssend
satr
oundκ=n−k.
A
ssum
ingxi=xf
ora
llj=i
,th
epr
obab
il
ityth
atp
lay
eriw
inson
epr
izew
ithth
eloo
ser
e
lim
ina
tion m
ech
ani
sms
imp
lifi
est
o

n−k
(
n−κ)f(xi)
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x,k
)= .
κ=1 (
n−κ)f(
xi)+f( x)

W
eob
tainth
at15

n
∂ k 1 k 1 f( x)
Pi(
x,.
..
,x;
k)= − . (
1.7
)
∂xi n r=1 r r=1 r f(
x)

P
ropo
sit
ion3g
ive
sth
econd
it
ion
sofex
ist
enc
eandth
eexp
res
siono
fth
eNa
shequ
il
ib-
r
iumo
fth
egam
ewh
enth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
siskn
ownw
ithc
ert
ain
ty.

P
ropo
sit
ion3 Th
eree
xis
tsas
ymm
etr
icpu
res
tra
teg
yequ
il
ibiumx∗
r ∗
i=x ifth
efo
llow
-
in
gsuffi
cien
tcond
it
ioni
ssa
tisfi
ed

n
1 k 1
− ≤1
, (
1.8
)
r=1 r r=1 r

wh
erea
llth
epla
yer
sex
ertaneffo
rtsa
tis
fyin
g

x∗)=ALEM(
g( k,n)
, (
1.9
)

w
ith
n
k 1 k 1
ALEM(
k,n)=V(
k) − . (
1.1
0)
n r=1 r r=1 r

15
Th
eproo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix6
.5.1
.
3
. PR
IZEALLOCAT
ION MECHAN
ISMSANDEQU
ILIBR
IUMOUTCOMES 1
7

P
roo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix6
.5.
2.S
inc
eFue
tal
.(2
014
)ha
veu
sedth
esam
esp
ecifi
cat
iona
s
C
larkandR
ii
s(1
996
)( x)=xr)
f( ,ou
rpr
oofenh
anc
esth
eFue
tal
.(2
014
)on
e.Ind
eedw
e
c
ons
ide
ra m
oreg
ene
ralimp
actfun
cti
onf(
x)andw
esh
owth
atp
lay
eri
’su
ti
li
tyfun
cti
on
i
scon
cav
ewi
thxio
verth
ein
terv
al[
x;+
∞[,n
otju
sta
roundxi=x. H
ereth
esuffi
cien
t
c
ond
it
ionin(
1.8
)in
volv
esth
atw
ear
eab
let
opr
oveth
eex
ist
enc
eofasymm
etr
icpu
re
s
tra
tegyequ
il
ibr
iumwh
enf(
x) =xa
slon
gasth
eto
taleff
ortsp
entb
ypl
aye
rsd
oesn
’t
ex
ceedth
eto
talv
alu
edi
str
ibu
tedinth
econ
tes
t.

N
ow w
etu
rnt
oth
eca
se wh
ereth
epl
aye
rsch
oos
eth
eireff
ortund
erun
cer
tain
ty.
P
ropo
sit
ion4g
ive
sth
econd
it
ion
sofex
ist
enc
eandth
eexp
res
siono
fth
esymm
etr
icN
ash
equ
il
ibr
iumo
fth
egam
e.

P
ropo
sit
ion4 Th
eree
xis
tsas
ymm
etr
icpu
res
tra
teg
yequ
il
ibiumx∗
r ∗
i=x ifth
efo
llow
-
in
gsuffi
cien
tcond
it
ioni
ssa
tisfi
ed

n
1 k 1
− ≤1
, (
1.1
1)
r=1 r r=1 r

w
ithk∈[
1;K]th
emin
ima
lin
teg
ersu
chtha
t(1
.11
)ist
rue
,and

k)=0 ∀k<k,
π(

wh
erea
llp
lay
erse
xer
taneffo
rtsa
tis
fyin
g

K
x∗)=
g( π(
k)ALEM (
k,n), (
1.1
2)
k=1

w
ith
n
k 1 k 1
ALEM(
k,n)=V(
k) − .
n r=1 r r=1 r

P
roo
fisg
ivenin App
end
ix 6
.5.
2. Th
esuffi
cien
tcond
it
ionin(
1.1
1)m
ean
sth
at wh
en
f(
x) =x, w
ear
eab
let
opr
oveth
eex
ist
enc
eofasymm
etr
icpu
res
tra
tegyequ
il
ibr
ium
a
slon
gasth
eag
gre
gat
eeff
ortex
ert
edb
ypl
aye
rsi
slow
erth
anth
eto
talexp
ect
edv
alu
e
d
ist
ribu
tedinth
econ
tes
t.A
gain
,eff
orta
tequ
il
ibr
iuminth
eun
cer
tainc
asei
sal
ine
ar
c
omb
ina
tiono
fequ
il
ibr
iumeff
ort
sinth
ece
rta
inc
asew
eigh
tedb
yth
epr
obab
il
it
ies
.
1
8 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

4 Compa
rat
ives
tat
ics

H
erew
ede
riv
esom
ecomp
ara
tiv
est
ati
cso
fth
eequ
il
ibr
iumou
tcom
eund
erun
cer
tain
ty.
W
esh
owh
owth
epr
obab
il
ityd
ist
ribu
tiono
fth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sandth
enumb
ero
f
p
art
ic
ipan
tsaff
ectth
eag
gre
gat
econ
tes
texp
end
itu
re. F
orc
onv
eni
enc
e,w
esom
etim
es
d
ropth
esub
scr
iptr
ela
tiv
etoth
epr
izea
llo
cat
ion m
ech
ani
sm(WSMo
rLEM
).Thu
s,th
is
m
ean
sth
atou
ras
ser
tion
sar
eva
lidr
ega
rdl
esso
fth
epr
izea
llo
cat
ion m
ech
ani
sm.

4
.1 D
ist
ribu
tiono
fthenumbe
rofp
rize
s

W
econ
sid
erh
ereth
eeff
ecto
fth
epr
obab
il
ityd
ist
ribu
tiono
fth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
s.F
or-
m
ally
,wec
omp
areth
eequ
il
ibr
iumou
tcom
eund
ertw
odi
str
ibu
tion
s,d
eno
tedb
yπ(
k)and
π(
k). W
ele
txb
eth
eequ
il
ibr
iumeff
ortinth
econ
tes
twi
thπ(
k),andxth
eequ
il
ibr
ium
eff
ortinth
econ
tes
twthπ(
i k). W
ese
archf
orc
ond
it
ion
sonth
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
onV(
k)
16
su
chth
atx>x,c
ons
ide
rin
gintu
rnfi
rst
-ord
erands
econd
-ord
ers
toch
ast
icd
omin
anc
e .

F
romou
rpr
evi
ousan
aly
sis
,wekn
owth
atth
eequ
il
ibr
iumeff
ort
sre
spe
ctiv
elys
ati
sfy

K K
g(
x)= π(
k)A(
k,n)andg(
x)= π(
k)A(
k,n).
k=1 k=1

A
sg(
x)i
sin
cre
asin
g,th
econd
it
ionf
orx>xw
rit
es

K K
π(
k)A(
k,n)> π(
k)A(
k,n), (
1.1
3)
k=1 k=1

wh
erew
ere
cal
lth
at

n
n−k 1 n−k1
AWSM (
k,n)=V(
k) −
n r=1 r r=1 r

and
n
k 1 k 1
ALEM (
k,n)=V(
k) − .
n r=1 r r=1 r

B
elow
,wein
ves
tig
atep
rop
ert
ieso
fth
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
onV(
k)su
chth
atin
equ
ali
ty
(
1.1
3)w
il
lho
ldt
rue
,de
alin
gintu
rnw
ithfi
rst
-ord
erands
econd
-ord
ers
toch
ast
icd
omi
-
16
S
eeApp
end
ix6
.3fo
rdefin
it
ion
softh
esecon
cep
ts.
4
. COMPARAT
IVESTAT
ICS 1
9

n
anc
e.A
ssum
ingth
atπ(
k)fi
rst
-ord
ers
toch
ast
ica
llyd
omin
ate
sπ(
k),i
twi
llb
esuffi
cien
t
t
ofindsh
ape
softh
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
onV(
k)g
ene
rat
ingafun
cti
onA(
k,n)d
ecr
eas
ing
ink(
Cou
rtau
lte
tal
.,2
006
).A
ssum
ingth
atπ(
k)s
econd
-ord
ers
toch
ast
ica
llyd
omin
ate
s
π(
k),i
twi
llb
esuffi
cien
ttoid
ent
ifysh
ape
softh
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
onV(
k)indu
cin
ga
fun
cti
onA(
k,n)c
onc
aveink(
Roth
sch
ildandS
tig
li
tz,1
971
).

R
ema
rkin
gth
atA(
k,n)i
sad
isc
ret
efun
cti fk17,ou
ono rst
rat
egyf
orin
ves
tig
atin
git
s
p
rop
ert
iesi
sasf
oll
ows
.Us
ingth
eps
i(o
rdi
gamma)fun
cti
on(
Abr
amow
itzandS
tegun,
1
964
),f
ora
llr
ealnumb
ersk∈[
1,n
],w
econ
stru
ctac
ont
inu
ousandtw
iced
iffe
ren
tiab
le
fun
cti
onF(
k),c
oin
cid
ingw
ithA(
k,n)f
orev
eryin
teg
erk18. W
eth
enc
alcu
lat
eth
efir
st-
o
rde
rands
econd
-ord
erd
eriv
ativ
eso
fF(
k). W
efin
allyu
seth
ede
riv
ativ
est
ogiv
esuffi
cien
t
c
ond
it
ion
sonV(
k)en
sur
ingth
emon
oton
ic
ityandth
econ
cav
ityo
fA(
k,n)w
ithr
esp
ect
t
ok.

Eff
ort Eff
ort

x
x
x
F(
k) F(
k)

k k
(a
)De
cre
asingandfirs
t-ord
ers
tocha
sti
c (b
)Con
cav
ityandSecond
-ord
ers
tocha
sti
c
dom
inance dom
inance

F
igu
re1
.1:Influ
enc
eofthepr
ob ab
il
itydi
str
ibut
iononth
enumbe
rofpr
ize
s(fi
rst
-ord
er
andse
cond-
ordersto
chast
icdomin
anc
e)oneff
ort

Examp
le1 T
oil
lus
tra
teou
rme
tho
dolo
gy,w
epr
ovid
eane
xamp
leinF
igu
re1
.1.Pan
el(
a)
c
ons
ide
rstwoc
ont
est
swh
ereth
enum
bero
fpr
ize
sisun
cer
tainandd
ist
ribu
teda
cco
rdin
gto
twop
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tion
s:π(
3)=π(
7)=0
.5andπ(
9)=π(
13)=0
.5.O
bviou
sly
,π(
k)
fi
rst
-or
ders
tocha
sti
cal
lydom
ina
tesπ(
k). W
erep
res
entth
efun
ctionF(
k)wh
ichc
oin
cid
es
17 n−k k
Th
isi
sduetothep
res
enc
eofthet
erm r=1 1/
ror r=1 1/
r.
18
Fo
rmal
ly
,F( k)=A(k
,n)whenk=1,.
..
,n.
2
0 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

w
ithA(
k,n)(
thee
qui
lib
riumeffo
rtwh
enth
enum
bero
fpr
ize
sisc
erta
in)fo
rev
eryin
teg
er
k. S
inc
eequ
il
ibr
iumeffo
rtinth
eun
cer
tainc
asei
sal
ine
arc
omb
ina
tiono
fequ
il
ibr
ium
effo
rtsinth
ece
rta
inc
asew
eigh
tedb
yth
epr
oba
bi
li
tie
s,w
ecane
asi
lyd
ete
rmin
eonth
e
g
raphth
eeffo
rtsxandx(
resp
ect
ive
lyino
ran
geandb
lue
).H
ereth
ede
cre
aseo
fF(
k)l
ead
s
tox> x. Pan
el(
b)c
ons
ide
rstwoc
ont
est
swi
thth
esam
eexp
ect
ednum
bero
fpr
ize
sbu
t
w
ithad
iffe
ren
tva
rian
ce. Th
epr
oba
bi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tion
sar
egi
venb
yπ(
6) =π(
10) =0
.5
andπ(
1) =π(
15) =0
.5,m
ean
ingtha
tπ(
k)s
econd
-or
ders
tocha
sti
cal
lydom
ina
tesπ(
k).
G
iventha
t F(
k)i
scon
cav
ewi
thk,w
eob
ser
vex>x.

F
ora
llk∈[
1,n
],l
etu
sdefin
e

n−k
FWSM (
k)=V(
k) (ψ(
n+1
)−ψ(
n−k+1
)), (
1.1
4)
n

and
k
FLEM ( k) (
k)=V( ψ(
n+1
)−ψ(
k+1
)), (
1.1
5)
n
wh
ere ψi
sth
eps
i(o
rdi
gamma)fun
cti
on(
Abr
amow
itzandS
tegun,1
964
),d
efin
edf
or
an
ypo
sit
iver
ealχb
y
∞
χ−1
ψ(
χ)=−γ+ , (
1.1
6)
=0 (
j j+1
)(j+χ)

wh
ereγi
sth
eEu
lerc
ons
tan
t. Kn
owin
gth
at

η
1
ψ(
η+1
)=−γ+ ,
=1 j
j

wh
ereηd
eno
tesan
ypo
sit
ivein
teg
er(Ab
ram
owi
tzandS
tegun,1
964
),w
ecanv
eri
fyth
at

n
n−k 1 n−k1
FWSM (
k)=V(
k) − =AWSM (
k,n)
n r=1 r r=1 r

and
n
k 1 k 1
FLEM (
k)=V(
k) − =ALEM (
k,n)
n r=1 r r=1 r

f
ora
llin
teg
erv
alu
esk=1,
..
.,n
.Mo
reo
ver
,kn
owin
gth
atth
efir
st-
ord
erands
econd
-ord
er
d
eriv
ativ
eso
fψa
re(
Abr
amow
itzandS
tegun,1
964
)

∞ ∞
1 2
ψ(
k)= 2 andψ (
k)=− 3, (
1.1
7)
=0 (
j j+k) j=0 (
j+k)

w
ekn
owth
a k)i
tF( stw
iced
iffe
ren
tiab
le
.
4
. COMPARAT
IVESTAT
ICS 2
1

W
ecanc
alcu
lat
eth
at
 
∞ n−k
1 −(
V( k)k+V(
k)) j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
) 
FWSM (
k)=−   (
1.1
8)
n +V( k ∞
k) j
+1
j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j )2
+n−k+1

 
∞ n−k
1 −(
V(k)
k+V(k)
)
k)=−  
j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
)
FLEM (   (
1.1
9)
n +V(
k)k ∞ 1
j
=0 (
j+k+1)2

and
 
∞
 −1
(2
(V
k)k+2V ( k)) j
=0 (
j+n+1
)
n−k
(j+n−k+1
) 
2
 j+1


FWSM (
k)=−  +(V (
k)k+V(k)) ∞ j
=0 (  (
1.2
0)
n

j
+n+1)(j )2
+n−k+1 

j+1
+V(k)k ∞
j=0 (
j+n+1
)(j +n−k+1)3

 
∞
 −1
2
(V (
k)k+2V(
k)) j
=0 (
j
n−k
+n+1
)(j
+k+1
) 
2 
k)=− 
FLEM (  +(V(
k)k+V(
k)) ∞
j
=0 (
1 
. (
1.2
1)
n

j+k+1)2 

∞ 1
+V(
k)k j
=0 (
j+k+1)3

B
efo
rew
ede
riv
egen
era
lre
sul
ts,i
tisw
orthc
ons
ide
rin
gth
eben
chm
arksp
ecifi
cat
ion
,
wh
ereV(
k)=V/k,wh
ichi
sth
eon
eus
edinth
eli
ter
atu
re(
Ber
ry,1
993
;Cl
arkandR
ii
s,
1
996
).F
orth
efir
st-
ord
erd
eriv
ativ
es,w
eob
tainc
lea
rcu
tre
sul
ts,a
sth
etw
ocond
it
ion
s
r
esp
ect
ive
lys
imp
li
fyt
o

V∞ j+1
FWSM (
k)=− <0
nj=0 (
j+n+1 )2
)(j+n−k+1

and
V∞ 1
FLEM (
k)=− <0
nj=0 ( )2
j+k+1

P
ropo
sit
ion5 W
ithth
eva
lua
tionfun
ction V(
k) =V/k,e
qui
li
briumeffo
rtxi
sla
rge
r
thanxwh
enπ(
k)fi
rst
-or
ders
tocha
sti
cal
lydom
ina
tesπ(
k).

P
ropo
sit
ion5p
ara
ll
elsth
ere
sul
tso
f(C
larkand R
ii
s,1
996
;Be
rry,1
993
),sh
owin
gth
at
wh
enth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sisc
ert
ain
,th
econ
tes
tan
tsexp
end m
oreinac
ont
estw
itha
s
ing
lep
riz
eth
aninac
ont
estw
iths
eve
ralp
riz
es.R
ough
lysp
eak
ing
,ou
rre
sul
tme
ansth
at
2
2 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

wh
enth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sisun
cer
tain
,th
econ
tes
tan
tsex
ertm
oreeff
ortinth
econ
tes
t
th
ataw
ard
sth
esm
all
estexp
ect
ednumb
ero
fpr
ize
s(inth
esen
seo
ffir
st-
ord
ers
toch
ast
ic
d
omin
anc
e). W
ithav
alu
ati
onfun
ctonV(
i k)=V/k,e
achc
ont
est
anth
asm
orech
anc
est
o
w
inap
riz
ebu
tofl
owe
rva
lue
.Asac
ons
equ
enc
e,th
isc
rea
tesl
essin
cen
tiv
esf
orp
lay
ers
t
oex
erteff
ortinth
econ
tes
t.

L
ook
inga
tth
ese
cond
-ord
erd
eriv
ativ
es,w
eal
soob
tainc
lea
rcu
tre
sul
tsw
ithth
eben
ch-
m
arksp
ecifi
cat
ion V(
k)=V/k:

V∞ j+1
FWSM (
k)=−2 <0
.
nj=0 (
j+n+1 )3
)(j+n−k+1

and
V +∞ 1
FLEM (
k)=−2 <0
.
nj=0 ( )3
j+k+1

P
ropo
sit
ion6 W
ithth
eva
lua
tionfun
ction V(
k) =V/k,e
qui
li
briumeffo
rtxw
il
lbe
la
rge
rthanxwh
enπ(
k)s
econd
-or
ders
tocha
sti
cal
lydom
ina
tesπ(
k).

Th
isr
esu
lti
snewinth
eli
ter
atu
re. Th
ism
ean
sth
at wh
enth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sis
un
cer
tain
,th
econ
tes
tan
tsexp
endm
oreinth
econ
tes
twi
thl
essr
iskinth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
s
(
inth
esen
seo
fse
cond
-ord
ers
toch
ast
icd
omin
anc
e).N
otefi
rstth
atP
ropo
sit
ion6d
oesn
’t
d
ependonth
epr
izea
llo
cat
ion m
ech
ani
sm. R
ema
rkth
atth
efir
st-
ord
erands
econd
-
o
rde
rde
riv
ativ
eso
fF(
k)(
exp
res
sion
s(1
.18
)to(
1.2
1))a
refun
cti
onso
fV(
k). W
itha
g
ene
ralsp
ecifi
cat
ionf
orth
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
onV(
k),w
ecanex
tendou
rre
sul
tsins
eve
ral
d
ire
cti
ons
.

U
sin
gcond
it
ion(1
.18
)and(
1.1
9),w
ese
eth
atF (
k)< 0wh
enev
erth
eag
gre
gat
e
v
alu
eats
tak
e(i
.e
.,V(
k)k)i
snon
-in
cre
asin
ginth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
stob
eal
loc
ated(
i.
e.
,
V(
k)k+V(
k)≤0
). Th
en,a
ssum
ingth
atπ(
k)fi
rst
-ord
ers
toch
ast
ica
llyd
omin
ate
sπ(
k),
c
ond
it
ion(
1.1
3)i
st eandx> x.Ino
ru the
rwo
rds
,th
econ
tes
tan
tsex
ertm
oreeff
ortin
th
econ
tes
twi
thπ(
k)th
aninth
econ
tes
twi
thπ(
k).

L
ikew
ise
,us
ing(1
.20
)and(
1.2
1),w
ese
eth
atF (
k)<0wh
enev
erth
eag
gre
gat
eva
lue
a
tst
ake(
i.
e.
,V(
k)k)i
snon
-de
cre
asin
gandw
eak
lyc
onc
aveinth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
stob
e
a
llo
cat
ed(
i.
e.
,V (
k)k+V(
k)≥0andV (
k)k+2V(
k)≤0
). Th
en,a
ssum
ingth
atπ(
k)
s
econd
-ord
ers
toch
ast
ica
llyd
omin
ate
sπ(
k),c
ond
it
ion(
1.1
3)i
stru
eandx>x, m
ean
ing
th
atth
econ
tes
tan
tsexp
endm
oreinth
econ
tes
twi
thπ(
k)th
aninth
econ
tes
twi
thπ(
k).
4
. COMPARAT
IVESTAT
ICS 2
3

F
ina
lly
,itsh
oulda
lsob
eno
tedth
atth
ese
toffun
cti
onsV(
k)su
chth
atF(
k)< 0and
F(
k)<0
,iss
tab
let
opo
sit
ivec
omb
ina
tion
sofi
tse
lem
ent
s.Ind
eed
,itsh
ouldb
ecl
ear
th
ati
fV1(
k)andV2(
k)a
retw
ova
lua
tionfun
cti
onss
ati
sfy
ingF(
k)<0andF (
k)<0
,
s
oisth
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
onV(
k)=λV1(
k)+µV2(
k),w
ithλ>0andµ>0
.

W
eha
ved
iscu
sseds
omec
ond
it
ion
sonth
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
on V(
k)su
chth
atP
ropo
-
s
it
i s5and6s
on ti
llh
old
.Inth
efo
llow
ing
,wep
ropo
seanex
amp
let
oil
lus
tra
teth
eca
se
wh
ereth
esec
ond
it
ion
sar
enom
ores
ati
sfied
.

Examp
le2 W
eus
eth
esp
ecifi
cat
ionwh
er x)=xr,w
e f( i k)=V/kµ,V=1
thr=1,V(
andµ≥ 0
. W
econ
sid
erth
e(C
lar
kand R
ii
s,1996)p
riz
eal
loc
ation m
echan
ism
. Th
e
num
bero
fcon
tes
tan
tsni
sse
tequa
lto1
00. W
econ
sid
erac
las
sofp
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tion
s
π(
k),cha
rac
ter
ize
dbytwop
aram
ete
rs1< k <8and0<υ < 1
,asr
epr
esen
tedin
19
F
igu
re1
.2. A
cco
rdin
gly
,th
enum
bero
fpr
ize
sha
sane
xpe
cte
dva
luee lto kanda
qua
va
rian
cee
qua
ltoυ.

π(
k)

1−υ

υ
2

k−2k−1 k k+1k+2
Numb
ero
fpr
ize
sk

F
igu
re1
.2:P
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tiononth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
s

Th
isc
las
sofp
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tion
sisc
onv
eni
enttod
eals
epa
rat
elyw
ithth
efir
st-
ands
econd
-or
ders
tocha
sti
cdom
inan
ceeff
ect
stha
twea
rein
ter
est
edin
. Anin
cre
aseo
f
ka
lon
egi
vesan
ewp
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tiontha
tfir
st-o
rde
rsto
cha
sti
cal
lydom
ina
testh
e
in
it
ialon
e. Ad
ecr
eas
eofυa
lon
eyi
eld
san
ewp
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tiontha
tse
cond
-or
der
s
tocha
sti
cal
lydom
ina
testh
ein
it
ialon
e.
19
F
orma
lly k)=1−υ,π(
,π( k−1
)=π(
k+1
)=υ/2andπ(
k)=0o
the
rwi
se.
2
4 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

L
etu
sfir
sti
llu
str
ateth
eeff
ecto
fala
rge
rexp
ect
ednum
bero
fpr
ize
s. F
igu
re1
.3
r
epr
esen
tsth
eto
taleffo
rtX a
safun
ctiono
fth
eexp
ect
ednum
bero
fpr
ize
sk,th
eva
rian
ce
υb
ein
gse
tto0
.5. Th
etwop
ane
ls1
.3(
b)and1
.3(
c),d
eal
ingw
ithth
eca
seswh
ereµ=1
andµ=1.
05,a
rem
ean
ttoi
llu
str
ateou
rpr
eviou
sfind
ing
sinth
iss
ect
ion
. W
eob
ser
ve
tha
tth
eag
gre
gat
eeffo
rti
sde
cre
asin
gasth
eexp
ect
ednum
bero
fpr
ize
sin
cre
ase
s.Infa
ct,
w
eha
veshownth
eor
eti
cal
lytha
tth
isw
il
lbeth
eca
sewh
ene
verV(
k)ki
snonin
cre
asin
g
(
i.e
.,h
ere
,fo
ral
lµ≥1
). Pan
el1
.3(
a)supp
li
esane
xamp
le
,de
al
ingw
ithth
eca
sewh
ere
µ=0.
95,su
chtha
tth
eag
gre
gat
eeffo
rti
sin
cre
asin
gwi
thth
eexp
ect
ednum
bero
fpr
ize
s
k.

L
etu
snowi
llu
str
ateth
eeff
ecto
fala
rge
rva
rian
ceo
fth
enum
bero
fpr
ize
s.F
igu
re1
.4
p
lot
sth
eto
taleffo
rtX a
safun
ctiono
fth
eva
rian
ceυ,th
eexp
ect
ednum
bero
fpr
ize
sk
b
ein
gse
tto5
. Th
etwop
ane
ls1
.4(
a)and1
.4(
b),d
eal
ingw
ithth
eca
seswh
ereµ=0.
95
andµ=1,a
reg
iventoc
onfi
rmou
rpr
eviou
sre
sul
tsinth
iss
ect
ion
. W
eob
ser
vetha
tth
e
a
ggr
ega
teeffo
rti
sde
cre
asin
gasth
eva
rian
ceo
fth
enum
bero
fpr
ize
sin
cre
ase
s.Infa
ct,
w
eha
vep
rov
edth
eor
eti
cal
lytha
tth
isw
il
lbeth
eca
sewh
ene
verV(
k)ki
snond
ecr
eas
ing
andw
eak
lyc
onc
ave(
i.e
.,h
ere
,fo
ral
lµ≤1
). Pan
el1
.4(
c)p
rov
ide
sane
xamp
le
,de
al
ing
w
ithth
eca
sewh
ereµ=1.
05,su
chtha
tth
eag
gre
gat
eeffo
rti
sin
cre
asin
gwi
thth
eva
rian
ce
o
fth
enum
bero
fpr
ize
sυ.

An
oth
erf
act
orth
atc
an m
odi
fyth
esi
gno
fth
ese
condd
eriv
ativ
eofF(
k)i
sth
esp
eci
-
fi
cat
iono
fth
econd
it
ion
alp
rob
abi
li
tyt
obes
ele
ctedo
rel
imin
ated
.Inth
isp
ape
r,w
eha
ve
on
lyc
ons
ide
redth
osed
eve
lop
edb
yCl
arkandR
ii
s(1
996
)andF
ueta
l.(
201
4).H
owev
er
inth
eli
ter
atu
re,th
ereex
ist
soth
erf
orm
sfo
rth
econd
it
ion
alp
rob
abi
li
tyt
obes
ele
cted
o
rel
imin
ated(
Ber
ry,1
993
;Ch
owdhu
ryand K
im,2
014
),th
efo
rme
rbe
ingl
arg
elyc
rit
-
i
ciz
edb
yCl
arkand R
ii
s(1
996
)fo
rin
stan
ce. G
iventh
atequ
il
ibr
iainth
ece
rta
inand
un
cer
tainc
asea
ree
asyt
oob
tainw
ithth
esesp
ecifi
cat
ion
s,andth
ateff
orta
tequ
il
ibr
ium
c
anb
econ
sid
ereda
sac
ont
inu
ousfun
cti
ono
fth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
s,w
edon
otr
epo
rtth
e
c
alcu
lat
ion
sandth
epr
oof
s.R
esu
ltsa
reun
chan
gedc
onc
ern
ingth
efir
st-
ord
ers
toch
ast
ic
d
omin
anc
ebu
tma
ych
ang
econ
cern
ingth
ese
cond
-ord
ers
toch
ast
icd
omin
anc
e.Inp
art
ic-
u
lar
,weob
tainth
a sl
txi a
rge
rth
anxwh
enπ(
k)s
econd
-ord
ers
toch
ast
ica
llyd
omin
ate
s
π(
k). Ino
the
rwo
rds
,in
cre
asin
gth
eri
skinth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sinth
esen
seo
fth
e
s
econd
-ord
ers
toch
ast
icd
omin
anc
ein
cre
ase
seff
ort
.Na
tur
allyc
ome
sth
equ
est
iont
ofind
g
ene
ralc
ond
it
ion
sonth
epr
obab
il
ityfun
cti
onPi(
x1,
..
.,x
n;k)su
chth
atth
ela
tte
rgen
-
e
rat
esafun
cti
onA(
k,n)c
onc
aveo
rcon
vexw
ithk. Th
ema
ind
ifficu
ltyi
sth
atn
oth
ing
4
. COMPARAT
IVESTAT
ICS 2
5

X X X

5
5

9
0.
0

9
1.

0.
3

9
0.
0

9
1.

0.
1

5
0

8
1.

0.

0.
1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9
k k k
(a
)µ=0.
95 (b
)µ=1 (
c)µ=1.
05

F
igu
re1
.3:To
taleff
orta
safun
cti
ono
fk
X X X
051

896
9696
1.

0.
0.

895
05
1.

0.
9695
049

894
1.

0.
0.

0 0
.250
.50
.75 1 0 0
.250
.50
.75 1 0 0
.250
.50
.75 1
υ υ υ
(a
)µ=0.
95 (b
)µ=1 (
c)µ=1.
05

F
igu
re1
.4:T
ota
leff
orta
safun
cti
ono
fυ

en
sur
esth
atA(
k,n)i
sac
ont
inu
ousfun
cti
ono
fth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sk,andth
atw
ecan
findac
ont
inu
ousandtw
iced
iffe
ren
tiab
lefun
cti
ont
oex
tendA(
k,n)l
ikef
orth
esetw
o
p
riz
eal
loc
ati
on m
ech
ani
sms
.

4
.2 Numbe
rofcon
tes
tan
ts

W
enowc
ons
ide
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fpa
rti
cip
ant
sinth
econ
tes
t.F
orm
ally
,wefi
rst
d
eriv
eth
ecomp
ara
tiv
est
ati
cso
fth
eag
gre
gat
econ
tes
texp
end
itu
reX =nxw
ithr
esp
ect
t
oth
enumb
ero
fcon
tes
tan
tsn. W
eth
enp
rov
idec
ond
it
ion
sonth
eimp
actfun
cti
onsu
ch
th
atX i
sin
cre
asin
ginn.

F
romou
rpr
evi
ousan
aly
sis
,wekn
owth
atth
eequ
il
ibr
iumeff
orts
ati
sfie
s

K
x∗)=
g( π(
k)A(
k,n).
k=1
2
6 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

L
etu
sus
eth
efo
llow
ingexp
res
siono
fAWSM (
k,n)f
oundinC
larkandR
ii
s(1
996
),
 
k−1
V(
k) k−j
AWSM (
k,n)= k− , (
1.2
2)
n j=0 n−j

ando
fALEM(
k,n)
,th
atw
ecand
edu
cef
romF
ueta
l.(
201
4),
 
n−k−1
V(
k) n−k−j
ALEM (
k,n)= n−k− . (
1.2
3)
n j=0 n−j

L
ett
ing
 
K k−1
V(
k) k−j
BWSM (
n)≡ π(
k) k−
k=1 n =0 n−j
j
 
K n−k−1
V(
k) n−k−j
BLEM (
n)≡ π(
k) n−k− ,
k=1 n j=0 n−j

th
eequ
il
ibr
iumeff
orti
simp
li
cit
lyd
efin
edb
y

x∗)=B(
g( n).

R
ema
rkin
gth
at ALEM(
k,n)i
sad
isc
ret
efun
cti
ono
fn, w
eus
eag
ainth
edi
gamma
fun
cti
ont
ocon
stru
ctac
ont
inu
ousandon
ced
iffe
ren
tiab
lefun
cti
onF(
n)c
oin
cid
ingw
ith
ALEM(
k,n)f
orev
eryin
teg
ern. U
sin
g(1
.15
),w
eob
tainimm
edi
ate
ly

k
FLEM(
n)=V(
k) (ψ(
n+1
)−ψ(
k+1
))
n

andw
ecanv
eri
fyth
at

K
k
BLEM (
n)= π(
k) k) (
V( ψ(
n+1
)−ψ(
k+1
))
k=1 n

f
ora
llin
teg
erv
alu
esn.

U
sin
gth
eimp
li
citfun
cti
onth
eor
em,w
ecansh
owth
at

dx B (
n)
= .
dn g(x)
4
. COMPARAT
IVESTAT
ICS 2
7

Byd
iffe
ren
tia
tiono
fX =nx,w
eth
enfindth
at

dX B(n)
=x+n .
dn g(
x)

F
romth
is
,kn
owin
gth
atg(
x)=B(
n)andg(
x)>0
,wec
ansh
owth
at

dX g(x)x B(n)n
>0⇔ >− .
dn g(
x) B(
n)

N
ow,kn
owin
gth
at
 
K k−1
k−j
BWSM (
n)n= π( k)k−
k)V(
k=1 =1 n−j
j
K
BLEM (
n)n= π(
k)V(
k)k(
ψ(n+1
)−ψ(
k+1
)),
k=1

ands
inc
e
 
∂  k−1k−j k−1 k−j
− = 2 >0
∂n j=1 n−j =1 (
j n−j
)
+∞
1
ψ(
n+1
)= >0
,
=0 (
j )2
j+n+1

B(
n)ni
sin
cre
asin
ginn,imp
lyin
gth
at

B(
n)+B (
n)n>0

and
B(n)n
− <1
.
B(
n)
Th
ere
for
e,asuffi
cien
tcond
it
ionf
ordX
/dn>0i
s

g(x)x
≥1
.
g(
x)

P
ropo
sit
ion7 A
ggr
ega
teeffo
rta
tequ
il
ibr
iumin
cre
ase
swi
thth
enum
bero
fcon
tes
tan
ts
wh
ene
verth
eela
sti
cit
yofg(
x)i
satl
eas
tequa
ltoon
e.
2
8 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

Inp
art
icu
lar
,th
eben
chm
arksp
ecifi
cat
i x)=xr s
onf( ati
sfie
sPr
opo
sit
ion7
,fo
ral
lr20
.

5 Conc
lus
ion

Th
isp
ape
risth
efir
ston
etoan
aly
zeth
eca
seo
fmu
lt
ipl
e-p
riz
econ
tes
tsw
ithanun
cer
tain
numb
ero
fpr
ize
s. W
eex
tendth
e mu
lt
ipl
e-p
riz
econ
tes
tin
it
iat
edinB
erry(
199
3)andin
C
larkandR
ii
s(1
996
),a
ssum
ingth
atth
enumb
ero
f(id
ent
ica
l)p
riz
est
obeaw
ard
edi
sa
r
and
omv
ari
abl
e.

U
sin
gth
esam
esp
ecifi
cat
i sC
ona l
arkand R
ii
s(1
996
)(c
ont
estsu
cce
ssfun
cti
onand
p
riz
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
on)th
enF
ueta
l.(
201
4)(
con
tes
tel
imin
ati
onfun
cti
on)
,wefindth
at
th
eag
gre
gat
econ
tes
texp
end
itu
rein
cre
ase
swh
enth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
stob
eaw
ard
edi
s
exp
ect
edt
obesm
all
erandl
essr
isky
,inth
esen
seo
ffir
st-
ord
erands
econd
-ord
ers
toch
ast
ic
d
omin
anc
e,andwh
enth
enumb
ero
fcon
tes
tan
tsin
cre
ase
s. W
edi
scu
ssth
erobu
stn
esso
f
th
esep
rop
ert
ies(v
alu
ati
onfun
cti
on,sp
ecifi
cat
iono
fth
econd
it
ion
alp
rob
abi
li
ty)
,bo
thb
y
p
rov
idin
gsuffi
cien
tcond
it
ion
ssu
chth
atth
eys
ti
llh
oldt
rueandb
ypr
opo
sin
gnum
eri
cal
i
llu
str
ati
onssh
owin
goppo
sit
ere
sul
ts.

Th
isp
ape
ral
soi
llu
str
ate
showt
ous
eth
eps
i(o
rdi
gamma)fun
cti
on(
Abr
amow
itz
andS
te ,1
gun 9
64)
,ino
rde
rtoex
tendad
isc
ret
efun
cti
onapp
ear
inginC
larkand R
ii
s
(
199
6)andF
ueta
l.(
201
4)t
oac
ont
inu
ousandtw
iced
iffe
ren
tiab
lefun
cti
on,wh
ichh
elp
s
d
eriv
ingth
ecomp
ara
tiv
est
ati
cso
fth
eequ
il
ibr
iumou
tcom
e. Ou
rbe
li
efi
sth
atth
ist
ric
k
m
ayp
rov
etob
eus
efu
lino
the
rse
ttin
gsinth
econ
tes
tli
ter
atu
re(un
cer
tain
tyonth
e
numb
ero
fpl
aye
rsf
orin
stan
ce)
.

F
utu
rew
orkin
clud
esr
isk
-av
ers
ionandd
iffe
ren
tpr
izev
alu
ati
onsina mu
lt
ipl
e-p
riz
e
c
ont
estw
ithanun
cer
tainnumb
ero
fpr
ize
s.Ind
eedth
eli
ter
atu
reexpo
sedinin
trodu
cti
on
h
assh
ownth
atth
esea
ssump
tion
sma
ycl
ear
ly m
odi
fyth
ere
sul
ts.H
owev
erth
isl
ead
sto
c
omp
lexc
alcu
lat
ion
sandw
ear
eno
tsu
ret
oob
tainat
rac
tab
lef
orm
.

20
Ind
eed
,wh x)=xr,w
enf( ehav
eg(
x)=f(
x)/
f(x)=x/
randg(
x)x/
g(x)=1
.
6
. APPEND
IX 2
9

6 Append
ix

6
.1 W
inne
rSe
lec
tion Mechan
ism(C
larkand R
iis(
1996)
,sub
-
sec
tion3
.1)

Th
epr
izea
llo
cat
ionm
ech
ani
smd
esc
rib
edb
yCl
arkandR
ii
sisth
efo
llow
ing:“Th
epla
yer
s
ma
keon
eren
t-s
eek
ingc
ont
ribu
tionwh
ichi
sva
lidfo
ral
lkr
ound
sofan
est
edc
ont
est
.Th
e
w
inn
ero
fth
efir
stp
riz
eisd
ecid
edb
yus
ingth
epr
oba
bi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tionwh
icha
ris
esa
fte
r
th
eren
t-s
eek
ingou
tla
yso
fal
lnp
lay
ersa
rec
oll
ect
ed. Th
ewinn
ero
fth
isr
oundi
sth
en
e
lim
ina
tedandth
ese
condp
riz
eisd
ist
ribu
tedb
yus
ingth
epr
oba
bi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tionwh
ich
a
ris
eswh
enw
eex
clud
eth
eou
tla
yofth
efir
stw
inn
er. Th
isp
roc
essc
ont
inu
esun
ti
lal
lk
p
riz
esha
veb
eend
ist
ribu
ted
. Thu
sth
epr
oba
bi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tioni
sup
dat
edafl
ere
achr
oun
d
tor
efle
ctth
efa
cttha
tpr
eviou
swinn
ersa
ree
lim
ina
tedf
romfu
tur
eround
s.”

L
et’
sgiv
eanex
amp
lew
ithk=3 p
riz
esandn=1
0pl
aye
rs. Th
econ
tes
tde
sign
er
o
rgan
ise
sth
reer
ound
stoa
llo
cat
eth
epr
ize
s.C
ons
ide
rth
atp
lay
erii
sth
eblu
epl
aye
r.
Th
eoth
erc
ont
est
ant
sth
atw
esuppo
sesymm
etr
ica
rer
epr
esen
tedinb
lac
k.Inth
efir
st
1
r
ound(F
igu
re1
.5(
a))
,pl
aye
rih
asap
rob
abi
li
typ
itow
inth
epr
ize(
issu
eW)
.Ifh
ere
ally
w
ins
,hei
sex
clud
edf
romth
eoth
err
ound
softh
econ
tes
tash
ecan
’tw
inn
omo
reth
an
on
epr
ize
.
1
O
the
rwi
se,p
lay
er il
ose
s(i
ssu
eL)w
ithth
ecomp
lem
ent
aryp
rob
abi
li
ty1−p
ianda
b
lac
kpl
aye
rwin
sth
efir
str
ound
. Th
ela
tte
risex
clud
edf
romth
efu
tur
eround
s wh
il
e
p
lay
erip
art
ic
ipa
test
oth
enex
tround
. Th
econ
tes
tde
sign
ero
rgan
ise
sth
ese
condr
ound
(F
igu
re1
.5(
b))t
oal
loc
ateth
ese
condp
riz
ewh
ere9p
lay
erss
ti
llr
ema
in.I
fpl
aye
riw
ins
2
(w
ithp
rob
abi
li
typ
i)th
enh
eisex
clud
edf
romth
efu
tur
eround
s.O
the
rwi
se,h
elo
sesw
ith
2
p
rob
abi
li
ty1−p
iandab
lac
kpl
aye
rwin
sth
ese
condr
ound
.

Afin
alr
oundi
sor
gan
isedt
oal
loc
ateth
eth
irdandl
astp
riz
e(F
igu
r .
e15(
c))
.8p
lay
ers
s
ti
llr
ema
in:p
lay
eriands
evensymm
etr
icc
ont
est
ant
s.P
lay
eriw
insw
ithp
rob
abi
li
ty
3 3
p
iorl
ose
swi
thp
rob
abi
li
ty1−p
i. A
sth
erea
ren
omo
rep
riz
est
oaw
ard
,th
epr
oce
sso
f
a
llo
cat
ions
top
s.

F
ina
lly
,th
epr
obab
il
ityth
atp
lay
eriw
insap
riz
einac
ont
estwh
ereth
reep
riz
esa
re
a
llo
cat
edi
s:

1 1 2 1 2 3
p
i+ 1−p
i p
i+ 1−p
i 1−p
i p
i
3
0 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

wh
ichc
orr
espond
stoPi(
xi,x
,3)
.

st
1 r
ound

1
p
i
W
1
1−p
i
L
(a
)Fi
rstround

st nd
1 r
ound 2 r
ound
1
p
i
W
1
1−p
i 2
p
i
L W
2
1−p
i
L
(b
)Se
condround

st nd rd
1 r
ound 2 r
ound 3 r
ound
1
p
i
W
1
1−p
i 2
p
i
L W
2
1−p
i 3
L p
i
W
3
1−p
i
L
(
c)Th
irdround

F
igu
re1
.5:M
ech
ani
smo
fCl
arkandR
ii
s(1
996
)
6
. APPEND
IX 3
1

6
.2 Loo
serSe
lec
tion Mechan
ism(Fue
tal
.(2014)
,sub
sec
tion3
.2)

Th
epr
izea
llo
cat
ion m
ech
ani
smp
ropo
sedb
yFue
tal
.(2
014
)isth
emi
rro
rima
geo
fth
e
m
ech
ani
smo
fCl
arkand R
ii
s(1
996
).H
ere
,lo
ser
sar
esequ
ent
ial
lye
lim
ina
tedt
oob
tain
th
ese
tofw
inn
ers
. C
ons
ide
rac
ont
estam
ongn≥ 2p
lay
ersw
ith1≤ k <np
riz
es.
E
achp
lay
erex
erteff
orton
lyon
ce. Th
elo
sere
lim
ina
tionp
roc
essl
ast
ssev
era
lround
s
th
rou
ghwh
ichn−kam
ongth
enp
lay
ersa
ree
lim
ina
ted
.Ine
achp
eri
od,on
epl
aye
ris
e
lim
ina
ted
,andwh
enkp
lay
ersa
rel
eft
,th
eid
ent
ica
lpr
ize
sofv
alu
eV(
k)a
red
ist
ribu
ted
t
oth
esu
rviv
ors
.

T
oil
lus
tra
teth
ism
ech
ani
sm,l
et’
stak
eanex
amp
lew
ith n=1
0pl
aye
rsandk=7
p
riz
es. Th
ism
ean
sth
atth
reep
lay
ersn
eedt
obee
lim
ina
tedt
oob
tainth
ese
tofw
inn
ers;
thu
sth
reer
ound
sar
eor
gan
ised
.Inth
efo
llow
ing
,weon
lyd
esc
rib
eth
eed
geso
fth
egam
e
t
reeinwh
ichp
lay
eriapp
ear
s.

C
ons
ide
rth
atp
lay
erii
sth
eblu
epl
aye
r. W
esuppo
seth
atth
eoth
erc
ont
est
ant
sar
e
symm
etr
icandr
epr
esen
tedinb
lac
k.F
ore
achr
ound
,no
teE th
eev
ent“
thep
lay
eri
s
e
lim
ina
ted”andSth
eev
ent“
thep
lay
eri
sasu
rvi
vor
”.

1
Inth
efir
str
ound
,pl
ayrii
e sel
imin
atedw
ithp
rob
abi
li
tyq
i. O
the
rwi
se,h
esu
rviv
es
1
w
ithth
ecomp
lem
ent
aryp
rob
abi
li
ty1−q
i,wh
ich m
ean
sth
atab
lac
kpl
aye
rha
sbe
enr
e-
m
ovedf
romth
econ
tes
t.Inth
isc
ase
,th
ese
tofsu
rviv
orsa
fte
rth
efir
str
oundi
scompo
sed
o
fpl
aye
riande
igh
tsymm
etr
icb
lac
kpl
aye
rs.

st
1 r
ound

1
q
i
E
1
1−q
i
S

Th
enan
ewr
oundi
sor
gan
isedt
oel
imin
ateon
eofth
enin
erem
ain
ingp
lay
ers
.Pl
aye
r
2
ii
srem
ovedf
romth
econ
tes
twi
thp
rob
abi
li
tyq
i. O
the
rwi
se,ab
lac
kpl
aye
rise
lim
ina
ted
2
andc
ont
est
antisu
rviv
esinth
ese
condr
oundw
ithp
rob
abi
li
ty1−q
i.
3
2 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

st nd
1 r
ound 2 r
ound

1
q
i
E
1
1−q
i 2
q
i
S E
2
1−q
i
S

Afin
alr
oundi
sor
gan
isedt
oex
clud
eon
eofth
eei
ghtr
ema
inin
gpl
aye
rs.C
onc
ern
ing
p
lay
eriandc
ond
it
ion
alt
obeasu
rviv
orinth
efir
standth
ese
condr
ound
,th
eev
entE
3
o
ccu
rsinth
eth
irdr
ound w
ithp
rob
abi
li
tyq
iandth
eev
entSo
ccu
rsw
ithp
rob
abi
li
ty
3
1−q
i.I
fpl
aye
rih
assu
rviv
ed,th
efin
als
eto
fwinn
ersi
scompo
sedo
fpl
aye
riands
ix
o
the
rsymm
etr
icp
lay
ers
.

st nd rd
1 r
ound 2 r
ound 3 r
ound

1
q
i
E
1
1−q
i 2
q
i
S E
2
1−q
i
3
q
i
S E
3
1−q
i
S

Th
epr
obab
il
ityth
atp
lay
eriw
insap
riz
einac
ont
estwh
eres
evenp
riz
esa
rea
llo
cat
ed
i
s:

1 2 3
Pi(
xi,x
,7)= 1−q
i 1−q
i 1−q
i

Th
isexp
res
sionc
anb
egen
era
li
zedf
oran
yk<n:

n−k
κ
Pi(
xi,x
;k)= (
1−q
i)
κ=1
6
. APPEND
IX 3
3

6
.3 F
irs
tOrde
randSecond O
rde
rStocha
stic Dom
inance

Ine
con
omi
cso
fun
cer
tain
ty,i
tisc
onv
eni
entt
ous
eth
efir
st-
ord
erandth
ese
cond
-ord
er
s
toch
ast
icd
omin
anc
etoc
omp
ared
iffe
ren
tlo
tte
rie
sac
cord
ingt
oth
ewe
althth
eyd
is
-
t
ribu
te. Inou
rmod
el
,wec
omp
arec
ont
est
sac
cord
ingt
oth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sth
ey
a
llo
cat
e.U
sin
gth
efir
st-
ord
erands
econd
-ord
ers
toch
ast
icd
omin
anc
eonth
enumb
ero
f
p
riz
ess
eem
smo
rer
elev
antth
anonth
eto
talv
alu
edi
str
ibu
tedinth
econ
tes
t.A
sju
sti
-
fi
cat
ion
,con
sid
erth
eva
lua
tionfun
cti
onV(
k)=V/k. Th
eto
talv
alu
edi
str
ibu
tedinth
e
c
ont
esti
sV, wh
atev
erth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sandth
epr
obab
il
ityd
ist
ribu
tion
.How
eve
r
th
ewa
yV i
ssp
li
tind
iffe
ren
tpr
ize
sch
ang
esth
epl
aye
rsin
cen
tiv
est
oex
erteff
ort
.Inth
e
f
oll
owin
gwep
res
entth
ecr
ite
riao
ffir
st-
ord
erands
econd
-ord
ers
toch
ast
icd
omin
anc
eon
th
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
s.

6
.3.1 F
irs
t-O
rde
rStocha
stic Dom
inance

D
eno
t y Π(
eb k)andΠ
(k)th
ecumu
lat
ived
ist
ribu
tionfun
cti
onsc
orr
espond
ingt
oth
e
p
rob
abi
li
tyd
ens
ityfun
cti
onso
fth
enumb
ero
fpr
izsπ(
e k)andπ(
k). W
esa
yth
ata
c
ont
estw
ithΠ
(k)d
omin
ate
sac
ont
estw
ithΠ(
k)inth
esen
seo
ffir
st-
ord
ers
toch
ast
ic
d
omin
anc
eiff
ora
llk∈[
1;+
∞[:
Π
(k)≤Π(
k)

6
.3.2 Second
-Orde
rStocha
stic Dom
inance

W
esa
yth
at π(
k)i
sle
ssr
iskyth
anπ(
k)inth
esen
seo
fth
ese
condo
rde
rst
och
ast
ic
d
omin
anc
eif
t t
∀t∈[
1;+
∞[, Π(
k)dk≤ Π
(k)
dk,
1 1

O
requ
iva
len
tly
t
∀t∈[
1;+
∞[, Π(
k)−Π
(k)dk≤0
. (
1.2
4)
1

I
tisc
onv
eni
entt
ocon
sid
erasp
eci
alc
aseo
fth
ese
condo
rde
rst
och
ast
icd
omin
anc
e
wh
ereth
eexp
ect
ednumb
ero
fpr
ize
sisth
esam
efo
rbo
thp
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tion
s(m
ean
-
p
res
erv
ingsp
read
). W
egiv
eani
llu
str
ati
oninF
igu
re1
.6. C
ons
ide
rth
etw
ofo
llow
ing
p
rob
abi
li
tyd
ens
ityfun
cti
onssu
chth
atπ(
k)i
sa m
ean
-pr
ese
rvin
gsp
reado
fπ(
k).

N
oteth
atth
eexp
ect
ednumb
ero
fpr
ize
sisequ
alt
o5f
orbo
thp
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tion
s.
Th
ecumu
lat
ived
ist
ribu
tionfun
cti
onsa
reg
iveninth
efo
llow
ingt
abl
e:
3
4 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

π(
k) π(
k)
0
.4 0
.4

0
.3 0
.3

0
.2 0
.2

0
.1 0
.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 0
Numbe
rofp
riz
esk Numbe
rofp
riz
esk

F
igu
re1
.6:M
eanp
res
erv
ingsp
read

k [
1;2
[[2
;3[[
3;4
[[4
;5[[
5;6
[[6
;7[[
7;8
[[8
;+∞[
Π(
k) 0 0 0
.05 0
.3 0
.7 0
.95 1 1
Π
(k) 0 0
.05 0
.15 0
.35 0
.65 0
.85 0
.95 1
Π−Π 0 -
0.0
5 -
0.1 -
0.0
5 0
.05 0
.1 0
.05 0

InF
igu
re1
.7,w
eob
serv
eth
atc
ond
it
ion(
1.2
4)i
ssa
tisfi
ed.

t
t t
Π(k)−Π (k)dk 1 Π(
k)−Π
(k)dk
1
[1
;2[ 0 Numbero
fpriz
esk
[2
;3[ −0.05t+0.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
[3
;4[ −0.1t+0.25 −0
.05
[4
;5[ −0.
05 t+0.05
−0
.1
[5
;6[ 0.05t−0 .
45
[6
;7[ 0
.1t−0 .75 −0
.15
[7
;8[ 0
.05t−0 .4
−0
.2
[
8;+∞[ 0

F
igu
re1
.7:I
llu
str
ati
ono
fth
eSe
cond
-Ord
erSto
cha
sti
cDom
inan
ceonth
enumb
ero
f
pr
ize
s
6
. APPEND
IX 3
5

6
.4 P
roo
fsa
ssoc
iatedtothe W
inne
rSe
lec
tion Mechan
ism( WSM
)

6
.4.1 P
roo
fofexp
res
sion(
1.2
)

C
ons
ide
rin
gpl
aye
ri’
spo
into
fvi
ew,w
eas
sum
eth
atxj=x,f
ora
llj=i
. Th
en,f
ora
ll
r
oundκ,w
ecanw
rit
e

κ f(
xi)
p
i(xi,x
,.
..
,x)= .
f(
xi)+(n−κ)f(
x)

I
fk=1,p
lay
erich
oos
esxit
omax
imi
ze

f(
xi)
V(
1)−xi.
f(
xi)+(n−1)f(
x)

Th
ere
for
e,th
efir
st-
ord
erc
ond
it
ionf
orxit
omax
imi
zep
lay
eri
’sp
ayoffi
s

(
n−1 )f(
x)f(xi)
2V(
1)−1=0
.
(
f(xi)+(n−1)f(x))

I
fxi=x,th
iss
imp
lifi
est
o
n−1f(
x)
V(
1) 2 −1=0
.
n f(
x)

I
fk>1
,pl
aye
rich
oos
esxit
omax
imi
ze

Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)V(
k)−xi,

wh
ere

f(
xi)
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)=
f(
xi)+(n−1)f(
x)
k κ−1
f(
xi) f(
xi)
+ 1−
κ=2 λ=1 f(
xi)+(n−λ)f(
x) f(
xi)+(n−κ)f(
x)

Anequ
iva
len
texp
res
sioni
s

k κ
f(
xi) (
n−λ)f(
x)
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)= .
κ=1 (
n−κ)f(x) λ=1 f(
xi)+(
n−λ)f(x)

Byd
iffe
ren
tia
tion
,wec
ang
et
3
6 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

 
k f(
xi) κ n−λ)
( f(
x)
∂  (
n−κ)f(
x) λ=1 f(
xi)+(
n−λ) f(
x) 
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)=  .
∂xi κ=1 + f(
xi)
− κ (n−λ)f(
x)f(xi) (
n−µ)f(
x)
(
n−κ) f(
x) s
=1 (
f(xi)+
(n−λ)f(x)
)2 µ=λ f(
xi)+(
n−µ) f(
x)

wh
ichc
anb
erew
rit
tena
fte
rsom
ear
ran
gem
ent
s

k κ κ
∂ f(
xi) (
n−λ)f(
x) f(
xi)
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)= 1−
∂xi κ=1 (
n−κ)f(x) λ=1 f(
xi)+(
n−λ)f(x) λ=1 f(
xi)+(n−λ)f(
x)

21
I
fxi=x,th
iss
imp
lifi
est
o

∂ 1k κ
1 f(x)
Pi(
x,.
..
,x;
k)= 1− .
∂xi nκ=1 λ=1 n+1−λ f(
x)

W
ecansh
owb
yindu
cti
onth
at

k κ n
1 1 n−k1
1− =(n−k) − ,
κ=1 λ=1 n−λ+1 r=1 r r=1 r

wh
ichimp
li
esth
at

n
∂ n−k 1 n−k1 f( x)
Pi(
x,.
..x;
k)= −
∂xi n r=1 r r=1 r f(
x)

21 κ n−λ n−κ
R
ema
rkh
eretha
t λ=1 n+1−λ = n .
6
. APPEND
IX 3
7

6
.4.2 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1

Second
-orde
rcond
ition Asuffi
cien
tcond
it
ionf
orag
lob
alm
aximumo
fpl
aye
ri’
s
p
ayoffi
sob
tain
edi
f

k κ κ
∂ f(
xi) (
n−λ)f(
x) f(
xi)
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)= 1−
∂xi κ=1 (
n−κ)f(x) λ=1 f(
xi)+(
n−λ)f(x) λ=1 f(
xi)+(n−λ)f(
x)

i
sde
cre
asin
gwi
thxi.I
fwec
ons
ide
rth
efo
llow
ingc
ond
it
ion

κ
f(
xi)
1− >0
,fo
ral
l1≤κ≤k
,
λ=1 f(
xi)+(n−λ)f(
x)

th
en,th
eexp
res
sionund
ersqu
areb
rac
ket
sabo
vei
sth
epr
odu
cto
fth
reet
erm
s,e
ach
po
sit
iveandd
ecr
eas
inginxi(
giv
enth
atf(
xi)>0andf(
xi)≤0
).C
lea
rly
,th
isimp
li
es
th
at
∂2
2Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)<0
,
∂(
xi)
wh
ichg
ive
sasuffi
cien
tse
cond
-ord
erc
ond
it
ionf
orag
lob
alm
aximum 22.

N
eve
rth
ele
ssth
epr
opo
sedin
equ
ali
tyi
sno
tne
ces
sar
ilys
ati
sfiedf
ora
llxi23. H
owev
er
n
opl
aye
rwi
llin
ves
tmo
reth
anV(
k)inth
econ
tes
t(o
the
rwi
seh
isu
ti
li
tyi
sne
gat
ive
)so
w
ene
edt
ove
ri
fyth
isc
ond
it
ionf
ora
llxi∈[
0;V(
k)]
.

M
ore
ove
rrem
arkth
atou
rcond
it
ionh
old
stru
efo
ral
l 1≤ κ≤ ki
fith
old
stru
efo
r
κ=k. Thu
sweob
tainasuffi
cien
tcond
it
ionf
orag
lob
alm
aximum
:

k
f(
xi)
1− >0
,fo
ral
lxi∈[
0;V(
k)]
,fo
ral
lk.
λ=1 f(
xi)+(n−λ)f(
x)

G
iventh
atth
isc
ond
it
ionm
ayn
otb
ene
ces
sar
ilyfu
lfil
led
,wec
ana
tle
astsh
owth
atp
lay
er
i
’su
ti
li
tyfun
cti
oni
scon
cav
eov
erth
ein
terv
al[
0;x]i
fth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sissu
chth
at

k
1
≤1
,
λ=1 n−λ+1

wh
ichc
anb
erew
rit
tena
s
n
1 n−k1
− ≤1
,
r=1 r r=1 r
22
(C
larkandR i
is,1998)prov
ideasuffi cients econd-ord
ercond
itionfo
raloca
l max
imumon ly
.Itw r
ites
κ 1
1− λ=1 n+1−λ > 0,fora
ll1≤ κ≤ k. C learly,itcanb eder
ivedfromouranaly
sisinth
eca s
ewh ere
xi=x.
23 f(xi)
Fo
rinstance
,ifxi→ +∞,th enf(xi)+(
n−λ) f(x) t
endsto1andth ele
fthandsideoftheinequa
lity
tendsto1−κ≤0 .
3
8 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

andapp
rox
ima
tedb
yk≤0
.63
2nf
orl
arg
eva
lue
sofna
cco
rdin
gtoC
larkandR
ii
s(1
998
).
Ind
eed
,sin
cef(
xi)=0wh
enxi=0andg
iventh
at

k
f(
xi)
λ=1 f(
xi)+(n−λ)f(
x)

i
sin
cre
asin
gwi
thxi,ou
rcond
it
ion

k
f(
xi)
1− >0
λ=1 f(
xi)+(n−λ)f(
x)

i
stru
efo
ral
lxi∈[
0;x]
.

Pa
rtic
ipa
tioncon
stra
int A
tequ
il
ibr
iume
achp
lay
ersp
end
seff
ortsu
chth
at

x∗)=A(
g( k,n)

i
fhi
spa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
inti
sfu
lfil
led

x∗;
Pi( k)−x∗>0
k)V( .

C
ons
ide
rfir
s x)=x24.I
tg( fwesuppo
se

k
1
1− >0
,
λ=1 n−λ+1

th
atw
ecanr
ewr
ite
n
1 n−k1
− ≤1
,
r=1 r r=1 r

th
enw
eob
tain

∗ ∗ k) k
V( 1 k
1
Pi(
x;k)
V(k)−x = n +k 1− >0
.
n λ=1 n−λ+1 λ=1 n−λ+1

Thu
sea
chp
lay
erp
art
ic
ipa
test
oth
econ
tes
t.
F
orag
ene
ralg(
x)fun
cti
on,w
epr
oce
eda
sfo
llow
s.G
iventh
atg(
x)i
sac
ont
inu
ousand
in
cre
asin
gfun
cti fxon[
ono 0;+
∞[,w
ithg(
0)=0andl
imx→+∞ g(
x)=+
∞,th
engi
sa
b
ije
cti
onf
rom[
0;+
∞[t
o[0
;+∞[andadm
itsanin
ver
sefun
ctong−1:[
i 0;+
∞[→[
0;+
∞[.

24
Th
isco
rrepond
stof(
x)=xfo
rin
stan
ce.
6
. APPEND
IX 3
9

I
tfo
llow
sth
atth
epa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
intc
anb
eexp
res
seda
s

x∗;
Pi( k) k)−g−1(
V( A(k
,n)
)≥0
.

I
fwefindafun
cti
ong
1(x)su
chth
atth
epa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
inti
sfu
lfil
led

x∗;
Pi( k)V(
k)−g−1
1 ( A(
k,n)
)≥0
,

25
th
enth
isi
sal
soth
eca
sef
oran
yfun
cti
ong
2(x)≥ g
1(x) .O
rweh
avef
oundth
atth
is
i
sth
eca
sef
org
1(x) =x. Thu
swec
anc
onc
lud
eth
atf
oran
yfun
cti
ong(
x)≥ x,th
e
p
art
ic
ipa
tionc
ons
tra
inti
sfu
lfil
led
.Giv
enth
at

f(
x)
g(
x)= ,
f(
x)

w
ecanr
ewr
iteg(
x)≥xa
s
f(
x)x
≤1
.
f(x)
Ino
the
rwo
rds
,al
lth
eimp
actfun
cti
onsf(
x)w
ithane
las
tic
ityl
owe
rorequ
alt
oon
e
s
ati
sfyth
epa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
int
.

25
Con
sid
ertw
ofun
ction
sg1(
x)andg
2(x)su
chtha
tg1(
x)≤g
2(x)∀x. Th
en
−1 −1
g
1 ( g
1(x)
)≤g
1 ( g
2(x)
)

s
inc
eg1i
sacon
tinuou
sandin
crea
singfun
ctiono
fx. Th
isl
ead
sto
−1
x≤g
1 ( g
2(x)
).
−1
S
inc
ex=g
2 ( g
2(x)
)wed
edu
ceth
at
−1 −1
g
2 ( g
2(x)
)≤g
1 ( g
2(x)
).

I
tfo
llow
sth
ati
fg1(
x)≤g
2(x)th
en
−1 −1
g
2 ( A(
k,n)
)≤g
1 ( A(
k,n)
).
4
0 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

6
.4.3 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion2

F
irs
t-o
rde
rcond
ition Anin
ter
iors
olu
tions
ati
sfie
sth
efo
llow
ingfi
rst
-ord
erc
ond
it
ion
i
f
K
∂
π(
k) Pi(xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)V(
k)−1=0
,fo
ral
li,
k=1 ∂xi

G
iventh
atw
eha
vec
alcu
lat
edth
ede
riv
ativ
eof Pi(
xi,x
;k)insub
sec
tion6
.4.
1,w
eea
si
ly
ob
tainequ
il
ibr
iumeff
ortinth
eun
cer
tainc
ase

K n
n−k 1 n−k1
x∗)=
g( π(
k)V(
k) − .
k=1 n r=1 r r=1 r

Second
-orde
rcond
ition Anin
ter
iors
olu
tions
ati
sfie
sth
efo
llow
ings
econd
-ord
erc
on-
d
it
ioni
f
K
∂2
π(
k) 2Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)V(
k)<0
,fo
ral
li.
k=1 ∂xi
Asuffi
cien
tcond
it
ioni
stos
ati
sfy

∂2
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)<0
∂x2
i

∀k=1,
..
.,K
.No
teth
atn
opl
aye
rwi
llin
ves
tmo
reth
anth
ehi
ghe
stp
riz
eva
lued
ist
ribu
ted
inth
econ
tes
t(o
the
rwi
seh
isu
ti
li
tyi
sne
gat
ive
).G
iventh
edi
scu
ssi
oninth
ece
rta
inc
ase
,
th
econd
it
iont
oob
tainag
lob
alm
aximumi
s

K
f(
xi)
1− >0
,fo
ral
lxi∈ 0
; m ax V(k).
λ=1 f(
xi)+(n−λ)f(
x) k=1,
..
.,K

I
fth
isc
ond
it
ioni
sno
tve
rifi
ed,w
ecansh
ow,a
spr
evi
ous
ly
,th
atp
lay
eri
’su
ti
li
tyfun
cti
on
i
scon
cav
eov
erth
ein
terv
al[
0;x]i
fth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sissu
chth
at

K
1
≤1
,
λ=1 n−λ+1

th
atc
anb
erew
rit
tena
s
n
1 n−k1
− ≤1
,
r=1 r r=1 r

andapp
rox
ima
tedb
yK ≤0
.63
2nf
orh
ighv
alu
eso
fn.
6
. APPEND
IX 4
1

Pa
rtic
ipa
tioncon
stra
int A
tequ
il
ibr
iume
achp
lay
ersp
end
seff
ortsu
chth
at

K
x∗)=
g( π(
k)A(
k,n)
k=1

i
fhi
spa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
inti
sfu
lfil
led

K
π(
k) x∗;
Pi( k)−x∗>0
k)V( .
k=1

C
ons
ide
rfir
s x)=x26.I
tg( fwesuppo
se

k
1
1− >0
,
λ=1 n−λ+1

th
enw
eob
tain

K
1K k
1 k
1
π(
k) x∗;
Pi( k) k)−x∗=
V( π(
k)V(
k)n +k 1− >0
.
k=1 nk=1 λ=1 n−λ+1 λ=1 n−λ+1

Thu
sea
chp
lay
erp
art
ic
ipa
test
oth
econ
tes
t.
F
orag
ene
ralg(
x)fun
cti
on,w
epr
oce
eda
sfo
llow
s.G
iventh
atg(
x)i
sac
ont
inu
ousand
in
cre
asin
gfun
cti
ono
fxon[
0;+
∞[,w
ithg(
0)=0andl
imx→+∞ g(
x)=+
∞,th
engi
sa
b
ije
cti
onf
rom[
0;+
∞[t
o[0
;+∞[andadm
itsanin
ver
sefun
ctong−1:[
i 0;+
∞[→[
0;+
∞[.

I
tfo
llow
sth
atth
epa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
intc
anb
eexp
res
seda
s

K K
π(
k) x∗;
Pi( k) k)−g−1
V( π(
k)A(
k,n) ≥0
.
k=1 k=1

I
fwefindafun
cti
ong
1(x)su
chth
atth
epa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
inti
sfu
lfil
led

K K
π(
k) x∗;
Pi( k)V(
k)−g
1
−1
π(
k)A(
k,n) ≥0
,
k=1 k=1

27
th
enth
isi
sal
soth
eca
sef
oran
yfun
cti
ong
2(x)≥ g
1(x) .O
rweh
avef
oundth
atth
is
i
sth
eca
sef
org
1(x) =x. Thu
swec
anc
onc
lud
eth
atf
oran
yfun
cti
ong(
x)≥ x,th
e
26
Thiscor
repondstof(x)=xfo rin
stanc
e.
27
Cons
idertwofunc
tion
sg1(x)andg2(x)suchtha
tg1(
x)≤g
2(x)∀x. Th
en
−1 −1
g
1 ( g
1(x)
)≤g
1 ( g
2(x)
)

s
inc
eg1i
sacon
tinuou
sandin
crea
singfun
ctiono
fx. Th
isl
ead
sto
−1
x≤g
1 ( g
2(x)
).
4
2 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

p
art
ic
ipa
tionc
ons
tra
inti
sfu
lfil
led
.Giv
enth
at

f(
x)
g(
x)= ,
f(
x)

w
ecanr
ewr
iteg(
x)≥xa
s
f(
x)x
≤1
.
f(x)
Ino
the
rwo
rds
,al
lth
eimp
actfun
cti
onsf(
x)w
ithane
las
tic
ityl
owe
rorequ
alt
oon
e
s
ati
sfyth
epa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
int
.

−1
S
inc
ex=g
2 ( g
2(x)
)wed
edu
ceth
at
−1 −1
g
2 ( g
2(x)
)≤g
1 ( g
2(x)
).

I
tfo
llow
sth
ati
fg1(
x)≤g
2(x)th
en
K K
−1 −1
g
2 π(
k)A(
k,n) ≤g
1 π(
k)A(
k,n) .
k=1 k=1
6
. APPEND
IX 4
3

6
.4.4 P
roo
fofequa
tion
s(1
.18
)and(
1.2
0)

FWSM (
k)i
stw
iced
iffe
ren
tiab
leandi
sequ
alt
o

n−k
FWSM (
k)=V(
k) (ψ(
n+1
)−ψ(
n−k+1
))
n

W
eca
lcu
lat
e FWSM (
k)andFWSM (
k):

V(k)
FWSM (
k)= (n−k)(
ψ(n+1
)−ψ(n−k+1
))
n
V(
k)
− (ψ(n+1)−ψ(n−k+1
)−(n−k)ψ(
n−k+1
))
n

V( k)
FWSM (
k)= (n−k)(
ψ(n+1)−ψ(n−k+1)
)
n
V(k)
−2 (ψ(n+1
)−ψ( n−k+1)−(n−k)ψ(n−k+1
))
n
V(k)
− (2
ψ( n−k+1)+(n−k)ψ(n−k+1)
).
n

W
erepo
rts
omein
term
edi
atec
alcu
lat
ion
sus
ing(1
.17
)

∞
k
ψ(
n+1
)−ψ(
n−k+1
)=
=0 (
j j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
)
∞
1
ψ(
n−k+1
)=
=0 (
j )2
j+n−k+1
∞
2
ψ(
n−k+1
)=−
=0 (
j )3
j+n−k+1

wh
icha
llowu
stor
ewr
iteFWSM (
k)andFWSM (
k)a
s

V(k)∞ (n−k)k
FWSM (
k)=
n j=0 (
j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
)
 
k) ∞
V( k ∞
n−k 
− −
n j=0 (
j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
) j=0 ( )2
j+n−k+1
4
4 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

V(k)∞ (n−k)k
FWSM (
k)=
n j=0 (
j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
)
 
V(k) ∞ k ∞
n−k 
−2 −
n j=0 (
j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
) j=0 ( )2
j+n−k+1
 
k) ∞
V( 1 ∞
n−k .
−2 2 −
n j=0 (
j+n−k+1
) j=0 ( )3
j+n−k+1

F
irs
twef
ocu
sonFWSM (
k):

 
∞ n−k
1 −V (k)k j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
) 
FWSM (
k)=−  
n +V(
k) ∞ k
− ∞ n−k
j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+n−k+1
) j
=0 (
j )2
+n−k+1

W
eaddandr
emo
veth
efo
llow
ingexp
res
sion

∞
n−k
V(
k) ,
=0 (
j j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
)

wh
ichl
ead
sto

 
∞ n−k
1 −(
V(k)k+V(
k)) j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
) 
FWSM (
k)=−  
n +V(
k) ∞ k
− ∞ n−k
+ ∞ n−k
j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+n−k+1
) j
=0 (
j )2
+n−k+1 j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
)
 
1 −(V(
k)k+V( k)) ∞j=0 (
j+n+1
)
n−k
(j+n−k+1) 
=−  
n +V( ∞ n ∞ n−k
k) j=0 (j+n+1)(j+n−k+1) − j=0 (j+n−k+1)2

W
efin
allyob
tainexp
res
sion(1
.18
):

 
∞ n−k
1 −(
V( k)k+V(k))
k)=−  
j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
)
FWSM (  
n +kV(k) ∞ j
+1
j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j )2
+n−k+1

L
ook
inga
tF (
k):

 
∞
 ( −1
k)k2
V j
=0 (
j+n+1
)
n−k
(j+n−k+1
) 
2



FWSM (
k)=−  k) ∞
+V ( j
=0 (
k
− ∞j=0 (
n−k 
n

j
+n+1)
(j+n−k+1) j
+n−k+1)2 

+V(k) ∞j
=0 (j
1
+n−k+1)2
− ∞j=0 (
j
n−k
+n−k+1)3
6
. APPEND
IX 4
5

W
eaddandr
emo
veth
efo
llow
ingexp
res
sioninth
efir
sttw
ote
rmso
fth
esum

∞
n−k
V(
k) ,
=0 (
j j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
)

wh
ichl
ead
sto
 
∞
 −1
2
(V (
k)k+2V(
k)) j
=0 (
j+n+1
)
n−k
(j+n−k+1
) 
2



FWSM (
k)=−  +V (
k) ∞
j
=0 (
k
− ∞
j
=0 (
n−k
+ ∞
j
=0 (
n−k 
n

j+n+1
)(j
+n−k+1
) j )2
+n−k+1 j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
) 

∞ 1 ∞ n−k
+V(
k) j
=0 (
j )2
+n−k+1
− j
=0 (
j )3
+n−k+1

R
ear
ran
gin
gth
ete
rms
,iti
spo
ssib
let
orew
rit
eFWSM (
k)a
s:

 
∞
 −1
2
(V(
k)k+2V(
k)) j
=0 (
j+n+1
)
n−k
(j+n−k+1
) 
2



FWSM (
k)=−  +V (
k)− ∞
j
=0 (
n−k
+ ∞
j
=0 (
n 
n

j )2
+n−k+1 j+n+1
)(j+n−k+1
) 

∞ j
+1
+V(
k) j
=0 (
j )3
+n−k+1

W
efin
allyob
tainexp
res
sion(1
.20
):

 
∞
 ( −1
2
(V
k)k+2V ( k)) j
=0 (
j+n+1
)
n−k
(j+n−k+1
) 
2
 j+1


FWSM (
k)=−  +(V (
k)k+V(k)) ∞ j
=0 ( 
n

j
+n+1)(j )2
+n−k+1 

j+1
+V(k)k ∞
j=0 (
j+n+1
)(j +n−k+1)3
4
6 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

6
.5 P
roo
fsa
ssoc
iatedtotheLo
serE
lim
ina
tion Mechan
ism(LEM
)

6
.5.1 P
roo
fofexp
res
sion(
1.7
)

P
lay
erich
oos
est
omax
imi
ze

Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)V(
k)−xi,

wh
ere
n−k
(
n−κ)f(xi)
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x,k
)= .
κ=1 (
n−κ)f(
xi)+f( x)
S
inc
e
∂ (
n−κ)f(xi) f(x)
=f(
xi)
(n−κ) 2,
∂xi (
n−κ)f(
xi)+f( x) ((n−κ)
f(xi)+f(
x))

w
eob
tainb
ydiff
eren
tia
tin
gPi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)w
ithr
esp
ectt
oxi

n−k n−k
∂ f(
xi) (
n−κ)f(xi) f(
x)
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)=
∂xi f(
xi) κ=1 (
n−κ)f(
xi)+f( x) κ=1 (
n−κ)
f(xi)+f(
x)

I
fxi=x,th
iss
imp
lifi
est
o

n−k n−k
∂ f(
x) n−κ 1
Pi(
x,.
..
,x;
k)=
∂xi f(
x) κ=1 n−κ+1 κ=1 n−κ+1

anda
fte
rsom
ein
term
edi
atec
alcu
lat
ion
s,w
ecansh
owth
at

n
∂ k 1 k 1 f( x)
Pi(
x,.
..
,x;
k)= − .
∂xi n r=1 r r=1 r f(
x)
6
. APPEND
IX 4
7

6
.5.2 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion4

F
irs
t-o
rde
rcond
ition Anin
ter
iors
olu
tions
ati
sfie
sth
efo
llow
ingfi
rst
-ord
erc
ond
it
ion
i
f
K
∂
k) Pi(
π( xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)V(
k)−1=0
,fo
ral
li,
k=1 ∂xi

S
inc
eweh
avec
alcu
lat
edth
ede
riv
ativ
eofPi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)insub
sec
tion6
.5.
1,w
ededu
ce
th
eexp
res
siono
fequ
il
ibr
iumeff
ortinth
eun
cer
tainc
ase

K n
k 1 k 1
x∗)=
g( π(
k)V(
k) − .
k=1 n r=1 r r=1 r

Second
-orde
rcond
ition W
efir
stc
ons
ide
rth
eca
se wh
ereth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sis
kn
own w
ithc
ert
ain
tyandequ
alt
ok. Th
ein
ter
iors
olu
tioni
sag
lob
alm
aximumf
or
p
lay
erii
f

n−k n−k
∂ f(
xi) (
n−κ)f(xi) f(
x)
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)=
∂xi f(
xi) κ=1 (
n−κ)f(
xi)+f( x) κ=1 (
n−κ)
f(xi)+f(
x)

i
sde
cre
asin
gwi
thxi.

Anequ
iva
len
texp
res
sioni
s

∂ 1 n−k (
n−κ)f(xi) n−k
f(
x)
Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)=f(
xi)
∂xi f(
xi)κ=1 (
n−κ)f(
xi)+f( x) κ=1 (
n−κ)
f(xi)+f(
x)

I
fwec
ons
ide
rth
efo
llow
ingc
ond
it
ion

n−k
f(
x)
1− >0
,
κ=1 (
n−κ)
f(xi)+f(
x)

th
enth
eth
reet
erm
softh
efir
std
eriv
ativ
eofPi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)w
ithr
esp
ectt
o xi a
re
po
sit
iveandd
ecr
eas
ingw
ithxi.

Th
epr
obl
emi
sth
atth
isc
ond
it
ioni
sno
tsa
tisfi
edf
ora
ll xi. S
imp
ly
, wh
enxi=0,
th
econd
it
ionb
ecom
es1−(
n−k)≤0
.Nev
erth
ele
ssw
ecansh
owth
atp
lay
eri
’su
ti
li
ty
fun
cti
oni
scon
cav
eov
erth
ein
terv
al[
x;+
∞[i
fth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sissu
chth
at

n−k
1
≤1
, (
1.2
5)
κ=1 n−κ+1
4
8 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

o
requ
iva
len
tly
n
1 k 1
− ≤1
,
r=1 r r=1 r

wh
ichc
anb
eapp
rox
ima
tedb
yk≥0
.36
8nf
orl
arg
eva
lue
sofn.Ind
eed

n−k
f(
x)
κ=1 (
n−κ)
f(xi)+f(
x)

i
sde
cre
asin
gwi
thxis
oth
ati
fou
rcond
it
ioni
stru
efo
rxi=x,i
tho
ldst
ruef
orxi≥x,i
f
th
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sissu
chth
at(
1.2
5)i
sfu
lfil
led
.

Wh
enth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
sisun
cer
tain
,anin
ter
iors
olu
tions
ati
sfie
sth
efo
llow
ing
s
econd
-ord
erc
ond
it
ioni
f

K
∂2
π(
k) 2Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)V(
k)<0
,fo
ral
li.
k=1 ∂xi

Asuffi
cien
tcond
it
ioni
stos
ati
sfy

∂2
π(
k) 2Pi(
xi,x
,.
..
,x;
k)≤0
∂xi

∀k=1,
..
.,K
,wi
thas
tri
ctin
equ
ali
tyf
ora
tle
astav
alu
eofk.
D
eno
teb
ykth
emin
imumnumb
ero
fpr
ize
ssu
chth
at

n−k
1
≤1
. (
1.2
6)
κ=1 n−κ+1

Th
enth
econd
it
ionabo
vei
ssa
tisfi
edf
ora
l k;
lk∈[ K]
.

Thu
sund
erc
ond
it
ion(1
.26
)andi
fπ(
k)=0∀k∈[
1;k−1
],p
lay
eri
’su
ti
li
tyfun
cti
on
i
scon
cav
eov
erth
ein
terv
al[
x;+
∞].
6
. APPEND
IX 4
9

Pa
rtic
ipa
tioncon
stra
int Th
epr
oofi
scl
oset
oth
eon
egiv
eninApp
end
ix6
.4.
3.E
ach
p
lay
erp
art
ic
ipa
test
oth
econ
tes
tif

K
π(
k) x∗;
Pi( k)−x∗≥0
k)V( .
k=1

W
ith g(
x)=xandi
fwesuppo
se

n−k
1
1− >0
,
κ=1 n−κ+1

o
requ
iva
len
tly
n
1 k 1
− ≤1
,
r=1 r r=1 r

w
eob
tain

K
1K n−k
1
π(
k) x∗;
Pi( k)−x∗=
k)V( π(
k)kV(
k) 1− >0
k=1 nk=1 κ=1 n−κ+1

Thu
sea
chp
lay
erp
art
ic
ipa
test
oth
econ
tes
t. W
ecansh
owl
ikein App
end
ix6
.4.
3th
at
f
orafun
cti
ong(
x)≥ x,th
epa
rti
cip
ati
onc
ons
tra
inti
sfu
lfil
led
.Asac
ons
equ
enc
e,an
y
imp
actfun
cti
onf(
x)w
ithane
las
tic
ityl
owe
rorequ
alt
oon
esa
tisfi
esth
epa
rti
cip
ati
on
c
ons
tra
int
.
5
0 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

6
.5.3 P
roo
fofequa
tion
s(1
.19
)and(
1.2
1)

FLEM(
k)i
stw
iced
iffe
ren
tiab
lei
sequ
alt
o

V(
k)
FLEM (
k)= k[
ψ(n+1
)−ψ(
k+1
)].
n

W
eca
lcu
lat
e FLEM(
k)andFLEM(
k):

V(k)
FLEM (
k)= k(ψ(n+1
)−ψ(k+1
))
n
V(
k)
+ (ψ(
n+1)−ψ(
k+1)−kψ(
k+1
))
n

V( k)
FLEM(
k)= k(ψ(
n+1)−ψ(k+1)
)
n
V(k)
+2 (ψ(n+1)−ψ(
k+1)−kψ(k+1
))
n
V(k)
+ (−2ψ(k+1)−kψ(k+1)
)
n

W
erepo
rts
omein
term
edi
atec
alcu
lat
ion
sus
ing(1
.17
)

∞
n−k
ψ(
n+1
)−ψ(
k+1
)=
=0 (
j j+n+1
)(j+k+1
)
∞
1
ψ(
k+1
)=
=0 (
j )2
j+k+1
∞
2
ψ(
k+1
)=−
=0 (
j )3
j+k+1

wh
icha
llowu
stor
ewr
iteFLEM(
k)andFLEM(
k)a
s
 
∞ n−k
1 −V(k) k
k)=−  
j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
)
FLEM(  
n +V(
k) ∞ k
− ∞ n−k
j
=0 (
j+k+1)2 j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
)

 
∞
 −1
(
2
V
k)k j
=0 (
j
n−k
+n+1
)(j
+k+1
) 
2



FLEM (
k)=−  −V(k) ∞j
=0 (
n−k
− ∞j=0 (
k 
n

j
+n+1)(j+k+1
) j+k+1)2 

+V(k) ∞j
=0 (j
1
+k+1 )2
+ ∞j
=0 (
j
k
+k+1)3
6
. APPEND
IX 5
1

F
irs
twef
ocu
sonFLEM(
k):
 
∞ n−k
1 −V(k) k
k)=−  
j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
)
FLEM (  
n +V(
k) ∞ k
− ∞ n−k
j
=0 (
j+k+1)2 j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
)

W
eaddandr
emo
veth
efo
llow
ingexp
res
sion

∞
n−k
V(
k) ,
=0 (
j j+n+1
)(j+k+1
)

wh
ichl
ead
sto
 
∞ n−k
1 −(
V(k)
k+V(
k))
k)=−  
j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
)
FLEM (  
n +V(
k) ∞ k
− ∞ n−k
+ ∞ n−k
j
=0 (
j )2
+k+1 j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
) j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
)
 
∞ n−k
1 −(
V(k)k+V(k)
) j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
) 
=−  
n +V(k) ∞ k
j
=0 (
j )2
+k+1

W
efin
allyob
tainexp
res
sion(1
.19
)
 
∞ n−k
1 −(
V(k)
k+V(k)
) j
=0 (
j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
) 
FLEM(
k)=−  .
n +V(
k)k ∞ 1
j
=0 (
j+k+1)2

L
ook
inga
tF (
k)
 
∞
 (k)k−1
2
V j
=0 (
j
n−k
+n+1
)(j
+k+1
) 
2



FLEM (
k)=−  −V(k) ∞j
=0 (
n−k
− ∞j=0 (
k 
n

j
+n+1)(j+k+1
) j+k+1)2 

+V(k) ∞j
=0 (j
1
+k+1 )2
+ ∞j
=0 (
j
k
+k+1)3

W
eaddandr
emo
veth
efo
llow
ingexp
res
sioninth
efir
sttw
ote
rmso
fth
esum

∞
n−k
V(
k) ,
=0 (
j j+n+1
)(j+k+1
)

wh
ichl
ead
sto
 
∞
 −1
2
(V (
k)k+2V(
k)) j
=0 (
j
n−k
+n+1
)(j
+k+1
) 
2



FLEM (
k)=−  −V(
k) ∞
j
=0 (
n−k
− ∞
j
=0 (
k
− ∞
j
=0 (
n−k 
n

j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
) j )2
+k+1 j+n+1
)(j
+k+1
) 

∞ 1 ∞ k
+V(
k) j
=0 (
j+k+1)2
+ j
=0 (
j )3
+k+1
5
2 TULLOCKCONTESTS W
ITHANUNCERTA
INNUMBEROFPR
IZES

R
ear
ran
gin
gth
ete
rms
,iti
spo
ssib
let
orew
rit
eFLEM(
k)a
s:
 
∞
 −1
2
(V (
k)k+2V(
k)) j
=0 (
j
n−k
+n+1
)(j
+k+1
) 
2



FLEM (
k)=−  +V(
k) ∞
j
=0 (
k 
n

j )2
+k+1 

∞ 1 ∞ k
+V(
k) j
=0 (
j+k+1)2
+ j
=0 (
j )3
+k+1

W
efin
allyob
tainexp
res
sion(1
.21
):
 
1
 −2(V(k)
k+2V(k)) ∞j=0 (j
+n+1
n−k
)
(j+k+1
) 
2



FLEM (
k)=−  +(V(k)
k+V(k)) ∞ j
=0 (
1 .
n

j+k+1)2 

+V(k)k ∞
j=0 (
j
1
+k+1)3
 Chapter2

T
eam P
roduc
tionFunc
tionin
ience1
Sc

1 In
troduc
tion

“
IfIha
ves
eenfu
rth
eri
tisb
ystand
ingonth
eshou
lde
rso
fGian
ts”w
rot
eNew
tont
o
H
ook
ein1
676inal
ett
erth
atb
ecam
efam
ous(N
ewt
onandT
urnbu
ll,1
961
).N
ewt
on’
s
qu
oted
oesn
’ton
lyh
igh
ligh
tth
eimpo
rtan
ceo
fgr
eatau
tho
rs’c
ont
ribu
tion
s,bu
tal
soth
e
r
oleo
fpr
iorkn
owl
edg
einth
edi
sco
veryo
fnewid
eas
.Do
ingr
ese
archimp
li
est
ocomb
ine
p
rev
iou
sac
adem
icw
ork
s,af
ormo
finpu
t,t
ocr
eat
ere
sea
rchou
tpu
t:th
isi
sin
trin
sic
ally
ap
rodu
ctiv
epr
obl
em.N
atu
ral
lye
achid
ead
iffe
rsinth
ena
tur
eofinpu
ts(b
yrequ
ir
ing
d
iffe
ren
tse
tso
fpr
iorkn
owl
edg
e),bu
tma
inlyinth
eira
ssemb
ly
,ino
the
rwo
rdsth
etyp
e
o
fknow
led
gep
rodu
ctionfun
ction
.

Th
isi
sofin
ter
ests
inc
eal
arg
eli
ter
atu
reininn
ova
tione
con
omi
cst
rie
stound
ers
tand
h
owex
ist
ingkn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cesn
ewkn
owl
edg
e.In
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yandn
ove
ltya
recu
r-
r
ent
lyth
etw
oma
int
opi
csd
eal
ingw
ithth
isqu
est
ion
. Th
efo
rme
rstud
iesth
ecomb
ina
tion
o
fkn
owl
edg
eandexp
ert
isef
romd
iffe
ren
tdi
scip
lin
es,th
ela
tte
rde
alsw
ithth
e“r
ecom
bi-
na
tiono
fpr
e-e
xis
tin
gknow
led
gec
omp
onen
tsinanunp
rec
eden
tedfa
shion
”(W
ange
tal
.,
2
017
). Th
equ
est
iono
fth
epr
odu
cti
ono
fnewkn
owl
edg
eisa
lsoapp
roa
chedf
romth
ean
gle
o
fge
ogr
aph
yofinn
ova
tiona
ta m
orem
acr
oec
onom
icl
eve
l(J
affe,1
989
).N
eve
rth
ele
sst
o
th
ebe
sto
fou
rkn
owl
edg
e,n
oth
eor
eti
calc
ont
ribu
tiond
eal
swi
thkn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
on
a
tth
epr
oje
ctl
eve
l,and m
ain
lyth
ewa
ytoemp
ir
ica
llyt
esti
t. Th
isp
ape
rcon
tribu
tesin
th
ats
ens
e.

Inadd
it
iont
ote
chn
olo
gic
alc
ons
ide
rat
ion
s,aw
idev
ari
etyo
ffa
cto
rsinflu
enc
ess
cien
-
t
ificp
rodu
cti
on.M
emb
ersc
ompo
sin
gth
ete
amm
ayd
iffe
rinth
eirin
tel
lec
tua
lba
ckg
round
,
th
eirab
il
ity
,th
eirw
ork
ingm
eth
odso
rth
eirin
ter
estinth
epr
oje
ctf
orin
stan
ce.L
arg
er
1
Th
ispap
eri
sco
-au
tho
redw
ithN
ico
lasCa
ray
ol.

5
3
5
4 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

t
eam
sma
yen
gend
erbu
reau
cra
tics
tru
ctu
res(
Wal
shandL
ee,2
015
),c
oord
ina
tioni
ssu
es
andf
ree
-r
idin
gbeh
avi
or A
s(lb
ane
seandV
anF
lee
t,1
985
). Th
ecomp
eti
tionen
vir
onm
ent
a
lsop
lay
sac
ent
ralr
ole
.Re
sea
rch
ersen
gag
einp
roj
ect
stod
eve
lopn
ewid
easandd
if
-
fu
seth
eirr
esu
ltsb
ywr
it
ingp
ape
rs.Inth
ewe
ll
-es
tab
li
shed“
pub
li
sho
rpe
rish”cu
ltu
re,
a
cad
emi
csc
ien
tis
tsn
eedt
oob
tainpub
li
cat
ion
sinp
res
tig
iou
sjou
rna
lst
ogiv
evi
sib
il
ity
t
oth
eirw
ork
,ga
inr
epu
tat
ionandc
ons
equ
ent
lyb
epr
omo
tedandfund
ed.H
owev
era
ll
subm
itt
edp
ape
rsa
ren
otpub
li
shed
:jou
rna
lsa
lsoc
omp
etet
obeth
emo
stp
rom
inen
tand
on
lyaw
ardth
ear
tic
lesth
eyc
ons
ide
rtob
eth
ebe
st. Animpo
rtan
tfe
atu
reo
fac
adem
ic
c
omp
eti
tioni
sth
eimp
erf
ect
iono
fth
ese
lec
tion m
ech
ani
smo
fpap
ersb
yjou
rna
ls
. Onth
e
on
ehand
,som
ear
tic
lesa
repub
li
shedth
enw
ithd
rawns
omey
ear
sla
tera
fte
rth
ede
tec
tion
o
fsc
ien
tifi
cfr
aud(
Shew
anandC
oat
s,2
010
). Onth
eoth
erh
and
,th
ereex
ist
sman
yex
am-
p
leso
fpap
ersin
it
ial
lyr
eje
ctedb
ysom
ejou
rna
lswh
icha
rec
ons
ide
redn
owad
aysb
yth
e
s
cien
tifi
ccommun
itya
sma
jorc
ont
ribu
tion
softh
eird
isc
ipl
ine
,fo
rin
stan
ceine
con
omi
cs
G
(an
sandSh
eph
erd,1
994
).

Inth
isp
ape
r,w
emod
elc
omp
eti
tioninS
cien
cea
saT
ull
ockc
ont
estb
etw
eenr
ese
arch
p
roj
ect
sfo
rth
eob
ten
tiono
fap
riz
e(apub
li
cat
ions
lotinaj
ourn
alf
orin
stan
ce)
. W
e
c
onc
eptu
ali
zear
ese
archp
roj
ecta
sanid
eaandat
eamo
fre
sea
rch
ers
. E
achid
eai
s
a
sso
cia
tedt
oaun
iqu
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
onwh
osef
act
orsa
resub
teameff
ort
s,
e
achon
einad
ist
inc
tfie
ldo
fexp
ert
ise
.Dep
end
ingonth
ear
easo
fexp
ert
isein
volv
edand
th
elev
elo
feff
ort
srequ
ired
,re
sea
rch
ersf
ormat
eamt
ocomp
let
eth
epr
oje
ct. W
eab
str
act
f
romf
ree
-r
idin
gis
sue
sandin
tra
-te
amc
oord
ina
tiont
ofo
cusonch
ang
esinth
ekn
owl
edg
e
p
rodu
cti
onfun
cti
on.

T
echn
ica
lly
,ou
rmod
eli
sin
spi
redb
yth
eli
ter
atu
reo
fgr
oupc
ont
est
s, wh
osefi
rst
c
ont
ribu
tioni
sfr
omK
atze
tal
.(1
990
). A
ssum
ingsymm
etr
icp
lay
ers
,th
eyd
efin
eth
e
t
eama
ggr
ega
teeff
orta
sth
esumo
find
ividu
alsp
end
ing
s.B
aik (
199
3)ex
tend
sth
eir
w
orkt
oal
lowf
ora
symm
etr
icc
ont
est
ant
swh
odiff
era
cco
rdin
gtoth
eirp
riz
eva
lua
tion
s.
L
ee(
201
2)in
ves
tig
ate
sac
ont
estm
ode
lwh
eree
achg
roup
’sp
rob
abi
li
tyo
fwinn
ingi
son
ly
d
ete
rmin
edb
yth
emin
imumeff
ortsp
entw
ith
ine
acht
eam
.Ch
owdhu
rye
tal
.(2
013
)tr
eat
th
eca
se wh
eree
achg
roup
’sp
rob
abi
li
tyo
fwinn
ingd
epend
sex
clu
siv
elyonth
ehi
ghe
st
eff
ortexp
end
ed w
ith
ine
acht
eam
.Ko
lma
rand R
omm
esw
ink
el(
201
3)ad
optat
eam
c
ont
estsu
cce
ssfun
cti
onw
ithac
ons
tan
tel
ast
ic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
iont
echn
olo
gy.

Inth
osem
ode
ls
,ea
chind
ividu
alp
rodu
cesaneff
ortc
ons
titu
tin
gaf
act
oro
fth
eag
gre
-
g
ateg
roupou
tpu
tal
soc
all
edt
eamimp
actfun
ction(
Mye
rsonand W
ärn
eryd,2
006
).In
1
. INTRODUCT
ION 5
5

ou
rapp
roa
ch,e
achf
act
ori
sth
eeff
ortex
ert
edb
yasub
teamo
fre
sea
rch
ersinafi
eldo
f
exp
ert
ise
.He
reth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
onr
efle
ctsth
ewa
yeff
ort
sar
ecomb
ined
b
etw
eenr
ese
archa
rea
stoob
tainou
tpu
t.F
orth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on,w
ead
opt
ac
ons
tan
tel
ast
ic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
iont
echn
olo
gy.C
ont
raryt
oKo
lma
randR
omm
esw
ink
el
(
201
3),w
ede
als
epa
rat
elyw
ithth
eeff
ect
soft
echn
ica
lch
ang
esinth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
c-
t
ionandth
eva
lua
tion
softh
epr
izeb
yth
esub
team
s. Th
isd
ist
inc
tionr
eve
alsin
ter
est
ing
ind
exe
sandp
rop
ert
iesth
atw
edi
scu
ssinth
isp
ape
r.

S
inc
ere
sea
rch
ersa
reb
ecom
ingm
oreand m
oresp
eci
ali
zed
,re
sea
rchp
roj
ect
sof
ten
in
volv
ete
amw
ork
. On
lyf
orth
esak
eofs
imp
li
cit
yofou
rmod
el
,wesuppo
seth
atat
eam
l
ead
erm
ake
sth
ede
cis
ion
soneff
ort
sfo
rth
ewh
olep
roj
ect
.Ine
ssen
ce,w
eab
str
actf
rom
f
ree
-r
idin
gis
sue
s. Ad
amse
tal
.(2
005
)ar
gueth
at“
thes
yst
emo
frewa
rdfo
rpr
ior
ity
ind
isc
ove
rys
eve
rel
ypun
ish
essh
irk
ingb
yte
am m
emb
ersandr
ewa
rdsgo
od wo
rkw
ith
pu
bli
cat
ion
,repu
tat
ion
,andin
com
e”.Inth
isp
ape
r,w
ear
ein
ter
est
edinth
econ
sequ
enc
es
o
fte
chn
ica
lch
ang
esinth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
ononou
tpu
tandp
rodu
ctiv
ity
.
Inf
act
,th
ech
oic
eofac
ent
ral
izedv
ersu
sde
cen
tra
li
zedd
eci
sion
-mak
ingd
oesn
’tch
ang
e
qu
ali
tat
ive
lyou
rre
sul
ts,wh
atw
esh
owinth
ela
stp
arto
fth
isp
ape
r.

W
ech
ara
cte
riz
eth
eNa
shequ
il
ibr
iumo
fth
eco
rre
spond
ingc
ont
estg
ame
. W
efind
th
ata
llth
eva
riab
lesa
refun
cti
ono
fasyn
the
ticind
exo
fth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
c-
t
ion
,th
atw
eca
llc
omp
lex
ityo
fth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
ong
iveni
tsp
rop
ert
ies
. W
ede
riv
e
c
omp
ara
tiv
est
ati
csw
ithr
esp
ectt
oth
isind
ica
torandan
aly
zeth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
f
p
roj
ect
sinth
econ
tes
t. Am
ongth
ere
sul
ts,w
esh
owth
att
eam
str
eat
ingm
orec
omp
lex
p
rob
lem
sar
epen
ali
zeds
inc
eth
eirp
art
ic
ipa
tion
,th
eirp
rob
abi
li
tyt
oob
tainth
epr
ize
,
th
eirp
rodu
cti
onandth
eirp
rodu
ctiv
ityd
ecr
eas
e. W
eal
sosh
owth
atc
omp
eti
tionex
ert
s
ad
iffe
ren
tia
tedeff
ectonp
roj
ectou
tpu
tdep
end
ingoni
tsownc
omp
lex
ity
.

Th
isp
ape
riso
rgan
izeda
sfo
llow
s.S
ect
ion2s
etsou
tth
emod
el
.Se
cti
on3d
efin
es
th
ecomp
lex
ityo
fth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on.S
ect
ion4ch
ara
cte
riz
esth
eNa
shequ
il
ibr
ium
o
fth
egam
e.S
ect
ion5d
eal
swi
thth
epr
ope
rti
eso
fth
eequ
il
ibr
iumou
tcom
e.S
ect
ion6
ex
tend
sth
emod
elb
yin
trodu
cin
gdiff
eren
tva
lua
tion
sfo
rth
epr
izeb
etw
eenandw
ith
in
t
eam
s.S
ect
ion7c
onc
lud
es.P
roo
fsa
reg
iveninApp
end
ix.
5
6 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

2 The mode
l

W
econ
sid
erac
ont
estwh
ere Gr
ese
archp
roj
ect
scomp
etef
orth
eob
ten
tiono
faun
iqu
e
p
riz
eofv
a eV (
lu apub
li
cat
ioninas
cien
tifi
cjou
rna
lfo
rin
stan
ce)
. W
eas
sum
eth
atth
e
c
ont
esti
sno
tpe
rfe
ctlyd
isc
rim
ina
tin
gsoth
atc
omp
eti
tioninS
cien
cei
sap
rob
abi
li
sti
c
c
ont
est
.Fo
rma
lly
,den
otep
ith
epr
obab
il
ityth
atp
roj
ectiob
tain
sth
epr
izeanda
ssum
e
th
atp
iiso
fth
eTu
llo
ckf
orm

q
i
p
i= ∀i=1,
...
,G, (
2.1
)
Q

w
ithq
ith
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
ono
fte
amiandQ th
eto
talr
ese
archp
rodu
cti
on

G
Q= q
l. (
2.2
)
l
=1

Th
epr
oje
ctw
ithth
ehi
ghe
s a
tqhsth
egr
eat
estp
rob
abi
li
tyt
oob
tainth
epr
ize
,bu
tth
e
l
att
eri
sno
tne
ces
sar
ilyequ
alt
oon
elik
einap
erf
ect
lyd
isc
rim
ina
tin
gcon
tes
t.

D
eno
teXith
eag
gre
gat
eeff
ortandαith
eeff
ortp
rodu
ctiv
ityo
fpr
oje
cti

qi
αi= . (
2.3
)
Xi

W
eas
sum
eth
atth
eco
stfun
cti
ono
feff
ort
sisl
ine
arandun
ita
ry,i
.e
. c
(x)=x.L
etui
d
esi
gna
teth
eut
il
ityfun
cti
ono
fpr
oje
cti

ui=p
iV−Xi. (
2.4
)

Inth
ism
ode
l,w
eas
sum
eth
atth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
onq
iiso
fth
econ
stan
t
e
las
tic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
ionf
orm∀i=1,
..
.,G
.Fo
rma
lly
,le
tdefin
emi≥ 1th
enumb
ero
f
fi
eld
sofexp
ert
isein
volv
edinp
roj
ec .D
ti en
otexi=(xi1,
...
,xim
i
)th
eve
cto
rofeff
ort
s
o
fdim
ens
ionmi, wh
eree
achen
tryo
fcoo
rdin
ates=1,
...m
iisxis,th
eeff
ortsp
entin
r
ese
archa
reaso
fpr
oje
cti
. Th
eag
gre
gat
eeff
ortXii
sequ
alt
o

mi
Xi= xis. (
2.5
)
s
=1

W
esuppo
seth
att
oea
chfi
eldo
fexp
ert
ise s=1,
...
,miinv
olv
edinp
roj
ectic
orr
espond
s
asub
teamo
fre
sea
rch
ers
.
2
. THE MODEL 5
7

L
et ωis b
eth
eeff
ortin
ten
sit
yco
effic
ien
tinr
ese
archa
reaso
fpr
oje
cti
,andωi =
ωi1,
( ...
,ωim
i
)th
eve
cto
rofth
osec
oeffi
cien
tsinth
iss
amep
roj
ect
. W
ith
outl
osso
fgen
-
e
ral
ity
,as
sum
eth
atth
ecoo
rdin
ate
sofωia
res
ort
edind
esc
end
ingo
rde
r:

ωi1≥ωi2≥.
..≥ωimi, (
2.6
)

mi
andw
eno
rma
li
zeth
osec
oeffi
cien
tssu
chth
at s=1 ωs=1.
i

L
etd
efin
eΩiapo
sit
ivec
ons
tan
tth
atc
anr
efle
ctth
ein
trin
sicqu
ali
tyo
fid
eaio
rth
e
effi
cien
cyo
fte
ami(
org
ani
zat
ion
alc
apa
cit
y,r
ese
arch
ersab
il
ity
.
..)
.

Th
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
ono
fpr
oje
ctii
sdefin
edb
y

1
mi σi
q
i=Ωi ωisxσ
i
s
i
, (
2.7
)
s
=1

1
w
ithσi∈]
−∞;0
[∪]
0;1
]and i= 1−σi
th
eel
ast
ic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
ionb
etw
eenth
eeff
ort
s
sp
entine
achfi
eldo
fexp
ert
ise
.Ifσit
end
sto−∞,eff
ort
sar
epe
rfe
ctc
omp
lem
ent
s;σi=1
c
orr
espond
stoth
esi
tua
tion wh
ereeff
ort
sar
epe
rfe
ctsub
sti
tut
es. Th
eCobb
-Dou
gla
s
fun
cti
oni
sob
tain
edi
fσiapp
roa
che
s0inth
elim
it
.

Wh
eneff
ort
sar
epe
rfe
ctsub
sti
tut
es,th
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
oni
sth
esumo
f
eff
ort
sinth
ediff
eren
tfie
ldso
fexp
ert
ise
.Ifs
omec
oord
ina
teso
fve
cto
rxia
renu
ll(
atl
eas
t
1
1anda
tmo
stmi−1v
alu
es) en( m
,th =1 ω
s
i
i
sxσ
s) > 0i
i
i σi
feff
ort
sar
epe
rfe
ctsub
sti
tut
es
1
wh
ere
as( m
=1 ω
s
i
i
sxσ
s) =0 o
i
i σi
n
ceeff
ort
sbe
com
emo
rec
omp
lem
ent
ary
. Insub
stan
ce,
th
eel
ast
ic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
ionind
ica
testh
ena
tur
eofth
epr
oje
ct. Sp
end
ingeff
ort
sina
ll
th
efie
ldso
fexp
ert
isein
it
ial
lyin
volv
edinth
epr
oje
cti
sno
tne
ces
saryt
oge
tkn
owl
edg
e
p
rodu
cti
onwh
eneff
ort
sar
epe
rfe
ctsub
sti
tut
es.Ino
the
rwo
rds
,th
ein
ter
act
ionb
etw
een
r
ese
archa
rea
sisl
ows
inc
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onc
anb
eob
tain
ed w
ithon
lyaun
iqu
e
fi
eldo
fexp
ert
ise
. Onth
econ
tra
ry,r
ese
arch
ers mu
stw
orkina
llth
efie
ldso
fexp
ert
ise
imp
li
cat
edinp
roj
ectiwh
eneff
ort
sar
ecomp
lem
ent
ary
,oth
erw
isekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
on
i
snu
ll
. Thu
sin
ter
act
ionb
etw
eenfi
eld
sofexp
ert
isei
smo
reimpo
rtan enσi→ −∞
twh
th
anwh
enσi=1.

F
romth
econ
stan
tel
ast
ic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
ionp
rodu
cti
onfun
cti
on,w
ede
riv
easyn
the
tic
ind
ica
torth
atw
eca
llc
omp
lex
ityo
fth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on.N
exts
ect
ionp
res
ent
sth
is
ind
ex.
5
8 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

3 Comp
lex
ityo
fthep
rodu
ctionfun
ction

Defin
ition1 L
etd
efin
e

1
mi 1 1−σ
i
1−σi
Γi= ωis ,
∀i=1,
...
,G (
2.8
)
s
=1

tob
eth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fth
econ
stan
tela
sti
cit
yofsu
bst
itu
tionp
rodu
ctionfun
ction
.

H
ere
,wen
eedt
obep
rec
isew
ithth
ewo
rd“c
omp
lex
ity”th
atc
an m
eans
eve
ralth
ing
s.
A
cco
rdin
gtoth
efir
sts
ens
egiv
eninth
eOx
fordD
ict
ion
aryo
fEn
gli
sh,s
ome
thin
gcomp
lex
c
ons
ist
sofman
ydiff
eren
tandc
onn
ect
edp
art
s. Ou
rind
exΓic
oin
cid
esw
ithth
isd
efin
it
ion
s
inc
eth
ediff
eren
tpa
rtsc
orr
espondt
oth
efie
ldso
fexp
ert
iseandth
ede
gre
eofc
onn
ect
ion
i
sgiv
enb
yσi. Th
ese
conds
ens
egiv
eninth
e Ox
fordD
ict
ion
aryo
fEn
gli
shi
ssom
eth
ing
no
tea
syt
oana
lys
eorund
ers
tand
;comp
li
cat
edo
rin
tri
cat
e. App
li
edt
ore
sea
rch
,th
is
d
efin
it
ionsu
gge
ststh
atap
roj
ecti
scomp
lexs
inc
eitr
equ
ire
sal
oto
fkn
owl
edg
eorsk
il
ls
t
obec
omp
let
ed. Th
isi
sdefin
it
ive
lyn
otth
esen
seo
fth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fap
roj
ectth
atw
e
exp
res
sinth
isp
ape
r.

W
eju
sti
fyth
eus
eofc
omp
lex
ityg
iventh
epr
ope
rti
eso
fth
isind
exth
atw
est
ateinth
e
f
oll
owin
gpr
opo
sit
ion
.

P
ropo
sit
ion8 Γiin
cre
ase
swi
th:

(1
)th
enum
bero
ffie
ldso
fexp
ert
isemi,

(2
)th
eev
ene
sso
fth
edi
str
ibu
tiono
fωis,

(3
)th
ecomp
lem
enta
rit
ybe
twe
eneffo
rtsinth
ediff
eren
tfie
ldso
fexp
ert
ise(
σi→−∞)
.

Γib
elon
gsto[
1;mi]
.

Ad
eta
il
edp
roo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix8
.1.

P
ropo
sit
ion8m
ean
sth
atth
emo
reap
roc
esso
fpr
odu
cti
onr
equ
ire
sdiff
eren
tinpu
ts,
th
emo
reth
eseinpu
tsa
rein
volv
edinab
alan
cedw
ayandth
emo
rei
tisd
ifficu
ltt
osw
itch
inpu
tst
oob
tainou
tpu
t,th
emo
reth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
oni
scomp
lex
.

Inth
enex
tse
cti
on,w
eid
ent
ifyth
eNa
shequ
il
ibr
iumo
fth
emod
el
.
4
. EQU
ILIBR
IUMOUTCOMES 5
9

4 Equ
il
ibr
iumou
tcome
s

Th
ele
ade
rofe
achp
roj
ecti=1,
...
,Gch
oos
esth
eve
cto
rofeff
ort
sxit
omax
imi
zeth
e
p
ayofffun
cti
on:
m
ax ui.
xi1,
..
.,x
(
2.9
)
imi

W
ith
outl
osso
fgen
era
li
ty,l
et’
ssuppo
seth
atr
ese
archp
roj
ect
sar
eso
rtedina
scend
ing
o
rde
rsoth
at:
Γ1 Γ2 ΓG
≤ ≤.
..≤ . (
2.1
0)
Ω1 Ω2 ΩG
W
esa
yth
atr
ese
archp
roj
ect ii
sin
act
ivei
fxii
sth
enu
llv
ect
or.P
roj
ectip
art
ic
ipa
test
o
th
econ
tes
tifa
tle
aston
een
tryo
fve
cto
rxii
sst
ric
tlypo
sit
ive
.

L
etd
efin
eg≤Gth
enumb
ero
fac
tiv
ere
sea
rchp
roj
ect
sinth
ecomp
eti
tion
.Le
t

1 g Γj
z= .
g−1j=1 Ωj

Th
ere
solu
tiono
fpr
ogr
am(2
.9)i
sve
ryc
los
etoK
olm
arandR
omm
esw
ink
el(
201
3). Th
e
f
oll
owin
gpr
opo
sit
ionch
ara
cte
riz
esth
eNa
shequ
il
ibr
iumo
fth
egam
e.

P
ropo
sit
ion9 G
iventh
eran
kin
gofp
roj
ect
sin (
2.1
0),th
eac
tiv
epr
oje
ctsa
retho
sew
ith
th
eglow
estva
lue
sofΓ/
Ω,w
ithgth
esma
lle
stin
teg
ersu
chtha
t

Γg+1
≥z
, (
2.1
1)
Ωg+1

o
rG i
fth
isva
luedo
esn
’te
xis
t.

A
tequ
il
ibr
ium
,th
edemando
fla
borinr
ese
archa
reaso
fpr
oje
ctii
s
 1


1−σ
ωi 1 1Γi

 s
1 1− z V i
fi=1,
..
.,g;∀s=1,
..
.,m
i
σ−1 z Ωi
x∗
s= 
i
ΩiΓi


0 i
fi=g+1,
..
.,G

P
roo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix8
.2.
6
0 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

Sub
sti
tut
ingequ
il
ibr
iumsp
end
ing
sfr
om(2
.1)t
o(2
.5)andin(
2.7
),w
efin
allyob
tain
:

∗ 1Γi
p
i=1−
zΩi
V
Q∗=
z
∗ ∗∗
q
i =Q p
i

∗2
u∗
i=(p
i)V

∗ Γi ∗ ∗
Xi = pQ
Ωi i
∗ Ωi
αi =
Γi

∀i=1,
...
,g,0o
the
rwi
se.

N
oteth
ati
fon
lytw
opr
oje
ctsc
omp
ete
,th
enth
eya
ren
ece
ssa
ri
lya
ctiv
esog=G=2.
I
fG ≥ 3
,th
ens
ele
cti
oneff
ect
scano
ccu
r(g<G
):p
roj
ect
swi
thh
ighv
alu
eso
fΓ/
Ω
r
ela
tiv
elyt
ooth
ert
eam
sma
yno
tpa
rti
cip
atet
oth
econ
tes
t.

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
Rema
rk1 A
llth
eva
ria
ble
sate
qui
li
brium(
αi ,p
i,u
i,q
i,Q)d
ependonΓi/
Ωi,zandV.

zch
ara
cte
riz
esth
esm
oothn
esso
fth
eeff
ect
ivec
omp
eti
tiona
tequ
il
ibr
ium
,giv
enth
atzi
s
c
los
etoth
eme
ano
fth
eΓ/
Ωofp
roj
ect
spa
rti
cip
atin
gtoth
econ
tes
t.

5 Compa
rat
ives
tat
ics

Inth
iss
ect
ion
,wed
eriv
esom
ecomp
ara
tiv
est
ati
cso
fth
eequ
il
ibr
iumou
tcom
ewh
icha
re
n
ewc
omp
aredt
oth
epap
ero
fKo
lma
randR
omm
esw
ink
el(
201
3). W
esh
owsu
cce
ssiv
ely
h
owth
eownch
ara
cte
ris
tic
sofp
roj
ectith
enth
oseo
fcomp
eti
tor
sj=iaff
ectp
lay
eri
’s
p
rob
abi
li
ty,ou
tcom
e,p
rodu
ctiv
ity
,eff
ortandou
tpu
tatequ
il
ibr
ium
. W
ema
inlyf
ocu
s
∗
onq
igiv
enth
atw
eha
vep
rox
iesf
orr
ese
archp
roj
ect
’simp
act(
seech
apt
er3
). W
eal
so
an
aly
zeth
econ
sequ
enc
eso
fth
een
tryo
fnewp
roj
ect
sinth
econ
tes
t.

5
.1 P
rojec
ticha
rac
ter
ist
ics

W
eha
vea
lre
adyd
iscu
ssedth
eeff
ecto
f Γi/
Ωionp
roj
ectip
art
ic
ipa
tiont
oth
econ
tes
tin
P
ropo
sit
ion9
.Asar
emind
er,t
eam
swi
thah
igh
err
ati
oΓ/
Ω(th
osel
owe
rrank
edin(
2.1
0))
5
. COMPARAT
IVESTAT
ICS 6
1

m
ayn
otp
art
ic
ipa
tet
oth
econ
tes
t. Th
ereb
yin
cre
asin
gce
ter
isp
ari
busth
ecomp
lex
ityΓi
r
edu
cesth
epo
ssib
il
ityf
orp
roj
ectit
otak
epa
rtinth
ecomp
eti
tion
. Inth
efo
llow
ing
p
ropo
sit
ion
,wesumm
ari
zeth
eeff
ecto
fΓionth
ema
inv
ari
abl
esa
tequ
il
ibr
ium
.

P
ropo
sit
ion10 T
eam
stha
tar
echa
rac
ter
ize
dbyala
rge
r Γi a
red
isad
van
tag
edinth
e
∗ ∗
c
ont
ests
inc
eth
eirp
art
icip
ation
,th
eirp
rob
abi
li
tytow
in(
pi),th
eirou
tpu
t(q
i)a
swe
lla
s
∗ ∗
th
eirp
rodu
cti
viy(
t αi)d
ecr
eas
e. Th
isr
ela
tioni
scon
vexfo
rqi.

P
roo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix8
.3.T
oil
lus
tra
teth
eth
reefi
rsta
sse
rti
onso
fPr
opo
sit
ion1
0,
l
et’
scon
sid
erth
efo
llow
ingex
amp
le
.
∗ ∗
i ωi1 ωi2 ωi3 Ωi Γi pi qi
1 1 1 1 0
.293 0
.207
2 0
.97 0
.03 1.1 1
.144 0
.264 0
.187
3 0
.96 0
.04 1.1 1
.183 0
.240 0.17
4 0
.93 0
.04 0
.03 1.2 1
.352 0
.203 0
.144
5 0.5 0.5 1
.33 2 0 0
1 1 1
6 3 3 3
2 3 0 0

T
abl
e2.
1: Ex
amp
leo
fac
ont
estw
ith6p
roj
ect
sinc
omp
eti
tion

Examp
le3 Ima
gin
etha
tsi
xpr
oje
ctsc
omp
etefo
rth
eob
ten
tiono
fap
riz
eofva
lueV=1
(T
abl
e2.1
).P
roj
ect1on
lyimp
lie
saun
iqu
efie
ldo
fexp
ert
ise
.Oth
erp
roj
ect
sar
ecomp
lex
s
inc
eth
eyin
vol
vea
tle
asttwor
ese
archa
rea
s.T
oea
seth
eexamp
le
,wesupp
osetha
tal
lth
e
r
ese
archp
roj
ect
sha
veth
esam
eela
sti
cit
yofsu
bst
itu
tion =1 (
σi=σ=0)
.Inc
olumn
6w
ecompu
teth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fea
chr
ese
archp
roj
ect
. Co
lumn
s7and8g
iver
esp
ect
ive
ly
th
epr
oba
bil
itytoo
bta
inth
epr
izeandth
eou
tpu
tofe
achr
ese
archp
roj
ecta
tequ
il
ibr
ium
.
L
et’
scon
sid
erp
roj
ect
s2and3cha
rac
ter
ize
dbyth
esam
eΩi=1.
1bu
tag
rea
terc
omp
lex
ity
fo
rpr
oje
ct3
. Ind
eed
,Γ3 > Γ2 s
inc
eth
esetwor
ese
archp
roj
ect
son
lyd
iffe
rfr
omth
e
d
ist
ribu
ti fωi(
ono ω2 b
ein
g mo
reun
eventhanω3)
,wh
il
eth
enum
bero
ffie
ldso
fexp
ert
ise
andth
eela
sti
cit
yofsu
bst
itu
tionr
ema
inth
esam
e. W
eob
ser
vetha
tth
epr
oba
bi
li
tyt
o
o
bta
inth
epr
izea
tequ
il
ibr
iumandth
eou
tpu
tar
egr
eat
erfo
rpr
oje
ct2thanfo
rpr
oje
ct3
.
Con
cern
ingp
roj
ect
s5and6
,ev
enthou
ghth
eyha
veh
ighva
lue
sofΩ,th
eirc
omp
lex
ityi
s
soimp
ortan
ttha
tth
eydon
’tp
art
icip
atetoth
econ
tes
t.

∗
Th
econ
vex
ityo
fqiwi
thr
esp
ectt
oΓic
anb
ein
terp
ret
edinth
efo
llow
ingw
ay.F
rom
P
ropo
sit
ion8
,Γi b
elon
gst
o[1
;mi]
. Wh
enΓi =1 th
epr
oje
cti
sno
tcomp
lexs
inc
eit
6
2 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

∗
in
volv
esaun
iqu
efie
ldo
fexp
ert
ise
. Th
econ
vex
ityo
fqiwi
thr
esp
ectt
oΓiind
ica
testh
at
th
ehi
ghe
stp
ena
ltyonou
tpu
tapp
ear
swh
enth
epr
oje
ctb
egin
stob
ecomp
lex
,th
ati
sto
+
s
a enΓir
ywh ais
esf
rom1t
o1+δw
ithδ→ 0 .Su
chanin
cre
asen
ece
ssa
ri
lyimp
li
esth
at
th
epr
oje
ctg
oesf
rom1t
oatl
eas
tas
econdfi
eldo
fexp
ert
ise
.

∗ ∗
C
ons
ide
rnowth
epr
odu
ctiv
ityαi.P
ropo
sit
ion1
0st
emsth
atαi i
sde
cre
asin
gwi
th
∗ ∗ ∗
Γi. R
ememb
erth
atαi i
sth
era
tioo
fou
tcom
eqitoth
eto
taleff
ortXi.I
fth
efo
rme
ris
d
ecr
eas
ingw
ithΓi,th
ela
tte
risn
otm
ono
ton
ousa
ses
tab
li
shed
inth
efo
llow
ingp
ropo
sit
ion
.

P
ropo
sit
ion11 Anin
cre
aseo
fth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fpr
oje
ct iha
sap
osi
tiv
eeff
ectonth
e
to
taleffo
rte
xer
tedi
f
Γi z
< , (
2.1
2)
Ωi 2
andan
ega
tiv
eon
eif
Γi z
> .
Ωi 2

P
roo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix8
.4.
I
fth
era
tioΓi/
Ωi i
ssu
chth
at(
2.1
2)i
sfu
lfil
led
,th
enr
ais
ingΓi l
ead
stoah
igh
ere
f-
∗ ∗
f
ortXi. H
owev
er,th
ein
cre
aseo
fXi i
sun
suffi
cien
ttoc
omp
ens
ateth
ene
gat
iveeff
ect
o
fth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
ont
echn
olo
gic
alch
ang
e. A
sac
ons
equ
enc
e,th
egr
eat
eru
seo
f
∗ ∗
inpu
tsd
oesn
’tt
ran
sla
tein
toou
tcom
eqi. S
inc
eth
enum
era
toro
fαi d
ecr
eas
eswh
il
eit
s
d
enom
ina
torin
cre
ase
s,p
roj
ecti
’sp
rodu
ctiv
ityd
ecl
ine
swi
thΓi.I
fcond
it
ion(
2.1
2)i
sno
t
fu
lfil
led
,pr
oje
ctid
oesn
’ta
lre
adyb
elon
gtoth
emo
stc
omp
eti
tiv
epr
oje
cts
.In
cre
asin
gΓi
∗
d
isc
our
age
spr
oje
ctir
ese
arch
erst
oex
erteff
ort
.Asac
ons
equ
enc
e,q
ide
cre
ase
s.F
orth
e
∗
p
rodu
ctiv
ityαi,th
enum
era
torandth
eden
omin
ato
rde
cre
ase
;how
eve
rth
ene
teff
ecti
s
∗
n
ega
tiv
e. W
ecana
lson
oti
ceth
atαi d
oesn
’td
ependonth
ech
ara
cte
ris
tic
sofo
the
rte
ams
j=i
.In(
2.1
0),w
eha
ver
ank
edp
roj
ect
sina
scend
ingo
rde
rofΓ/
Ω.Inf
act
,(2
.10
)isa
lso
th
erank
ingo
fpr
oje
ctsb
yde
scend
ingo
rde
rofp
rodu
ctiv
itya
tequ
il
ibr
ium
.

5
.2 Compe
tit
ionin
ten
sity

H
erew
ean
aly
zeth
eeff
ecto
fth
ecomp
eti
tiv
een
vir
onm
entonp
roj
ectim
ainv
ari
abl
esa
t
equ
il
ibr
ium
. W
esu
cce
ssiv
elyc
ons
ide
rtw
ofo
rmso
fcomp
eti
tionin
ten
sit
y:m
oreeffi
cien
t
5
. COMPARAT
IVESTAT
ICS 6
3

p
roj
ect
s(l
owe
rra
tioΓk/
Ωk,k= i
)and m
orec
omp
eti
tor
s.Inbo
thc
ase
s,th
eeff
ecti
s
n
otm
ono
ton
ousandd
epend
sonth
eva
lu fΓi/
eo Ωi. N
extp
ropo
sit
iong
ive
sth
eth
resh
old
und
erwh
ichd
ecr
eas
ingth
ecomp
lex
ityo
foth
ert
eam
sk=ih
asapo
sit
ive(
resp
ect
ive
ly
n
ega
tiv
e)eff
ectonp
roj
ectiou
tpu
t.

P
ropo
sit
ion12 Ad
ecr
eas
eofth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fpr
oje
ct k= iha
sap
osi
tiv
eeff
ecton
p
roj
ectiou
tpu
tif
Γi z
< , (
2.1
3)
Ωi 2
andan
ega
tiv
eon
eif
Γi z
> .
Ωi 2

P
roo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix8
.5.
∗ Γi ∗ ∗
S
inc
eXi =Ω q,th
i i
econd
it
ionsu
cha
sXi r
ais
esa
fte
rad
ecr
eas
eofΓk i
sex
act
lyth
e
∗
s
amea
sfrq
o i. D
ecr
eas
ingth
ecomp
lex
ityo
foth
erp
roj
ect
sk=iin
cre
ase
sth
est
ren
ghto
f
th
ecomp
eti
tionf
orp
roj
ectis
inc
eoth
ert
eam
sha
vem
orech
anc
est
owinth
econ
tes
t.F
or
p
roj
ect
swi
thh
ighΓi/
Ωi(
thel
esseffi
cien
ton
es)
,th
eeff
ecti
sne
gat
iveonou
tpu
tsin
ceth
e
∗
in
cre
aseo
fth
ecomp
eti
tiong
ive
sdi
sin
cen
tiv
est
osp
endeff
ortXi a
tequ
il
ibr
ium
. Onth
e
c
ont
rary
,fo
rpr
oje
ctsw
ithl
owΓi/
Ωi,th
ein
cre
aseo
fth
est
ren
ghto
fcomp
eti
tionc
rea
tes
in
cen
tiv
est
oex
erteff
ort
s.

N
oww
ede
alw
ithanin
cre
aseo
fth
ecomp
eti
tionin
ten
sit
ybyth
enumb
ero
fpr
oje
cts
.
C
ons
ide
rth
esi
tua
tionwh
eregp
roj
ect
sou
tofGa
rea
ctiv
easth
ein
it
ialc
ont
est
.As
sum
e
th
atan
ewp
roj
ectch
ara
cte
riz
edb
yΓnew andΩnew en
ter
sth
econ
tes
t. D
eno
terth
e
numb
ero
fac
tiv
epr
oje
ctsou
tofG+1a
fte
rth
isen
try
.Le
t

1 r Γj
z= .
r−1j=1 Ωj

R
ema
rkth
atth
enewp
roj
ects
tay
sin
act
iveinth
econ
tes
tif

Γnew
≥z
.
Ωnew
6
4 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

Ob
viou
slyinth
iss
itu
ati
onth
epr
evi
ousequ
il
ibr
iumr
ema
insun
chan
ged
.
O
the
rwi
sei
fth
ereex
ist
satl
eas
tanin
teg
e 1
rh∈[,g
]su
chth
at

Γnew Γh
≤ ,
Ωnew Ωh

th
enth
enewp
roj
ecti
sne
ces
sar
ilya
ctiv
e.

N
oteth
atth
enumb
ero
fac
tiv
epr
oje
cts ra
fte
rth
een
tryc
anb
egr
eat
ero
rsm
all
er
ang,bu
th tlow
ero
requ
alt
og+1. T
osh
owth
atr≤g+1,c
ons
ide
rpr
oje
ctg+1.S
inc
e
p
roj
ectg+1d
oesn
otp
art
ic
ipa
teinth
ein
it
ialc
ont
est
,weh
ave

Γg+1
≥z
. (
2.1
4)
Ωg+1

An
ewp
roj
ecten
ter
sth
econ
tes
tif

Γnew
≤z
.
Ωnew

P
roj
ectg+1p
art
ic
ipa
test
oth
econ
tes
taf
terth
een
tryi
f
 
Γg+1 1 g Γj Γnew
≤  +
Ωg+1 g j=1 Ωj Ωnew

U
sin
gth
econ
str
ain
tofp
art
ic
ipa
tiono
fth
enewp
roj
ect
,th
isl
ead
stoth
efo
llow
ingin
-
equ
ali
ty
Γg+1
≤z
,
Ωg+1
wh
ichc
ont
rad
ict
s(2
.14
).I
fth
enewp
roj
ecten
ter
sth
econ
tes
t,th
enn
ece
ssa
ri
lyr≤g+1.

Inp
art
icu
lar
,ifth
enewp
roj
ecti
ssu
chth
at:

Γg Γnew
≤ <z
,
Ωg Ωnew

th
enr=g+1.
∗
N
extp
ropo
sit
iond
esc
rib
esth
eeff
ecto
fth
een
tryo
fan
ewp
roj
ectinth
econ
tes
tonq
i.

P
ropo
sit
ion13 Con
sid
erac
ont
estwh
eregp
roj
ect
sou
tofGa
rea
cti
ve.I
fan
ewp
roj
ect
en
ter
sth
econ
tes
tsu
chtha
t:
Γnew
≤z
,
Ωnew
5
. COMPARAT
IVESTAT
ICS 6
5

∗
th
ena
tequ
il
ibr
iumq
iisg
rea
terinth
enewc
ont
esti
f

Γi z
z
<
Ωi z+z

andlow
erinth
enewc
ont
esti
f
Γi z
z
> .
Ωi z+z

P
roo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix8
.6.N
oteth
ati
fzi
sve
ryc
los
etoz
,soth
atth
esm
oothn
ess
o
fth
eeff
ect
ivec
omp
eti
tiona
tequ
il
ibr
iumr
ema
insun
chan
ged
,th
enw
eob
tainth
esam
e
c
ond
it
iona
s(2
.13
).In
cre
asin
gth
ecomp
eti
tionin
ten
sit
ybyth
enumb
ero
fpr
oje
ctsh
asa
po
sit
iveeff
ectonou
tpu
tfo
rle
ssc
omp
lexp
roj
ect
swh
il
eitc
anl
eadt
oad
ecr
eas
eofou
tpu
t
o
rev
ent
oan
on-p
art
ic
ipa
tionf
orm
orec
omp
lexp
roj
ect
s. W
eob
tainad
iffe
ren
tia
tedeff
ect
o
fcomp
eti
tiononou
tpu
tlik
einc
ont
est
swi
thd
iffe
ren
tva
lua
tion
sfo
rth
epr
iz M
e(at
ros,
2
006
).

T
oil
lus
tra
teP
ropo
sit
ion
s12and1
3,w
egiv
eth
efo
llow
ingex
amp
le
.

Examp
le4 L
et’
scon
sid
erth
ein
it
ials
itua
tionwh
eretwop
roj
ect
scomp
etefo
rap
riz
eof
va
lueV =1. W
egi
veth
eircha
rac
ter
ist
icsinT
abl
e2.1a
.Ima
gin
etha
tano
the
rre
sea
rch
p
roj
ectjo
insth
econ
tes
t.D
epend
ingonth
eva
lueo
fΓnew/
Ωnew,w
eshowinF
igu
re2
.1bth
e
eff
ecto
fth
isen
tryonp
roj
ect
s1and2ou
tpu
tate
qui
li
brium
.Ob
viou
sly
,ifth
enewp
roj
ect
s
tay
sina
cti
ve(
Γnew/
Ωnew ≥3
,zon
eA)
,no
thin
ghapp
ensandth
enewe
qui
li
briumi
sid
en-
t
ica
ltoth
ein
it
ials
itua
tion
.Inzon
eB,a
llth
epr
oje
ctsa
rea
cti
ve.S
inc
econd
it
ion(
2.1
3)i
s
∗
ch
eck
edfo
rpr
oje
ct1
,q1inc
rea
seswh
enth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fth
enewp
roj
ectd
ecr
eas
es(
thu
s
ag
rea
terin
ten
sit
yofc
omp
eti
tion
).F
orp
roj
ect2
,weo
bse
rveth
eopp
osi
ter
esu
lt
.Th
e
c
omp
eti
tionb
ecom
esto
ofie
rceandd
isc
our
age
sre
sea
rch
erstosp
endeffo
rts
.Inp
art
icu
lar
,
i
fth
enewp
roj
ecti
scha
rac
ter
ize
dbyΓnew/
Ωnew ≤ 1
,pr
oje
ct2nolon
gerp
art
icip
ate
sto
th
econ
tes
t.Inzon
eC,p
roj
ect2i
sina
cti
veandc
ond
it
ion(
2.1
3)i
snowun
che
cke
d.Th
e
c
omp
eti
tionb
ecom
esto
ost
ron
gfo
rpr
oje
ct1a
gain
stth
enewp
roj
ectanda
sac
ons
equ
enc
e,
effo
rtandou
tpu
tate
qui
lib
riuma
red
ecr
eas
ingwh
enΓnew/
Ωnew d
imin
ish
es.
6
6 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

∗ ∗
i ωi1 ωi2 ωi3 Ωi Γi pi qi
1 1 1 1 0 .
666 0
.222
2 0
. 5 0
. 5 1 2 0 .
333 0
.111
(a
)In
it
ialCon
tes
t

q
∗
q
1 0
.25

0
.2

0
.15
∗
q
2
0
.1

0
.05
A B C
0
3
.53
.2532
.752
.52
.2521
.751
.51
.2510
.750
.50
.250
Γnew
Ωnew
(b
)Eff
ecto
fth
een
tryo
fan
ewp
roj
ectinth
econ
tes ∗ n
tonq ∗
1a dq
2

F
igu
re2
.1: Ex
amp
let
oil
lus
tra
teP
ropo
sit
ion
s12and1
3

6 Ex
ten
sion
s

Inth
eabo
ve,w
eha
ver
est
ric
tedth
emod
elo
fKo
lma
randR
omm
esw
ink
el(
201
3)t
oth
e
s
itu
ati
onwh
eree
acht
eamh
asth
esam
eva
lua
tionf
orth
epr
ize
. W
eha
vesh
ownth
ata
ll
th
eva
riab
lesa
tequ
il
ibr
iumd
ependonasyn
the
ticind
ica
tor(
Γi)c
all
edth
ecomp
lex
ity
o
fth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on. Th
isind
exon
lyd
epend
sonth
ech
ara
cte
ris
tic
sofp
roj
ecti
kn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on.

Inth
efo
llow
ing
,ween
richth
emod
elb
yin
corpo
rat
ingd
iffe
ren
tva
lua
tion
sfo
rth
e
p
riz
ebe
twe
enandw
ith
int
eam
s. W
eal
soa
ssum
eth
ate
achsub
teamch
oos
esh
isownl
eve
l
o
feff
ort
.Inf
act
,wer
etu
rnt
oth
efr
amew
orko
fKo
lma
randR
omm
esw
ink
el(
201
3). W
e
in
trodu
cev
ijt
obeth
eva
lueo
fpr
oje
ctif
orth
esub
teamw
ork
inginfi
eldo
fexp
ert
isej
andv
i=(v
i1,
...
,vim
i
)th
eve
cto
rofth
osev
alu
ati
ons
. W
eke
epth
eno
tat
ion
sofs
ect
ion
s2
and4f
orth
eoth
erv
ari
abl
es. W
eal
sosuppo
seth
atth
ede
cis
ion
-mak
ingi
sde
cen
tra
li
zed
,
6
. EXTENS
IONS 6
7

i
.e.e
achsub
teamch
oos
esh
iseff
ortt
omax
imi
zeh
isownu
ti
li
tyfun
cti
on

uij=p
ivj−x
i i
j, (
2.1
5)

w
ithuijth
eut
il
ityo
fsub
teamjin
volv
edinp
roj
ecti
.

L
etd
efin
e 1
mi 1 σi 1−σ
i
1−σi 1−σi
Υi= ωis v
is ,
∀i=1,
...
,G (
2.1
6)
s
=1

t
obeasyn
the
ticind
exo
fth
ech
ara
cte
ris
tic
sofp
roj
ecti
.Suppo
seth
atr
ese
archp
roj
ect
s
a
res
ort
edina
scend
ingo
rde
rsoth
at:

Υ1 ΥG
≤.
..≤ (
2.1
7)
Ω1 ΩG

W
eke
epth
eno
tat
ion g≤Gf
orth
enumb
ero
fac
tiv
epr
oje
cts
.Le
t

1 g Υj
z= .
g−1j=1 Ωj

N
extp
ropo
sit
ionf
romK
olm
arandR
omm
esw
ink
el(
201
3)ch
ara
cte
riz
esth
eNa
shequ
il
ib-
2
r
iumo
fth
isg
ame.

P
ropo
sit
ion14 G
iventh
eran
kin
gofp
roj
ect
sin (
2.1
7),th
eac
tiv
epr
oje
ctsa
retho
se
w
ithth
eglow
estva
lue
sofΥ/
Ω,w
ithgth
esma
lle
stin
teg
ersu
chtha
t

Υg+1
,
≥z
Ωg+1

o
rG i
fth
isva
luedo
esn
’te
xis
t.

A
tequ
il
ibr
ium
,th
edemando
fla
borinr
ese
archa
reaso
fpr
oje
ctii
s
 1


(ωisvis)
1−σ 1 1Υi
 1 z
1− zΩ i
i
fi=1,
..
.,g;∀s=1,
..
.,m
i
x∗
σ−1
s= 
ΩiΥi
i


0 i
fi=g+1,
..
.,G

P
roo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix8
.7.
2
W
eadap
tth
eirp
ropo
sit
iontoou
rno
tat
ion
s.
6
8 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

Sub
sti
tut
ingequ
il
ibr
iumsp
end
ing
sinth
ema
inv
ari
abl
eso
fth
emod
el
,weg
et

∗ 1Υi
p
i=1−
zΩi
1
Q∗=
z
∗ ∗∗
q
i =Q p
i
1 1 1
mi 1−σi 1−σi 1−σi
s=1 ωis v is Υi
∗ ∗ ∗
Xi = p
iQ
Ωi
∗ Ωi
αi = 1 1 1 .
mi 1−σi 1−σi 1−σi
s=1 ωis v is Υi

∀i=1,
..
.,g
,0o
the
rwi
se.

∗ ∗
N
oteth
atth
ecomp
ara
tiv
est
ati
cso
fpiandq
iwi
thr
esp
ectt
oΥia
reth
esam
eth
an
th
oseth
atw
ede
riv
edw
ithr
esp
ectt
oΓiins
ect
ion5
.How
eve
rΥih
asa m
orec
omp
lex
∗ ∗
sh
ape
,asw
el
lasXi andαi.

H
erew
ese
archf
orc
ond
it
ion
sonth
eva
lua
tionv
ect
orv
isu
chth
atth
epr
ope
rti
eso
fΓi
g
iveninP
ropo
sit
ion8s
ti
llh
oldf
orΥi.Ino
the
rwo
rds
,wew
antt
ose
eifa
llo
the
rth
ing
s
b
ein
gequa
l,in
cre
asin
gth
enumb
ero
ffie
ldso
fexp
ert
ise
,th
eev
ene
sso
fth
edi
str
ibu
tiono
f
ωiso
rth
ecomp
lem
ent
ari
tyb
etw
eeneff
ort
sal
sor
ais
esΥi.

In App
end
ix8
.8,w
epr
oveth
atd
ecr
eas
ingσi in
cre
ase
sΥi wh
atev
erth
eve
cto
rv.
i

sΥib
Thu eha
vess
imi
lar
lyt
oΓia
fte
ranin
cre
aseo
fth
ecomp
lem
ent
ari
tyb
etw
eeneff
ort
s,
r
ega
rdl
esso
fth
eve
cto
rofv
alu
ati
ons
. Th
esi
tua
tioni
sdiff
eren
tfo
rth
etw
ooth
erd
imen
-
s
ion
softh
ecomp
lex
ity
,sin
ceth
eeff
ecto
fach
ang
einth
enumb
ero
ffie
ldso
fexp
ert
ise
o
rth
eev
ene
sso
fth
edi
str
ibu
tiono
fωisd
epend
sonv
i.C
ons
ide
rtw
ofie
ldso
fexp
ert
ise
jandtw
ithωij>ωit. Asuffi
cien
tcond
it
iont
oin
cre
aseΥia
fte
ran
ytr
ans
ferf
romωij
t
oωit i
stov
eri
fyv
ij <vi
tifσi > 0andv
ij >vi
tifσi < 0
. G
ivenav
ect
orv
i,th
is
m
ean
sth
atw
ecanfinds
itu
ati
onssu
chth
atin
cre
asin
gth
eev
ene
sso
fth
edi
str
ibu
tiono
f
th
eωisd
ecr
eas
esΥi.Ino
the
rwo
rds
,anin
cre
aseo
fou
rind
exo
fcomp
lex
ityΓic
anl
ead
t
oah
igh
erp
rob
abi
li
tyandou
tpu
tatequ
il
ibr
iumb
ecau
seo
fth
est
ruc
tur
eofth
eve
cto
r
o
fva
lua
tion
sv.
i

Examp
le5 Ima
gin
eajou
rna
lpu
bl
ish
ingp
ape
rsin
vol
vin
gtwoa
cad
emi
cdi
scip
lin
es.Th
e
r
epu
tat
iono
fth
isjou
rna
ldiff
ersb
etw
eenth
ere
sea
rcha
rea
s. Supp
osetha
tth
eve
cto
rof
va
lua
tion
sisv
i=(
10,
20)
. W
ithωi=(
2/3
,1/
3)andσi=0.
5,w
ege
tΥi=0.
15. W
ith
7
. CONCLUS
ION 6
9

ωi=(
0.6
,0.
4)andσi=0.
5,w
eha
veΥi≈0
.14
7. Thu
sth
ela
tte
rpr
oje
cti
s mo
rec
omp
lex
thanth
efo
rme
ron
ebu
tha
salow
erΥi,in
vol
vin
gag
rea
terp
rob
abi
li
tyandah
igh
erou
tpu
t
a
tequ
il
ibr
ium
.

L
ook
inga
t(2
.16
),Υii
sac
omb
ina
tiono
ftw
oind
exe
s.I
fal
lth
ecoo
rdin
ate
softh
eωi-
v
ect
ora
reid
ent
ica
l(ωis=1/m
i∀s=1,
...
,m)
i,th
enΥii
spr
opo
rti
ona
ltoth
ein
ver
seo
f
th
egen
era
li
zed m
eano
fth
eva
lua
tion
sden
otedb
yM σi :
1−σi

1−σi
mi σi σi
1−σi
M σi = v
is
1−σi
s
=1

Wh
ena
llth
eva
lua
tion
softh
epr
izew
ith
inth
ete
ama
reid
ent
ica
l,th
en Υii
spr
opo
rti
ona
l
oΓi,ou
t rind
exo
fcomp
lex
ity
.Inf
act
,th
ere
sul
tsp
res
ent
edins
ect
ion5s
ti
llh
oldwh
en
th
ereex
ist
she
ter
ogen
eit
ycon
cern
ingth
eva
lua
tion
softh
epr
izeb
etw
eent
eam
sbu
tno
t
w
ith
int
eam
s.

7 Conc
lus
ion

Th
isp
ape
ran
aly
zesth
eeff
ect
soft
echn
ica
lch
ang
esinth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on
inaT
ull
ockc
ont
estf
ram
ewo
rk. W
ead
optac
ons
tan
tel
ast
ic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
iont
echn
olo
gy
f
oll
owin
gKo
lma
randR
omm
esw
ink
el(
201
3),c
ons
ide
rin
gfir
stth
atth
eva
lua
tion
sbe
twe
en
andw
ith
int
eam
sar
eid
ent
ica
l. W
esh
owth
ata
tequ
il
ibr
ium
,th
ema
inv
ari
abl
eso
fth
e
m
ode
lar
efun
cti
ono
fasyn
the
ticind
exth
atw
eca
llc
omp
lex
ityo
fth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on
g
iveni
tsp
rop
ert
ies
.

W
efindth
atth
emo
reth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
oni
scomp
lex
,th
emo
ret
eam
sar
edi
s-
adv
ant
agedinth
econ
tes
tgiv
enth
atth
eirp
art
ic
ipa
tion
,th
eirp
rob
abi
li
tyt
owin
,th
eir
ou
tpu
tandth
eirp
rodu
ctiv
ityd
ecr
eas
e. W
eal
soob
tainth
atc
omp
eti
tionin
ten
sit
yex
ert
s
apo
sit
iveeff
ectoneff
ortandou
tpu
tofm
osteffi
cien
tte
ams
,wh
il
eitd
isc
our
age
sth
ose
a
lre
adyt
rea
tin
gmo
rec
omp
lexp
rob
lem
s.

Ou
rre
sul
tisr
obu
stt
odiff
eren
tva
lua
tion
sbe
twe
ent
eam
s,bu
tdo
esn
oth
oldan
ymo
re
wh
enw
ein
trodu
ceh
ete
rog
ene
ityw
ith
int
eam
s. W
ene
edt
ocondu
cto
the
rex
ten
sion
s.In
p
art
icu
lar
,wew
antt
ose
eifou
rre
sul
tss
ti
llp
rev
ai
linag
amew
ithin
comp
let
ein
form
ati
on,
b
ysuppo
sin
gth
ate
acht
eamkn
owsh
iskn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
onbu
tno
tth
oseo
f
7
0 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

c
omp
eti
tor
s. M
ore
ove
r,s
inc
eweh
avesuppo
sedl
ine
arc
ost
s,ou
rind
ex m
ayb
emod
ified
i
fweu
seas
tri
ctlyc
onv
exc
ostfun
cti
on.F
orfu
rth
erw
ork
,wew
antt
ose
eifo
the
rtyp
es
o
fpr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
onc
anen
gend
ero
the
rind
exe
satequ
il
ibr
iumw
iths
imi
larp
rop
ert
ies
.
F
orth
emom
ent
,wew
antt
oemp
ir
ica
llyt
estou
rre
lat
ionb
etw
eenc
omp
lex
ityandou
tpu
t
b
yus
ingad
ata
setons
cien
tifi
cpub
li
cat
ion
s,wh
ichi
sth
esub
jec
tofth
enex
tch
apt
er.
8
. APPEND
IX 7
1

8 Append
ix

8
.1 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion8

Pa
rts(1
)and(2
):L
et’
san
aly
zeth
eimp
acto
fth
enumb
ero
ffie
ldso
fexp
ert
isemiand
th
eve
cto
rωionΓi.
Th
eob
jec
tiv
eist
ofindth
eωi-v
ect
orm
axim
iz
ingΓi.
L
et’
scon
sid
erav
ect
orωi. W
esa
yth
atωii
simp
rov
abl
eifth
ereex
ist
sav
ect
orωip
rov
idin
g
ah
igh
erΓi.
A
siti
sat
edi
ousw
orkt
ocomp
area
llth
epo
ssib
lev
ect
ors
,on
ewa
ytop
roc
eedi
stos
ee
i
fan
yLo
ren
z-imp
rov
emen
tinωi-v
ect
orin
cre
ase
sΓi.
T
ocomp
areωi-v
ect
ors
,weu
seth
econ
cep
tofL
oren
zdom
inan
ce.Inar
ese
archp
roj
ect
in
volv
ingmifi
eld
sofexp
ert
ises
ort
edl
ikein(2
.6)
,wes
ayth
atωii
sLo
ren
zdom
ina
tedb
y
ωii
fandon
lyi
fweh
ave:
k k
ωi,mi−s≤ ωi,mi−s
s
=0 s
=0

∀kw
ith0≤k< mandth
ein
equ
ali
tyi
sst
ric
tina
tle
aston
eca
se.
An
icep
rop
ert
yofth
eLo
ren
zdom
inan
cec
onc
ern
str
ans
fer
s.Ind
eed
,con
sid
eranin
ega
l-
i
tar
ianωi-v
ect
orandop
era
teat
ran
sfe
rwh
ichr
edu
cesth
ediff
eren
ceb
etw
eentw
oofi
ts
c
oord
ina
tesωijandωit(
j<t
)toob
tainth
eve
cto
rωi. Th
enωiL
oren
zdom
ina
tesωi.
Th
etw
oex
trem
eca
sesa
reth
eeg
ali
tar
ianv
ect
orωi=(
1/m
i,.
..,
1/m
i)andth
epe
rfe
ct
in
ega
li
tar
ianv
ect
orωi=(
1,0
,..
.,0
).Ex
amp
le6w
ithF
igu
re2
.2i
llu
str
ate
sth
isc
onc
ept
.

Examp
le6 ωi=(
0.3
,0.
3,0
.25
,0.
15)andωi=(
0.5
,0.
2,0
.2,
0.1
).
Inth
ise
xamp
le,no
tetha
tth
eve
cto
rωii
sob
tain
edf
romωib
ytr
ans
fer
ingaw
eigh
tof0
.2
f
romωi1 t
oωi2 (
0.1
),ωi3 (
0.0
5)andωi4 (
0.0
5). Th
enw
ede
duc
etha
tωiL
oren
zdom
ina
tes
ωi.

F
rom(3
.1)
,le
t’sc
ompu
teth
epa
rti
ald
eriv
ativ
eofΓiw
ithr
esp
ectt
oωij:

1
mi −σ
∂Γi 1 1
1−σi
i 1
1−σi
−1
=− ωis ωij (
2.1
8)
∂ωij σi s
=1

F
oran
oth
erfi
eldo
fexp
ert
iset>j
,weob
tains
imi
lar
ly:

1
mi −σ
∂Γi 1 1
1−σi
i 1
1−σi
−1
=− ωis ωit (
2.1
9)
∂ωit σi s
=1
7
2 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

0
.8

0
.6
ωi
0
.4 ωi

0
.2

0
0 0
.2 0
.4 0
.6 0
.8 1

F
igu
re2
.2:I
llu
str
ati
ono
fLo
ren
z-d
omin
anc
e

L
et’
scomp
are(2
.18
)and(
2.1
9).S
inc
et >janda
cco
rdin
gto(
2.6
),w
eha
veωij>ωit.
Th
eimp
acto
faninfin
ite
sim
alt
ran
sfe
rfr
om ωij t
oωit(L
oren
zdom
ina
tiono
fth
enew
1 1
−1 −1
1 1−σi 1 1−σi
v
ect
or)d
epend
sonth
ecomp
ari
sonb
etw
een−σ ωj
i i
and−σ ωt
i i
.F
orωijandωit,
am
oree
gal
ita
rianv
ect
orinth
esen
seo
fLo
ren
zin
cre
ase
sΓii
f:

∂Γi ∂Γi
>
∂ωit ∂ωij
Ino
the
rwo
rds
,iti
sen
ought
osh
owth
atth
efun
cti
on

1 1 −1
f(
x)=− x1−σi
σi

i
sde
cre
asin
ginxwh
enx∈[
0,1
].
S
inc
eweh
ave
:

1 1−σ
1
−2
f(
x)=− x i <0 ∀σi∈]
−∞,
0[∪]
0;1
],
1−σi

w
econ
clud
eth
at:
∂Γi ∂Γi
> ∀ωit<ωij
∂ωit ∂ωij
andthu
san
yLo
ren
z-imp
rov
emen
tinth
eωi-v
ect
orin
cre
ase
sΓi. W
ededu
ceth
atth
e
v
ect
orωiwh
ich m
inim
ize
sΓii
s(1
,0,
...
,0)
,le
adin
gtoΓi=1.F
orag
ivenmi,th
eve
cto
r
ωiwh
ich m
axim
ize s m1i,
sΓii ..,m1i ,l
. ead
ingt
oΓi=mi. Thu
sΓi∈[
1;mi]
.
8
. APPEND
IX 7
3

Pa
rt(3
) : Ou
rpr
oofi
scl
oset
oBe
ckandS
chö
gl(
199
5)d
eal
ingw
ithth
e RÃ
ľny
i
in
form
ati
on(p
age
s50
-53
).
D
eriv
at gΓiw
in ithr
esp
ectt
oσi,w
eob
tain

 1

mi mi 1−σ
∂Γi Γi 1
1−σi σi s=1 (
lnωis)ωis i
= 2ln ωis − 
∂σi σi 1−σi mi 1−σi
1

=1 ω
s
=1
s is
 1 1

mi 1−σi mi mi 1−σi
Γi ωik 1
ωik σi
ωik
1−σi
= 2
ln ωis − ln 
σi mi
1
1−σi mi
1
1−σi 1−σi
=1 ω =1 ω
k=1 s
=1 k=1
s i
s s i
s
 1

mi 1−σi mi
Γi  ωik 1
1−σi
1
1−σi
−1 
= 2  ln ωis −ln
ωik 
σi mi
1
1−σi
=1 ω
k=1 s
= 1
s is
 1

mi 1−σi mi
Γi  ωik 1
1−σi
−1 1
1−σi 
=− 2  ln
ωik −ln ωis 
σi k=1 mi
1
1−σi
s ω
=1 is
s
=1
 1 
1−σ
ωik i
1  
 1 
Γi mi
1−σ
ωik i 

m i 1−σi
ω 
.
=− 2 ln

s=1 is

σi k=1 mi
1
1−σi  ωik 
s=1 ωis  

L
et 1
1−σ
ωik i
Pik= 1 .
mi 1−σi
s=1 ωis

F
ina
lly
,weob
tain
∂Γi Γi mi Pik
=− 2 Pikln .
∂σi σi k=1 ωik
Th
issumi
salw
ayspo
sit
ives
inc
eiti
sth
e Ku
llb
ack
-Le
ibl
erd
ive
rgen
ceb
etw
eenPikand
ωik.Ind
eed
mi mi
Pik ωik
Pikln =− Pikln .
k=1 ωik k=1 Pik
S
inc
elni
sac
onc
avefun
cti
on,b
yth
eJen
senin
equ
ali
tyw
eha
ve

mi mi mi
ωik ωik
Pikln ≤ lnPik = ln(ωik)≤0
,
k=1 Pik k=1 Pik k=1

th
ere
for
e
mi
Pik
Pikln ≥0
,
k=1 ωik
7
4 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

andfin
ally
∂Γi
≤0
.
∂σi
Thu
smo
rec
omp
lem
ent
ari
tyb
etw
eeneff
ort
s(σid
ecr
eas
ing
)in
cre
ase
sΓi.
8
. APPEND
IX 7
5

8
.2 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion9

Th
ele
ade
rofr
ese
archp
roj
ectich
oos
esth
eve
cto
rofeff
ort
sxit
omax
imi
zeui. W
eob
tain
th
efir
sto
rde
rcond
it
ion
s∀j=1,
...
,m:
i

1
mi −1 G
=iq
σi
l l
Ωi ωisxσ
i
s
i
ωijxσ
i
j
i−1
V=1. (
2.2
0)
s
=1 Q 2

R
ema
rkth
atth
ese
condo
rde
rcond
it
ioni
salw
ayss
ati
sfieds
inc
e

1
mi mi σi
(
1−σi) ωijxσ
j−
i
i
ωisxσ
i
s
i
xσ
Q−2 i
j
i
ωisxσ
i
s
i
<0
.
s
=1 s
=1

Thu
sth
eeff
orta
tequ
il
ibiumx∗
r si
i nfi
eldo
fexp
ert
isesi
sgiv
enb
yth
eso
lut
iont
oth
e
fi
rst
-ord
erc
ond
it
ionin(2
.20
)orb
yth
eco
rne
rso
lut
ionx∗
s=0.
i

U
sin
g(2
.20
),w
ededu
ceth
efo
llow
ingr
ela
tionb
etw
eeneff
ort
ssp
entinr
ese
archp
roj
ecti
f
ortw
ofie
ldso
fexp
ert
isejandt
:

1
ωit 1−σi
xit= xij.
ωij

W
ege
t
mi
xσ
i
j
i mi 1

ωisxσ
1−σ
s= ωis i .
i
i σi
1−σi
s
=1 ωij s
=1

1
T
akin
gth
eexpon
entσi
−1onbo
ths
ide
s,w
eob
tain

1
−1
mi σi x1
i
−σi
j 1
ωisxσ
i
s
i
= .
s
=1 ωij mi 1−σi
1
1
1−σ
i
s=1 ωis

R
epl
acin
ginth
efir
sto
rde
rcond
it
ion(2
.20
)le
adst
o

G
l=iql Γi
2V= , (
2.2
1)
G Ωi
=1 q
l l

w
ith 1
mi 1 1−σ
i
1−σi
Γi= ωis .
s
=1
7
6 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

Thu
spr
oje
ctib
estr
espon
seg
iventh
est
rat
egi
eso
fth
eoth
ersi
s:
 
Ωi
q
i=m , Q/iV −Q/i
ax0 (
2.2
2)
Γi

Byd
eno
tin
ggth
enumb
ero
fpr
oje
ctsp
art
ic
ipa
tin
gtoth
econ
tes
tandsumm
ing(
2.2
1)
∀i=1,
...
,gw
eob
tain
:
V
Q∗= . (
2.2
3)
z
w
ith
1 g Γj
z= .
g−1j=1 Ωj

F
rom(2
.22
),p
roj
ectip
art
ic
ipa
test
oth
econ
tes
tif

Ωi
V >Q/i.
Γi

U
sin
g(2
.23
)and(
2.2
1),th
isl
ead
sto

Γi
<z
.
Ωi

S
inc
ewed
eno
tegth
enumb
ero
fac
tiv
epr
oje
cts
,th
efir
stin
act
ivep
roj
ectg+1 h
asa
v
alu
eΓg+1/
Ωg+1 su
chth
at
Γg+1
.
≥z
Ωg+1
G
iventh
erank
ingo
fpr
oje
ctsin(2
.10
),gi
sth
esm
all
estin
teg
ersu
chth
atc
ond
it
ion(
2.1
1)
i
ssa
tisfi
ed.
8
. APPEND
IX 7
7

8
.3 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion10

W
erepo
rts
omein
term
edi
atec
alcu
lat
ion
s

∂Q∗ g−1 V
=− <0
∂Γi Ωi g Γj 2
j
=1 Ωj
g Γj
∂p∗
i g−1 j
=iΩj
=− <0
∂Γi Ωi g Γj 2
j
=1 Ωj

∂2Q∗ g−1 2
V
= 2 >0
∂Γ2 Ωi g Γj 3
i
j
=1 Ωj
g Γj
∂2p
∗
i g−1 2 j=iΩj
= >0
.
∂Γ2 Ω2 g Γj 3
i i
j
=1 Ωj

∗ ∗∗
S
inc
eqi =Q p
i,w
eimm
edi
ate
lyob
tain

∗
∂qi ∂Q∗ ∗ ∗∂p∗
i
= pi+Q <0
.
∂Γi ∂Γi ∂Γi

∗
D
eriv
atin
gag
ain∂
qi /∂Γiw
ithr
esp
ectt
oΓi,w
ege
t

∂2q
∗
i ∂2Q∗ ∗ ∂Q∗∂p∗
i
2∗
∗∂pi
= p
2 i
+2 +Q >0
∂Γ2
i ∂ Γi ∂Γi∂Γi ∂Γ2
i

∗
q
iisc
onv
exw
ithr
esp
ectt
oΓi.
7
8 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

8
.4 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion11

R
ememb
erth
at
∗ Γi ∗ ∗
Xi = pQ .
Ωi i
G
iventh
at

g Γj
∂p∗
i 11 j
=iΩj
=−
∂Γi Ωiz g Γj 2
j=1 Ωj

∂Q∗ 1 Q ∗
=− Γj ,
∂Γi Ωi g
j
=1 Ω j

w
eha
ve

∗
∂Xi 1 ∗ ∗ Γi ∂p∗i ∗ ∗∂Q
∗
= piQ + Q +p
i
∂Γi Ωi Ωi ∂Γi ∂Γi
 g Γj 
∗
1 ∗ ∗ Γi 11 j=iΩj ∗ pi ∗ 1 
= p Q+ − Q − Q
Ωi i Ωi Ωiz g Γj
j
=1 Ωj
Ωi
g Γj
j
=1 Ωj
 g Γj 
Q∗ ∗ Γi1 j=iΩj Γi ∗
p
i 
= p− −
Ωi i Ωiz g Γj
j
=1 Ωj
Ωi g Γj
j
=1 Ωj
 
Q∗ g Γj ∗ Γi1
= p
i−
Ωi j=iΩj Ωiz
 
Q∗ g Γj Γi1
= 1−2
Ωi j=iΩj Ωiz

∗
F
ina
llyth
ede
riv
ativ
eofXi w
ithr
esp
ectt
oΓii
spo
sit
ivei
f

Γi z
< ,
Ωi 2

andn
ega
tiv
eif
Γi z
> .
Ωi 2
8
. APPEND
IX 7
9

8
.5 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion12

A
sar
emind
er,
∗ ∗∗
q
i =Q p
i

G
iventh
at

∂Q∗ 1 Q∗
=− g Γj
∂Γk Ωk j
=1 Ωj
Γi
∂p∗
i 11 Ωi
= g Γj
,
∂Γk zΩk j
=1 Ωj

w
eob
tain

∗
∂qi ∂Q∗ ∗ ∗∂p∗
i
= pi+Q
∂Γk ∂Γk ∂Γk
Q∗ 1 ∗ 1Γi
= Γ −pi+
Ωk gj
=1 Ω
j
zΩi
j
∗
Q 1 2Γi
= g Γj
−1 .
Ωk j
=1 Ωj
zΩi

∗
Thu
sth
ede
riv
ativ
eofXi w
ithr
esp
ectt
oΓk i
spo
sit
ivei
f

Γi z
> ,
Ωi 2

andn
ega
tiv
eif
Γi z
< .
Ωi 2
8
0 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

8
.6 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion13

∗
Inth
ein
it
ialc
ont
est
,pr
oje
ctiou
tpu
tatequ
il
ibr
iumq
iisg
ivenb
y:

∗ V 1Γi
q
i= 1−
z zΩi

∗AE
A
fte
rth
een
tryo
fan
ewp
roj
ect
,pr
oje
ctiou
tpu
tatequ
il
ibr
iumq
i i
sequ
alt
o:

∗AE V 1Γi
q
i = 1−
z zΩi

Th
een
tryex
ert
sapo
sit
iveeff
ectonp
roj
ectiou
tpu
tifandon
lyi
f:

∗AE ∗ V 1Γi V 1Γi

q
i >qi ⇔ 1− > 1−
z zΩi z zΩi
1 1 1 1 Γi
⇔ − > 2− 2
z z z z Ωi

1 1
S
inc
ez >z (
seeb
elow
)wefin
allyob
tain

∗AE ∗ Γi z
z
q
i >qi ⇔ < .
Ωi z+z

1 1
T
osh
owth
atz >z,l
et’
scon
sid
ers
epa
rat
elyth
eca
ser=g+1andr≤g.
fr= g+1:
I

1 1 r−1 g−1
> ⇔ r Γl > g Γl
z z l
=1 Ωl l
=1 Ωl
g g−1
⇔ g Γl Γnew > g Γl
=1 Ωl + Ωnew
l l
=1 Ωl
Γnew
⇔ <z
Ωnew

1 1
wh
ichc
orr
espond
stoth
econd
it
ionsu
cha
sth
enewp
roj
ecti
sac
tiv
e. Th
ere
for
ez >z i
f
r=g+1.
I
fr≤ g
rp
roj
ect
scomp
eteinth
econ
tes
t:th
enewp
roj
ectandth
er−1w
ithth
elow
estv
alu
es
8
. APPEND
IX 8
1

o
fΓi/
Ωi.

1 1 r−1 g−1
> ⇔ r−1 Γl Γnew
> g Γl
z z l=1 Ωl + Ωnew l
=1 Ωl
r−1
Γl g Γl r−1
Γl Γnew
⇔(
r−1
) + >(
g−1
) + (
2.2
4)
=1 Ωl l
l =rΩl =1 Ωl
l Ωnew

S
inc
epr
oje
ctsr
,.
..
,ga
rein
act
iveinth
enewc
ont
est
,weh
ave
:

r−1
Γk 1 Γl Γnew
≥ + ∀k=r
,..
.,g
Ωk r−1 =1 Ωl
l Ωnew

G
iventh
atg−r+1p
roj
ect
sbe
com
ein
act
iveinth
enewc
ont
estandu
sin
gth
econd
it
ion
o
fnon
-pa
rti
cip
ati
onju
stabo
vew
ededu
ceth
at:

r−1
Γl g Γl r−1
Γl 1 r−1
Γl Γnew
(
r−1
) + >(
r−1
) +(g−r+1
) +
=1 Ωl l
l =rΩl l=1 Ωl r−1 =1 Ωl
l Ωnew
r−1 r−1
Γl Γl Γnew
>(
r−1
) +(g−r+1
) +
=1 Ωl
l =1 Ωl
l Ωnew
r−1
Γl Γnew
>g +(g−r+1
)
=1 Ωl
l Ωnew
r−1 r−1
Γl Γnew Γl Γnew
>(
g−1
) + + −(
r−2
)
=1 Ωl
l Ωnew =1 Ωl
l Ωnew

R
ema
rkth
atth
efir
stt
ermo
fth
ela
stexp
res
sionc
orr
espond
stoth
eri
ghth
ands
ide
o
f(2
.24
). W
ecansh
owth
atth
ese
condt
ermi
sne
ces
sar
ilypo
sit
ive
:

r−1 r−1
Γl Γnew Γnew 1 Γl
−(
r−2
) >0⇔ <
=1 Ωl
l Ωnew Ωnew r−2 =1 Ωl
l

wh
ichc
orr
espond
stoth
econd
it
iono
fpa
rti
cip
ati
ono
fth
enewp
roj
ectwh
enr−1a
lre
ady
1 1
c
omp
ete
. Th
ere
for
econd
it
ion(
2.2
4)i
sne
ces
sar
ilyr
eal
ized
. W
econ
clud
eth
atz >z.
8
2 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

8
.7 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion14

Th
eut
il
ityfun
cti
ono
fsub
teamjinp
roj
ectii
s:

q
i
uij= vj−x
i i
j (
2.2
5)
Q

E
achsub
teamjm
axim
ize
shi
sownu
ti
li
tyw
ithr
esp
ectt
o xij. W
eob
tainth
efir
sto
rde
r
c
ond
it
ion
s∀j=1,
...
,m:
i

1
mi −1 G
=iq
σi
l l
Ωi ωisxσ
i
s
i
ωijxσ
i
j
i−1
vj=1
i (
2.2
6)
s
=1 Q 2

W
ededu
ceth
atf
ortw
ofie
ldso
fexp
ert
ise jandtin
volv
edinth
esam
ere
sea
rchp
roj
ecti
:

1
ωitv
it
1−σi
xit= xij
ωijv
ij

W
eob
tain
mi
xσ
i
j
i mi 1 σi

ωisxσ
1−σ 1−σ
s= ωis iv (
2.2
7)
i i
i σi is
s
=1 (
ωijv
ij)1−σi
s
=1

1
T
akin
gth
eexpon
entσi
−1onbo
ths
ide
s,w
ege
t:

1 1
−1 −1
mi σi x1
i
−σi
j
mi 1 σi σi
ωisxσ
1−σi 1−σi
i
s
i
= ωis v
is
s
=1 ωijvi
j s
=1

R
epl
acin
ginth
efir
sto
rde
rcond
it
ion(2
.26
)le
adst
o

G
l=iql Υi
2= , (
2.2
8)
G
q Ωi
=1 l
l

w
ith 1
mi 1 σi 1−σ
i
1−σi 1−σi
Υi= ωis v
is .
s
=1

P
roj
ectib
estr
espon
seg
iventh
est
rat
egi
eso
foth
erg
roup
sis
 
Ωi
q ax0
i=m , Q/i −Q/i . (
2.2
9)
Υi

Summ
ing(2
.28
)∀i=1,
...
,g,w
ithgth
enumb
ero
fpa
rti
cip
atin
gpr
oje
cts
,weg
et

1
Q∗= , (
2.3
0)
z
8
. APPEND
IX 8
3

w
ith
1 g Υj
z= .
g−1j=1 Ωj

F
rom(2
.29
),p
roj
ectip
art
ic
ipa
test
oth
econ
tes
tif

Υi
>Q/i.
Ωi

U
sin
g(2
.30
)th
en(
2.2
8),w
eob
tain
Υi
<z
.
Ωi
G
iventh
at gi
sth
enumb
ero
fac
tiv
epr
oje
cts
,anda
cco
rdin
gtoth
erank
ingo
fpr
oje
cts
in(
2.1
7),th
efir
stin
act
ivep
roj
ectg+1h
asav
alu
eofΥg+1/
Ωg+1 su
chth
at

Υg+1
≥z
.
Ωg+1

∗
U
sin
g(2
.28
)th
en(
2.2
7),w
efin
allyob
tainq
iandx∗
i
s.
8
4 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE

8
.8 P
rope
rtie
sofΥi

De
riv
ativ
eof Υiw
ithre
spec
tto σi.
 1 σi 
mi mi 1−σ 1−σi
∂Υi Υi 1
1−σi
σi
1−σi σi s=1 (
ln(
ωisv
is)ωis iv
) i s 
= 2ln ωis v
is − σi 
∂σi σi 1−σi mi
1
1−σi 1−σi
=1 ω s v
s
=1
s i is
 1 σi 1 σi 
mi 1−σi 1−σi mi mi 1−σi 1−σi
Υi ωik v
ik
1
1−σi
σi
1−σi σi ωik v
ik 
= 2 σi ln ωis v
is − σi (
ln(
ωikv
ik))

σi mi
1
1−σi 1−σi 1−σik=1 mi
1
1−σi 1−σi
=1 ω v =1 ω v
k=1 s
=1
s i
s is s i
s is
 1 σi 
Υi mi  ωik v mi
1−σi 1−σi
ik
1 σi
1−σi 1−σi σi 
= 2  σi ln ωis v is − ln(
ωikv
ik)
σi k=1 mi
1
1−σi 1−σi 1−σi
=1 ω s v
s
=1
s i i
s
 1 σi 
mi 1−σi 1−σi mi
Υi  ωik v ik
1
1−σi
σi
−1 1−σ 1
1−σi
σi
1−σi 
=− 2  σi lnωik v
ik
i
−ln ωis v
is 
σi k=1 mi
1
1−σi 1−σi
=1 ω s v
s
=1
s i i
s
  1 σi 
1−σ 1−σ
ωik ivik i
 1 σi  σi 
mi   
1
1−σi 1−σi
Υi  ωik v ik  m i 1−σi 1−σi
ω v 
=− 2  σi l

n s=1 is is 
σi k=1 
 mi
1
1−σi 1−σi

 ωik 

 s ω
=1 is v i
s  

L
et: 1 σi
1−σ 1−σ
ωik iv
ik
i

Pik= 1 σi
mi 1−σi 1−σi
s=1 ωis v is

R
ewr
it
ingth
ede
riv
ativ
e,w
efin
allyob
tain
:

∂Υi Υi mi Pik
=− 2 Pikln <0
∂σi σi k=1 ωik

f
orth
esam
ere
ason
sth
anth
oseg
iveninApp
end
ix8
.1.

De
riv
ativ
eof Υiw
ithre
spec
tto ωij.
D
eriv
atin
gΥiw
ithr
esp
ectt
oωij,w
ege
t:

1
mi −σ
∂Υi 1 1
1−σi
σi
1−σi
i 1
1−σi
σi
−1 1−σ
=− ωis v
is ωij v
ij
i

∂ωij σi s
=1

S
imi
lar
lyf
oran
oth
erfi
eldo
fexp
ert
iset>jw
eha
ve:

1
mi −σ
∂Υi 1 1
1−σi
σi
1−σi
i 1
1−σi
σi
−1 1−σ
=− ωis v
is ωit v
it
i

∂ωit σi s
=1
8
. APPEND
IX 8
5

I
tfo
llow
sth
at
∂Υi ∂Υi
>
∂ωit ∂ωij
i
fandon
lyi
f
1 1−σ
1 σi
−1 1−σ 1 1−σ
1 σi
−1 1−σ
− ωit i v i
t
i
>− ω i
v i

σi σi ij i
j

InApp
end
ix8
.1,w
eha
vea
lre
adyp
rov
edth
atf
orωij>ωit:

1 1−σ
1
−1 1 1−σ
1
−1
− ωit i >− ωij i
σi σi

Thu
sif
σi σi
1−σi 1−σ
v
it >vij i,

th
en
∂Υi ∂Υi
> .
∂ωit ∂ωij
andan
yLo
ren
z-imp
rov
emen
tinth
eωi-v
ect
orin
cre
ase
sΥi. Th
iso
ccu
rsi
f:

v
it>vi
jifσi>0

v
ij>vi
tifσi<0
8
6 TEAMPRODUCT
IONFUNCT
IONINSC
IENCE
 Chapter3

Docomp
lexp
rojec
tsleadtoh
ighe
r
c
ita
tionimpac
t? Anemp
irica
l
app
lica
tiontoin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ry
re
sea 1
rch.

1 In
troduc
tion

Inth
egen
era
lin
trodu
cti
on,w
eha
vep
res
ent
edon
efo
rmo
fcomp
lex
ityo
fre
sea
rchp
roj
ect
,
c
all
edin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y, wh
ichr
equ
ire
stoc
omb
inekn
owl
edg
efr
omd
iffe
ren
tre
sea
rch
a
rea
stop
rodu
ces
cien
tifi
cou
tpu
t.Inth
ese
condch
apt
er,w
eha
ved
efin
edac
omp
lex
ity
ind
ica
toro
fth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on. Th
eaimo
fth
isch
apt
eri
stot
estth
isind
exona
d
atab
aseo
fsc
ien
tifi
cpub
li
cat
ion
s,andt
olinkth
ere
sul
tsw
ithth
ema
inqu
est
iono
fth
is
th
esi
s:th
ede
cl
ineo
fth
ere
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ityo
vert
ime
.Tod
oso
,weu
seano
rig
ina
l
d
ata
seto
fne
arlyf
ourhund
redth
ous
andau
tho
rsh
ipp
art
ic
ipa
tion
sofapp
rox
ima
telyth
irt
y
th
ous
andF
ren
chp
rof
ess
orsandr
ese
arch
erso
verth
epe
riod1
999
-20
13.

N
eve
rth
ele
sss
eve
ralp
rob
lem
sar
ise
. Th
efir
ston
eisth
ateff
ort
sex
ert
edb
yte
ams
a
reun
obs
erv
abl
esow
ecan
’tc
alcu
lat
eth
epr
odu
ctiv
itya
tth
epr
oje
ctl
eve
l. H
owev
er
w
eha
vef
oundinch
apt
er2th
atth
ecomp
lex
ityind
exb
eha
vess
imi
lar
lyonth
esc
ien
tifi
c
ou
tpu
tfo
r wh
ich w
eha
vep
rox
ies
. Th
ese
condp
rob
lemi
sth
atm
anya
spe
ctso
fou
r
c
omp
lex
ityind
exa
reun
obs
erv
abl
e:th
eeff
ortin
ten
sit
yco
effic
ien
ts(v
ect
orω)andth
e
e
las
tic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
ionσ. W
erew
rit
eth
isind
ica
tora
safun
cti
ono
fth
econ
tribu
tion
s
o
fea
chd
isc
ipl
inet
oth
eou
tpu
t,andsh
owth
ati
tbe
lon
gst
oth
efam
ilyo
fHi
lld
ive
rsi
ty
ind
exe
s. Th
isi
sofin
ter
ests
inc
eth
isr
edu
cesth
enumb
ero
fun
obs
erv
abl
edim
ens
ion
s.
M
ore
ove
rth
eob
tain
edr
ewr
it
ingi
sas
tand
ard m
easu
reo
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y.
1
Th
ispap
eri
sco
-au
tho
redw
ithN
ico
lasCa
ray
ol.

8
7
8
8 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

On
ema
jorfind
ingo
fth
isp
ape
risth
atin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofr
ese
archp
roj
ect
sisin
-
c
rea
sin
gov
ert
ime
. W
econdu
cts
eve
ralt
est
stoc
onfi
rmth
isa
sse
rti
on. W
elinkth
is
ob
serv
ati
ont
oth
ede
cl
ineo
fre
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ityandop
enth
edeb
ateinth
ela
stp
art
o
fth
isch
apt
er.

Th
ere
sto
fth
epap
eri
sor
gan
izeda
sfo
llow
s.S
ect
ion2exp
lain
sth
etr
ans
it
ionf
rom
th
emod
elt
oda
ta.S
ect
ion3r
evi
ewsth
eli
ter
atu
reonth
ere
lat
ion
shipb
etw
eenin
ter
-
d
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yandimp
act
.Se
cti
on4d
esc
rib
esth
eda
tab
aseandth
eva
riab
les
.Se
cti
on5
c
ont
ain
sth
ere
gre
ssi
onr
esu
lts
.Se
cti
on6p
res
ent
srobu
stn
essch
eck
s.S
ect
ion7a
imsa
t
sh
owin
gth
atin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yisin
cre
asin
gov
ert
ime
.Se
cti
on8d
iscu
sse
sth
ere
sul
ts.
F
ina
llys
ect
ion9c
onc
lud
es.P
roo
fsandt
abl
eso
fre
gre
ssi
onr
esu
ltsa
reg
iveninApp
end
ix.

2 F
romthe mode
ltotheda
ta

Th
ema
inp
rob
lemt
oemp
ir
ica
llyt
estou
rmod
elc
ome
sfr
omth
eimpo
ssib
il
ityt
oes
tim
ate
f
orev
eryp
roj
ectth
epa
ram
ate
rσio
fth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on

1
mi σi
Ωi ωisxσ
i
s
i
,
s
=1

s
inc
eeff
ort
ssp
entine
achd
isc
ipl
inexis andth
epa
ram
ete
rsωis ∀sa
reun
obs
erv
abl
e.
Sub
sequ
ent
ly
,wea
reun
abl
etoc
ompu
teou
rcomp
lex
ityind
exΓi

1
m 1 1−σ
i
1−σi
Γi= ωis . (
3.1
)
s
=1

Inth
efo
llow
ing
,wea
ima
tfind
ingar
ewr
it
ingo
fΓia
safun
cti
ono
fva
riab
lesf
orwh
ich
w
eha
vep
rox
iesinou
rda
tas
et.

Defin
ition2 L
etd
efin
e
1
m 1−β
β β
H (
b)= (
bs)
s
=1

th
eHi
llind
exo
for
derβ∈[
0;+
∞[o
fve
cto
rb=(b
1,.
..,b
m),w
ithb
s≥0∀s=1,
...
,m
m
and =1 b
s s=1.

Th
isg
ene
ralind
ex(H
il
l,1
973
)en
comp
ass
ess
eri
eso
fdiv
ers
ityind
exe
s,e
achon
eco
rre
-
spond
ingt
oap
art
icu
larv
alu
eofβ:
2
. FROMTHE MODELTOTHEDATA 8
9

(
1)th
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erind
exwh
enβ→ +∞:

1
H∞ (
b)= ;
maxs=1,...,m(
bs)

(
2)th
eSimp
sonind
exwh
enβ=2:

1
H2(
b)= m ;
=1 (
b2)
s s

(
3)th
eexpon
ent
ialo
fth
eSh
ann
on-W
ien
erind
exwh
enβ=1:

m
H1(
b −
)=e b ln
s=1 s
bs
;

(
4)th
enumb
ero
ffie
ldso
fexp
ert
isewh
enβ=0:

H0(
b)=m
.

L
ook
inga
t(3
.1)
,itf
oll
owsimm
edi
ate
lyth
at:

1
P
ropo
sit
ion15 Γii
sth
eHi
llind
exo
for
der i= 1−σi
o
fve
cto
rωi.

1
N
oteth
atβandth
eel
ast
ic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
ion i= 1−σi
a
red
efin
edonth
esam
ein
terv
al
[
0;+
∞[.T
abl
e3.
1giv
esth
eco
rre
spond
anc
ebe
twe
enσiandth
eas
soc
iat
edd
ive
rsi
tyind
ex
o
fωi.
σi Div e
rsityindex
1 Ber
ger
-Parkerindex
0.
5 Simps
onind ex
0 Exponen
tia
lo ftheShannon
-W i
ene
rin
-
dex
−∞ Numberoffieldsofexpert
ise

T
abl
e3.
1:T
abl
eofc
orr
espond
anc
ebe
twe
enσiandth
ediv
ers
ityind
exe
sofωi

G
iventh
at Γii
safun
cti
ono
fte
chn
ica
lpa
ram
ete
rsωis,s=1,
..
.,m
i,Γii
sdiffi
cul
tto
app
rec
iat
einc
onc
ret
ete
rms
. W
erew
rit
eita
safun
cti
ono
fth
econ
tribu
tion
sofe
achfi
eld
o
fexp
ert
iset
oth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
ons
inc
eweh
avep
rox
iesf
orth
isv
ari
abl
e.

Defin
ition3 L
etd
efin
e
ωijxσi
j
λij= mi . (
3.2
)
s=1 ωi
sxσ
i
s
9
0 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

th
econ
tri
but
iono
fea
chr
ese
archa
reajtoth
eknow
led
gep
rodu
ctiono
fre
sea
rchp
roj
ecti
,
andλi=(λi1,
...
,λim
i
)th
eve
cto
roftho
sec
ont
ribu
tion
s.

A
tequ
il
ibr ,λ∗
ium ji
i sg
ivenb
y
1
ωi
1−σ
j
λ∗
j=
i 1 . (
3.3
)
mi
=1 ω
1−σ
s is

F
irs
trem
arkth
atλ∗
jo
i n
lyd
epend
sonth
ech
ara
cte
ris
tic
softh
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
on
fun
cti
ono
fpr
oje
cti
.Se
c ,λ∗
ond ji
i sa
lsoequ
alt
oth
esh
areo
feff
ortinth
efie
ldo
fexp
ert
ise
jo
verth
eto
taleff
ortsp
entinp
roj
ectia
tequ
il
ibr x∗
ium(i/X
j
∗
i).

F
urth
er,w
esh
owinApp
end 0
ix1.1th
ati
tispo
ssib
let
owr
iteΓia
s:

1
mi σi
Γi= λ∗
i
s
1−σi
. (
3.4
)
s
=1

I
tfo
llow
simm
edi
ate
lyth
at:

P
ropo
sit
ion16 Γii
sth
eHi
llind
exo
for
der1−σio
fve
cto
rλi.

Ou
rind
exo
fcomp
lex
ity Γic
oin
cid
esa
tequ
il
ibr
ium w
ithth
ediv
ers
ityind
ica
toro
fth
e
c
ont
ribu
tion
softh
efie
ldso
fexp
ert
iset
oth
epr
odu
cti
on.S
inc
eweh
avep
rox
iesf
orλis
thu
son
lyσi r
ema
insunkn
own
. Ino
the
rwo
rds
,giv
enth
atw
eob
serv
eve
ctrλ∗
o i,th
e
p
rob
lemi
sredu
cedt
oth
eord
ero
fth
eHi
llind
ex.

P
ropo
sit
ion17 I
fmi= m ≤ 2
,th
enth
eor
der
ingo
fan
ytwov
ecto
rsλ1 andλ2 i
sth
e
β
sam
eac
cor
din
gtoHi,∀β≥0
.

P
roo
fisg
iveninApp
end
ix1
0.2
,andw
eil
lus
tra
teP
ropo
sit
ion1
7inF
igu
re3
.1.I
fmi=2
th sHβ(
enλi2 =1−λi1,thu λi)i
safun
cti
ono
fλi1 andβ.I
tisen
ought
osh
owth
at
Hβ(
λi)i
sde
cre
asin
gwi
thλi1 wh
enλi1∈[
0.5
,1]wh
atev
erth
eva
lueo
fβ.

Co
rol
lary1 I
fth
eela
sti
cit
yofsu
bst
itu
tioni
sid
ent
ica
lfo
ral
lth
epr
oje
cts(
σi=σ)an
d
th
enum
bero
ffie
ldsmi≤ 2fo
ral
li,th
enth
eran
kin
gofp
roj
ect
sac
cor
din
gtoΓii
sth
e
β
sam
easth
eon
eob
tain
edw
ithHi fo
ran
yβ≥0
.

Ino
the
rwo
rds
,con
sid
erin
gth
esub
samp
leo
fpr
oje
ctsin
volv
ingl
essth
antw
odi
sci
-
p
lin
es,anda
ssum
ingth
ata
llo
fth
emh
aveth
esam
eel
ast
ic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
ion
,nom
att
er
2
. FROMTHE MODELTOTHEDATA 9
1

1
.75
λi)
Hβ(

.
15

1
.25

1
01 0
.5
23 0
.6
45 0
.7
67 0
.8
β 89 0
.9
λi1

F
igu
re3
.1:H
il
lind
exwh
enmi=2

th
ech
oic
eofth
eord
ero
fth
eHi
llind
exβ,th
erank
ingo
fpr
oje
ctsa
cco
rdin
gtoβi
sex
act
ly
th
esam
easth
isob
tain
edw
ith1−σ.

N
eve
rth
ele
ssth
isc
ond
it
ion m
ayc
ons
ide
rab
lyr
est
ric
tth
esamp
leo
fpap
ersinou
r
d
atab
aseandon
lya
llow
sust
odr
awl
imi
tedc
onc
lus
ion
sinth
ere
lat
ionb
etw
eenc
omp
lex
ity
andimp
act
.Tod
ealw
ithth
een
tir
eda
tab
ase
,wec
alcu
lat
eSp
earm
an’
srankc
orr
ela
tion
c
oeffi
cien
tsb
etw
eend
iffe
ren
tdi
scip
lin
aryd
ive
rsi
tyind
exe
s. P
osi
tiv
eva
lue
scl
oset
o1
ind
ica
teth
atth
erank
ingo
fpr
oje
ctsa
cco
rdin
gtoth
eird
isc
ipl
ina
ryd
ive
rsi
tyd
oesn
’t
sub
stan
tia
llych
ang
ewh
atev
erth
eva
lueo
fβ. H
owev
erH
il
lind
exe
sma
yben
ega
tiv
ely
,
n
on-o
rwe
aklyc
orr
ela
ted w
ithe
acho
the
r,l
ikeinth
enum
eri
cali
llu
str
ati
ong
ivenin
Ex
amp
le7
. Th
ism
ayl
eadt
ooppo
sit
esi
gnsf
orth
eco
effic
ien
tsa
sso
cia
tedt
oth
ediv
ers
ity
ind
exe
sinou
rre
gre
ssi
ons
.Ifsu
chas
itu
ati
onw
eret
ooc
cur
,sin
cew
ear
eun
abl
etos
ele
ct
th
eco
rre
ctind β=1−σ)
ex( ,wec
an’
tve
ri
fyth
eva
lid
ityo
fou
rmod
elw
ithth
een
tir
e
d
atab
ase
. Inth
iss
itu
ati
on,w
ear
eon
lyab
let
opa
rti
allyc
onc
lud
ewi
thth
esub
seto
f
p
roj
ect
sin
volv
inga
tmo
sttw
odi
scip
lin
es.

Examp
le7 Con
sid
erth
ese
tofp
roj
ect
sgi
veninT
abl
e3.2fo
rwh
ichw
erep
ortth
econ
-
t
ribu
tion
sofe
achd
isc
ipl
inetoth
eou
tcom
einc
olumn
s2to5
.
9
2 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

i λ
i1 λi2 λi3 λi4

1 0
.52 0
.48 0 0

2 0
.68 0
.27 0
.05 0

3 0
.7 0
.24 0
.04 0
.02

4 0
.72 0
.14 0
.12 0
.02

5 0
.74 0
.09 0
.09 0
.08

T
abl
e3.
2:C
ont
ribu
tion
sofe
achd
isc
ipl
ineλijt
opr
oje
cti

H2(
λ)

.
19

1
.8

1
.7
1
.95 2
.05 2
.15 2
.25 2
.35
Γi

F
igu
re3
.2:N
ega
tiv
eco
rre
lat
ionb
etw
eenth
eSimp
sonandou
rcomp
lex
ityind
exe
s.

Supp
osetha
tal
lth
epr
oje
ctsha
veth
esam
eela
sti
cit
yofsu
bst
itu
tionb
etw
eeneffo
rts
su
chtha
tσi=0,imp
lyin
gtha
tth
ecomp
lex
ityind
exo
fpr
oje
cti(Γ
i)i
sth
eexp
onen
tia
l
o
fth
eShannon
-Wi
ene
rind
e H1(
x( λi)
).I
fwec
ompu
teth
eSimp
sonind
e H2(
x( λi)
)fo
r
e
achp
roj
ecti
,weo
bse
rveinF
igu
re3
.2tha
tth
ism
easu
rei
sne
gat
ive
lyc
orr
ela
tedw
ithth
e
c
omp
lex
ityind
ex. Th
isc
ome
sfr
omth
efa
cttha
tth
elow
erβi
s,th
emo
reund
err
epr
esen
ted
d
isc
ipl
ine
sinap
roj
ecta
reta
kenin
toa
ccoun
tbyth
eme
asu
re.Inou
rexamp
le
,pr
oje
ctsa
re
r
ank
edb
yas
cend
ingo
rde
rofth
econ
tri
but
iono
fth
efir
std
isc
ipl
ine
. Th
eShannon
-Wi
ene
r
ind
ex,mo
res
ens
it
ivetolow
erw
eigh
tsthanth
eSimp
sonon
e,i
sin
cre
asin
gwi
this
inc
e
th
erei
sgr
eat
ere
venn
essinth
econ
tri
but
ion
sofd
isc
ipl
ine
s2to4wh
il
etha
tofd
isc
ipl
ine
1i
ssim
ila
rfo
rpr
oje
cts2to5
. Onth
econ
tra
ry,th
eSimp
sonind
exi
s mo
res
ens
it
iveto
3
.LITERATUREREV
IEW 9
3

th
ehi
ghe
stw
eigh
t.S
inc
eλi1 i
sin
cre
asin
gwi
thi
,pr
oje
ctsa
rer
ank
edb
yde
scend
ingo
rde
r
o
fth
eSimp
sonind
ex.Inth
ise
xamp
le
,cho
osin
gar
andomo
rde
rfo
rth
eHi
llind
exc
an
l
eadtoopp
osi
ter
esu
lt
swh
ent
est
ingth
ere
lat
ionb
etw
eenin
ter
dis
cip
lina
rit
yandimp
act
.

3 L
ite
ratu
rerev
iew

P
rev
iou
spap
ersh
avea
lre
adys
tud
iedth
ere
lat
ionb
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yandimp
act
w
ith
outfind
ingc
lea
rcu
tre
sul
ts. On
eofth
efir
stc
ont
ribu
tion
stoth
isl
ite
ratu
rec
ome
s
f
romR
ini
aeta
l.(
200
1). Th
eyp
ropo
sead
esc
rip
tiv
est
ati
sti
cals
tudyo
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
r-
i
tyc
onc
ern
ing2
00a
cad
emi
cph
ysi
csr
ese
archp
rog
ram
sinth
eNe
the
rland
s. Th
eya
ssi
gn
e
achp
ape
rth
ere
sea
rchsubfi
eld
softh
ejou
rna
lino
rde
rtoob
tainf
orag
ivenr
ese
arch
p
rog
ramth
edi
str
ibu
tiono
fpub
li
cat
ion
sov
err
ese
archsubfi
eld
s. Th
eyd
efin
eth
elev
el
o
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofe
achph
ysi
csr
ese
archp
rog
rama
sth
epe
rcen
tag
eofn
on-ph
ysi
cs
p
ape
rs,andc
alcu
lat
eSp
earm
anr
ank
-co
rre
lat
ionc
oeffi
cien
tsb
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
andv
ari
abl
eso
fimp
act
. Th
eyh
igh
ligh
tan
ega
tiv
eoranab
sen
ceo
fsi
gnifi
can
tco
rre
lat
ion
b
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yands
eve
ralm
easu
reso
fimp
act(
cit
ati
ons
,numb
ero
fpub
li
ca-
t
ion
s).L
evi
ttandTh
elw
all(
200
8)c
ons
ide
r mu
lt
idi
scip
lin
aryp
ape
rsa
sth
osepub
li
shed
inj
ourn
alsr
efe
ren
cedin m
oreth
anon
edi
scip
lin
e.C
ondu
ctin
gst
ati
sti
calt
est
s(c
orr
ela
-
t
ion
s,m
eanc
omp
ari
son
s),th
eyob
serv
eins
oci
als
cien
cesn
osi
gnifi
can
tdiff
eren
cesb
etw
een
m
onod
isc
ipl
ina
ryand mu
lt
idi
scip
lin
aryr
ese
archa
rti
cle
scon
cern
ingth
enumb
ero
fci
ta-
t
ion
s. Th
eyev
enn
oteth
atinl
ifes
cien
ces
,he
alths
cien
cesandph
ysi
cals
cien
ces
,pap
ers
in
volv
ingaun
iqu
eac
adem
icd
isc
ipl
ineh
avetw
icea
sman
yci
tat
ion
sas mu
lt
idi
scip
lin
ary
on
es.

In
ste
ado
fus
ingaun
iqu
eind
ica
tort
ome
asu
rein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y,W
ange
tal
.(2
015
)
c
omb
ineth
reev
ari
abl
es(v
ari
ety
,ba
lan
ce,d
isp
ari
ty)ande
stim
ateaP
ois
son m
ode
lwi
th
j
ourn
alfix
edeff
ect
stoan
aly
seth
eeff
ecto
f mu
lt
idi
scip
lin
ari
tyonth
eimp
acto
fac
adem
ic
p
ape
rs(
cit
ati
onandc
ita
tionsp
eed
).F
ol
low
ingP
ort
erand R
afo
ls(
200
9),th
eyop
era
-
t
ion
ali
sev
ari
etya
sth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es,b
alan
cea
sth
eev
enn
esso
fth
edi
str
ibu
tion
o
fdi
scip
lin
esandd
isp
ari
tya
sth
ede
gre
etowh
ichth
edi
scip
lin
esa
red
iffe
ren
t.U
sin
ga
3
-ye
arc
ita
tionw
ind
ow,th
eyob
tainth
atth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sde
cre
ase
swi
thv
ari
ety
andd
isp
ari
tywh
ere
asb
alan
ceh
asn
osi
gnifi
can
teff
ect
.Us
inga1
3-y
earc
ita
tionw
ind
ow,
v
ari
etyandd
isp
ari
tyh
aveapo
sit
iveeff
ectwh
il
eba
lan
ceimp
act
sne
gat
ive
lyth
enumb
er
o
fci
tat
ion
s. Th
eau
tho
rsa
rgu
eth
atth
ebe
sts
tra
tegyt
oin
cre
aseimp
actinth
elon
g-t
erm
9
4 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

i
stoh
aveon
edi
scip
lin
aryc
oreands
imu
ltan
eou
slybo
rrowkn
owl
edg
efr
oms
omeo
the
r
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,r
ath
erth
and
raw
ingkn
owl
edg
eev
enlyf
rom mu
lt
ipl
edi
scip
lin
es.Inav
ery
s
imi
lars ,Y
tudy e
gro
s-Y
egr
ose
tal
.(2
015
)es
tim
ateaT
obi
tre
gre
ssi
onm
ode
ltoin
ves
tig
ate
th
ere
lat
ionb
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yandimp
act
.Us
inga5
-ye
arc
ita
tionw
ind
ow,th
ey
n
oteapo
sit
iveeff
ecto
fva
rie
tyonth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
swh
ere
asah
igh
erb
alan
ceand
d
isp
ari
tyd
ecr
eas
esth
eimp
acto
fac
adem
icp
ape
rs. Th
eyemph
asi
zeaU
-in
ver
tedr
ela
tion
-
sh
ipb
etw
eenth
eseind
epend
antv
ari
abl
esandth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s,bu
tsom
eofth
em
a
requ
est
ion
abl
e.L
ook
inga
tFi
gur
e2b(p
age1
4),n
opap
erh
asav
alu
eofb
alan
ceb
etw
een
0and0
.4,wh
ichd
oesn
otp
rev
entth
eau
tho
rsf
romc
onc
lud
ingt
oana
rtifi
cia
lin
cre
asin
g
r
ela
tioninth
isin
terv
alb
etw
eenb
alan
ceandimp
act
. Th
eau
tho
rsemp
loyth
eRa
o-S
tir
lin
g
d
ive
rsi
tyind
ext
ote
sts
imu
ltan
eou
slyth
eeff
ect
sofv
ari
ety
,ba
lan
ceandd
isp
ari
ty.H
ow-
ev
erth
eyf
oundn
oev
iden
ceo
fas
ign
ific
antr
ela
tion
shipb
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yand
imp
act
.

L
eah
eye
tal
.(2
017
)ad
optp
athan
aly
tict
echn
iqu
est
ostudyth
eimp
acto
fin
ter
-
d
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonp
rodu
ctiv
ity(numb
ero
fpap
erspub
li
shedo
veron
ere
sea
rch
er’
sca
ree
r)
andv
is
ibi
li
ty(numb
ero
fci
tat
ion
spe
rpap
er)
. Th
eypo
intou
tth
atin
cre
asin
gby1
0%
th
eind
ica
toro
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yde
cre
ase
sth
enumb
ero
fpub
li
cat
ion
sby7
.7%o
vera
r
ese
arch
er’
sca
ree
rwh
il
eitin
cre
ase
sth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sofap
ape
rby6
.9%
. Th
eau
-
th
orsc
onfi
rmth
eser
esu
ltsb
yes
tim
atin
gfix
ed-
effe
ctr
egr
ess
ion m
ode
latth
epe
rson
-ye
ar
l
eve
l(f
orp
rodu
ctiv
ity
)anda
tth
epap
erl
eve
l(f
orv
is
ibi
li
ty)
. Am
ongo
the
rre
sul
ts,th
ey
m
ent
ionth
atp
rodu
cin
gin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryr
ese
archi
sas
soc
iat
edw
ithah
igh
erv
ari
abi
li
ty
(m
easu
reda
sth
est
and
ardd
evi
ati
on)inth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sth
an m
onod
isc
ipl
ina
ry
r
ese
arch
,me
anin
gth
ats
cien
tis
ts wh
opub
li
sh m
orein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryr
ese
archa
rem
ore
l
ike
lyt
opr
odu
cebo
thf
requ
ent
ly-
cit
edandr
are
ly-
cit
edw
ork
s.

Th
isp
rofu
siono
fdiff
eren
tre
sul
tsl
ead
sust
oqu
est
ionth
eex
ist
enc
eofapo
ssib
le
om
itt
edv
ari
abl
eth
atw
ouldb
lurth
ene
gat
iver
ela
tion
shipb
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yand
imp
act
. Ou
rbe
li
efi
sth
atp
rev
iou
ses
tim
ati
onsin
suffi
cien
tlyc
ont
rolf
orth
ech
ara
cte
ris
tic
s
o
fth
ete
amsp
rodu
cin
gcr
oss
-di
scip
lin
aryr
ese
arch
.Inp
art
icu
lar
,th
eli
ter
atu
reind
ica
tes
th
ats
eni
orr
ese
arch
ersa
rem
orel
ike
lyt
oen
gag
einsu
chach
all
eng
e(Rh
otenandP
ark
er,
2
004
;Ca
ray
olandTh
i,2
005
),a
sth
eya
rem
oreexp
eri
enc
edandb
enefi
tfr
omag
rea
ter
p
rof
ess
ion
alf
reed
om. Ano
ver
rep
res
ent
ati
ono
fth
isc
ate
goryo
fsc
ien
tis
tsinth
esamp
leo
f
c
ros
s-d
isc
ipl
ina
ryr
ese
arch
ersc
ouldexp
lainwh
ysom
estud
iesob
serv
eapo
sit
iveeff
ecto
f
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s.Ind
eeds
eni
orr
ese
arch
erso
ftenb
enefi
tfr
om
4
. DATAAND METHODS 9
5

ag
rea
tvi
sib
il
ity
,ah
ighnumb
ero
fpa
stpub
li
cat
ion
sandad
ens
ene
two
rko
fco
-au
tho
rs.
Th
epr
esum
edn
ega
tiv
eeff
ecto
fcr
oss
-di
scip
lin
aryr
ese
archc
ouldb
ecoun
terb
alan
cedb
y
th
epo
sit
iveeff
ecto
fth
eseind
ividu
alch
ara
cte
ris
tic
s,in
trodu
cin
gno
iseinth
ees
tim
ati
on
o
fth
ere
lat
ion
.Inth
isp
ape
r,w
epr
opo
set
opa
rti
allyc
ont
rolf
orth
ech
ara
cte
ris
tic
softh
e
t
eam m
emb
ers(F
ren
chau
tho
rs)t
oav
oidsu
chanamb
igu
ity
.

As
econdpo
ssib
leexp
lan
ati
oni
sth
ech
oic
eofth
eord
ero
fth
eHi
llind
ex. Inth
e
p
rev
iou
sse
cti
on,w
eha
vesh
ownth
atth
ism
ayl
eadt
ooppo
sit
ere
sul
tsinth
ere
gre
ssi
ons
.
Inth
isp
ape
rwesy
stem
ati
cal
lyt
estou
rre
lat
ionb
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yandimp
act
w
ithf
ourind
exe
s: th
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,th
eSimp
son
,th
eexpon
ent
ialo
fth
eSh
ann
on-
W
ien
erind
exe
s,andth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es. M
anyp
rev
iou
sstud
ieson
lyt
estth
is
r
ela
tionw
ithaun
iqu
eind
ex,wh
ichc
ouldexp
lainth
epr
ofu
siono
fdiff
eren
tre
sul
ts.

Inth
enex
tse
cti
on,w
epr
esen
tou
rda
tab
ase
.

4 Da
taand Me
thod
s

4
.1 Da
tase
t

D
atac
oll
ect
ions
tar
tss
imi
lar
lyth
anC
ara
yolandL
ano
ë(2
017
)wi
thal
isto
fal
lre
sea
rch
ers
andp
rof
ess
orsa
sso
cia
tedw
ithon
elabo
rat
orya
ccr
edi
tedb
yth
eFr
ench M
ini
stryo
fHi
ghe
r
Edu
cat
ionandR
ese
archa
roundth
eye
ar2
010
. Th
isl
istc
ont
ain
sin
form
ati
onsonn
ear
ly
fi
ftyth
ous
andt
enu
redp
ers
onswh
oar
efu
llo
ras
sis
tan
tpr
ofe
sso
rs,a
ssi
stan
tre
sea
rch
ers
o
rre
sea
rchd
ire
cto
rs. T
enu
redr
ese
arch
ersandp
rof
ess
ors wh
oar
eno
tas
soc
iat
edt
oa
2
l
abo
rat
oryo
rre
sea
rchun
itl
abe
li
zedb
yth
emin
ist
rya
reex
clud
edf
romth
eda
tas
et .
H
owev
erw
ees
tim
ateth
atth
ere
sul
tin
gsamp
ler
epr
esen
tsa
tle
asttw
oth
ird
softh
ena
tion
’s
a
ctiv
eac
adem
icr
ese
archt
enu
redw
ork
for
ce.

Th
eco
ll
ect
iono
fpub
li
cat
iond
atao
fth
isp
ape
rac
tua
li
zesC
ara
yolandL
ano
ë(2
017
).
W
eha
vec
oll
ect
edth
esc
ien
tifi
car
tic
les
,le
tte
rsandr
evi
ewspub
li
shedb
yatl
eas
taF
ren
ch
r
ese
arch
erinj
ourn
alsl
ist
edinth
eWebo
fSc
ien
ce(W
oS)
,bu
tfo
ral
arg
erfi
fte
eny
ear
spe
-
r
iod(
199
9-2
013
). Th
esam
edi
samb
igu
ati
ont
echn
iqu
eisa
lsoapp
li
edb
asedonaâĂIJ
seed
+exp
and
âĂİm
eth
odo
logy(R
eijnh
oud
teta
l.,2
014
).S
omer
ese
arch
ersc
ouldn
otb
epr
op-
e
rlyd
isamb
igu
tat
eds
inc
eth
eyh
avet
ooc
omm
onsu
rnam
es.S
omeo
the
rsh
aven
opub
li
-
c
ati
onr
eco
rdth
atc
anb
eena
tta
chedt
oth
em,p
art
icu
lar
lyinS
oci
alandHum
anS
cien
ces
.
2
Th
eFr
enchr
esea
rchsy
stemi
sorgan
izedinr
esea
rchlabo
rato
rie
s,s
eeCa
ray
oland Ma
tt(
2004)
9
6 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

Inbo
thc
ase
sweex
clud
eth
emf
romth
eda
tab
ase
.Atth
eendo
fth
isp
roc
ess
,ou
rsamp
le
c
ont
ain
s27
,51
5re
sea
rch
ersandth
eir7
77,
278p
art
ic
ipa
tion
sin4
01,
563d
ist
inc
tar
tic
les
pub
li
shedf
rom1
999t
o20
13. W
edr
op5
,79
5pap
erswh
ichb
elon
gst
oat
otec
ate
gory
,53
2
p
ape
rsf
orwh
ichth
edi
scip
lin
aryp
rofi
lei
sno
tco
rre
ctlysp
ec ed( m
ifi =1 λ
s
i
s=1
i ),and4
3
a
rti
cle
sha
vin
gnoc
oll
ect
edr
efe
ren
ce. Ou
rfin
ald
ata
setc
omp
ris
es3
95,
193p
ape
rs.

4
.2 V
ariab
les

4
.2.1 Dependen
tva
riab
les

Numbe
rofc
ita
tion
s. Ou
rma
ind
epend
entv
ari
abl
eisth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sob
tain
ed
b
yap
ape
rinafix
edw
ind
owo
fth
reey
ear
saf
teri
tsd
ateo
fpub
li
cat
ion
. Th
ism
easu
re
i
swid
elyu
sedins
cien
tom
etr
icst
oas
ses
sre
sea
rchimp
acto
fjou
rna
lar
tic
les
.Toju
sti
fy
th
eirc
laim
s,r
ese
arch
ersc
itep
rev
iou
swo
rksonwh
ichth
eircu
rren
tpap
erbu
ild
s.G
ivena
p
ape
r,th
ere
ceiv
ednumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sisaf
ormo
fre
cogn
it
ionb
yth
esc
ien
tifi
ccommun
ity
o
ftenin
terp
ret
eda
sth
e“qua
li
ty”o
fanid
ea.N
eve
rth
ele
ssth
isapp
rox
ima
tion mu
stb
e
d
onew
ithc
aut
ion
. Th
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sdep
end
sonth
edi
scip
lin
esin
volv
edinth
e
p
ape
r.F
urth
erm
orer
ese
arch
ersc
ann
ega
tiv
elyc
iteaj
ourn
ala
rti
clet
ore
fut
eanid
ea.
Th
edi
stin
cti
onb
etw
eenc
ita
tion
stoa
ckn
owl
edg
eandth
osec
rit
ic
iz
ingp
rev
iou
swo
rk
i
sno
tmad
e;bo
thb
ein
gpo
sit
ive
lyc
ons
ide
redinth
eme
asu
reex
cep
tins
omep
ape
rs
(
Cat
alin
ieta
l.,2
015
). Th
epr
act
iceo
fse
lf
-ci
tat
ioni
swid
esp
readandinflu
enc
esth
e
numb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s:i
fre
fer
ingt
oau
tho
r’sp
rev
iou
swo
rkc
anb
ere
lev
ant
,re
sea
rch
ers
c
ans
elf
-ci
teth
eirownp
ape
rsf
ors
tra
teg
icr
eas
ons
,lik
ein
cre
asin
gth
eirh
-ind
ex(
Bar
tne
ck
andK
okk
elm
ans
,20
10)
. Th
eci
tat
ionc
ove
rag
ediff
ersf
romon
eda
tab
aset
oan
oth
er(W
eb
o
fSc
ien
ce,S
copu
s,G
oog
leS
cho
lar
)ac
cord
ingt
oth
enumb
ero
find
exedj
ourn
als
,th
e
r
ese
archa
rea
sandth
ebe
ginn
ingd
ateo
fda
tac
oll
ect
ion
.Jou
rna
lsl
imi
tth
elen
gtho
f
subm
iss
ion
swh
ichp
rev
ent
sau
tho
rst
oci
teth
eirs
our
ce S
s(eg
len,1
997
). Th
enumb
ero
f
c
ita
tion
sisn
oton
lyaff
ect
edb
yme
asu
rem
entp
rob
lem
s,bu
tal
sob
yth
ebeh
avi
oro
fth
e
s
cien
tifi
ccommun
ity
.Wan
geta
l. (
201
7)a
rgu
eth
at“
bib
liom
etr
icm
easu
resa
reb
ias
ed
a
gain
stno
velr
ese
arch
”.P
ast
erk
ampe
tal
.(2
007
)sh
owth
atth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sis
influ
enc
edb
yth
ege
ogr
aph
ico
rig
ino
fth
ere
sea
rchpub
li
cat
ion
.

T
abe3
l .
3pr
esen
tss
omed
esc
rip
tiv
est
ati
sti
csonou
rsamp
leo
fpap
ersa
cco
rdin
gto
th
eirm
aind
isc
ipl
ine
.Ar
tic
lespub
li
shedinj
ourn
also
fha
rds
cien
cesc
ons
titu
teth
ebu
lk
o
fou
rda
tab
asec
ont
raryt
oth
oseinS
oci
aland Hum
anS
cien
ces
. Th
eav
era
genumb
er
4
. DATAAND METHODS 9
7

o
fci
tat
ion
spe
rpap
erth
reey
ear
saf
terth
eda
teo
fpub
li
cat
ionv
ari
esal
ota
cro
ssfi
eld
s:
m
oreth
an9inB
asi
cBi
olo
gyv
ersu
s2in M
ath
ema
tic
sfo
rin
stan
ce.B
esid
esth
enumb
er
o
fci
tat
ion
spe
rpap
eri
sov
erd
isp
ers
edwh
atev
erth
edi
scip
lin
e,w
itha m
eano
f6.
74anda
s
tand
ardd
evi
ati
ono
f16
.8.InT
abl
e3.
4,w
epr
ovid
eth
ecumu
lat
ivef
requ
encyd
ist
ribu
tion
o
fth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s. Ar
ema
rkab
lef
acti
sth
epr
opo
rti
ono
fpap
ersob
tain
ing0
c
ita
tion
, wh
ichi
scl
oset
o18
.4%inth
efu
lld
atab
asebu
tth
edoub
leins
omer
ese
arch
a
rea
sasinS
oci
alS
cien
cesf
orin
stan
ce.

T
op10%and T
op5%
.Wea
lsoc
ons
ide
radumm
yequ
alt
o1i
fth
epap
erb
elon
gs
t
oth
etop1
0%(
resp
ect
ive
lyt
op5%
)mo
stc
iteda
rti
cle
sini
tsm
aind
isc
ipl
ineina3
-ye
ar
w
ind
ow,0o
the
rwi
se.
 9
8

Ob
servat
ion in M
s M edian Max M
ean S
.D.
Appli
edB iology-E cology 16290 0 4 259 6
.45 9
.18
BasicBiology 6 5
042 0 5 647 9.09 14.1
Chemistry 6 4
292 0 4 855 6.38 11.1
Enginee
ringS cience
s 32914 0 1 182 2
.48 4
.37
Hum anS c
ien ce
s 3520 0 1 7 2 3.02 4.69
Mathem at
ics 1 5
182 0 1 108 2.00 3.01
Medica
lR ese a
rch 9 3
923 0 4 1
1 0
8 7.90 19.1
Physic
alS ciences 6 1
196 0 3 3
2 6
4 6.26 27.1
Sci
en c
eso fth eUniver
se 40274 0 4 917 7.5
2 14.
0
Socia
lS ci
en ces 2560 0 1 4 4 1.96 3.11
Tota
l 395193 0 3 3
2 6
4 6.74 16.8

T
abl
e3.
3: Numb
ero
fci
tat
ion
spe
rpap
era
cco
rdin
gtoth
ema
ind
isc
ipl
ine(
allth
eda
tab
ase
)

Number Applied Ba s
ic Ch
emi
st in
ry Eng eer
ing Human Ma
thema
tic
sM ed
ica
l Phy
sica
l Sc
ienc
es So c
ial T
ota
l
of Bio
logy B
iology S
cien
ces S cien
ces R
esea
rch Sc
ience
s o
fthe S
cience
s
c
ita
tion
s Eco
logy Un
ive
rse
0 11.74 8.830 13
.85 37
.51 33
.12 35
.03 18
.63 20
.89 14
.70 38
.20 18
.36
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

1 23.88 17.56 26
.27 55
.95 51
.42 58
.15 31
.19 34
.44 25
.81 60
.35 31
.27
2 35.60 26.53 37
.95 68
.21 62
.50 72
.66 41
.17 45
.56 35
.99 74
.41 42
.03
3 45.86 35.15 47
.73 76
.85 72
.27 81
.96 49
.43 54
.85 44
.92 82
.46 50
.99
4 54.71 42.98 56
.13 82
.74 78
.44 87
.60 56
.33 62
.09 52
.66 87
.89 58
.36
IGHERC

5 62.01 50.01 63
.27 87
.06 82
.84 91
.40 62
.12 68
.08 59
.31 91
.99 64
.53
6 67.88 56.19 68
.90 90
.13 86
.19 94
.03 66
.86 73
.18 64
.91 94
.22 69
.59
ITAT

7 72.64 61.59 73
.75 92
.36 88
.98 95
.57 70
.84 77
.05 69
.53 95
.62 73
.76
8 76.67 66.24 77
.58 93
.94 91
.25 96
.62 74
.13 80
.32 73
.51 96
.48 77
.20
9 80.03 70.21 80
.86 95
.26 92
.90 97
.42 77
.07 83
.02 76
.85 97
.30 80
.15
10 82.81 73.63 83
.48 96
.10 94
.09 98
.09 79
.61 85
.12 79
.68 97
.58 82
.58

T
abl
e3.
4 l
: Cumuat
ivef
requ
encyd
ist
ribu
tion(%
)ofth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
spe
rpap
era
cco
rdin
gtoth
ema
ind
isc
ipl
ine(
allth
eda
tab
ase
)
IONIMPACT
?
4
. DATAAND METHODS 9
9

Numb
ero
fdisc
ipl
ine
s Ob
servat
ions F
requency Cumu
lat
iveFrequ
ency
1 149403 37
.81 37
.81
2 143748 36
.37 74
.18
3 7 2
633 18
.38 92
.56
4 2 2
189 5.61 98
.17
5 5619 1.42 99
.60
6 1320 0.33 99
.93
7 2
30 0.06 99
.99
8 42 0.01 100.0
0
9 7 0.00 100.0
0
10 1 0.00 100.0
0
T
ota
l 395192 100.0
0 100.0
0

T
abl
e3.
5: Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esp
erp
ape
r(OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)

4
.2.2 Independen
tva
riab
les

F
ol
low
ingth
eli
ter
atu
re,w
ecompu
tein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exe
sofag
ivenp
ape
rac
cord
ing
t
oth
edi
scip
lin
aryp
rofi
leo
fit
sre
fer
enc
eli
st.Su
chanop
era
tionfi
rstr
equ
ire
stoid
ent
ify
th
edi
scip
lin
es.T
oth
isend
,wem
ain
lyc
ons
ide
rth
edi
scip
lin
aryc
las
sifi
cat
ionf
romth
e
OST3 wh
ichi
sch
ara
cte
riz
edb
yah
ighl
eve
lofa
ggr
ega
tion(
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s). Th
isn
omen
-
c
latu
rei
ssu
itab
let
ote
stth
epr
edi
cti
onso
fou
rmod
els
inc
e74%o
fth
epap
ersf
romth
e
d
atab
asesp
ano
vera
tmo
sttw
ore
sea
rcha
rea
s(T
abl
e3.
5). B
esid
esth
e10d
isc
ipl
ine
s
o
fth
isc
las
sifi
cat
ionr
ema
inun
chan
gedo
vert
imea
llow
ingf
ort
empo
ralc
omp
ari
son
sof
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exe
s.Inth
erobu
stn
essch
eck
s,w
eal
sot
estou
rmod
elw
ithtw
ooth
er
n
omen
cla
tur
esd
iffe
rin
gbyth
eirg
ranu
lar
it eNOWT4 c
y:th las
sifi
cat
ionw
ith3
5re
sea
rch
a
rea
sandth
e W
oSsub
jec
tca
teg
ori
esw
ith2
52d
isc
ipl
ine
s. W
egiv
ein T
abl
e3.
98th
e
c
orr
espond
anc
ebe
twe
enth
esen
omen
cla
tur
es.

T
oes
tim
ateth
edi
scip
lin
aryp
rofi
leo
fap
ape
r,w
eat
tribu
tet
oea
chc
itedr
efe
ren
ce
th
edi
scip
lin
eso
fth
ejou
rna
linwh
ichi
tha
sbe
enpub
li
shed
. Thu
sfo
rth
ere
fer
enc
eli
st
o
fag
ivenp
ape
r,w
eob
tainth
edi
str
ibu
tiono
fdi
scip
lin
esw
ithth
eira
sso
cia
ted w
eigh
t
(Ex
amp
le8
). T
oco
rre
ctlyd
ete
rmin
eth
isd
isc
ipl
ina
ryb
ack
ground
,wen
eedt
oha
vea
suffi
cien
tly
lon
gre
fer
enc
eli
st.M
anyf
act
orsc
anaff
ectth
isv
ari
abl
e:c
ita
tion
spr
act
ice
sar
e
d
iffe
ren
tbe
twe
enth
edi
scip
lin
esandth
etyp
eofd
ocum
ent(
art
ic
le
,con
fer
enc
epr
oce
edin
g,
r
evi
ew)
. W
ork
ingp
ape
rsandbookch
apt
ersa
ren
ott
akenin
toa
ccoun
tinth
ere
fer
enc
e
l
ists
inc
eth
eya
ren
otpub
li
cat
ion
sinj
ourn
als
. Th
ere
fer
enc
eco
ver
ageinth
eda
tab
asei
s
n
otp
erf
ect
,pa
rti
cul
arlyinS
oci
alandHum
anS
cien
ces
.
3
Obs
ervato
ired
esSci
encese
tT echn
ique
s(P a
ris
)
4
Ned
erland
s Obs
erv
ator
iumv oo
rW eten
schapenTe
chno
log
ie(L
eid
en)
1
00 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

T
abl
e3.
6pr
esen
tss
omesumm
arys
tat
ist
icsc
onc
ern
ingth
esi
zeo
fth
ere
fer
enc
eli
st
o
fpap
ersa
cco
rdin
gtoth
eirm
aind
isc
ipl
ine
. Inou
rda
tab
asew
ear
eab
let
oid
ent
ify
7
.23c
itedr
efe
ren
cesp
erp
ape
rona
ver
age
,anda
tle
ast5
0%o
fth
epap
ersh
avem
ore
th
an5r
efe
ren
ces
.How
eve
rins
omea
cad
emi
cdi
scip
lin
es(S
oci
alS
cien
cesf
orin
stan
ce)
,
th
eme
annumb
ero
fre
fer
enc
esi
stool
owt
oes
tim
atep
rop
erlyth
edi
scip
lin
aryp
rofi
leo
f
e
achp
ape
r.S
inc
eth
etyp
eofd
ocum
entm
ayb
epa
rtlyth
ecau
se,w
egiv
ede
scr
ipt
ive
s
tat
ist
icsin T
abl
e3.
7tod
ealw
ithth
isqu
est
ion
.Inp
art
icu
lar
,con
fer
enc
epr
oce
edin
gs
h
avel
essr
efe
ren
cesth
ano
the
rtyp
eso
fdo
cum
ent
s.F
ol
low
in e
gYgr
os-Y
egr
ose
tal
.(2
015
),
w
econ
sid
erp
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
cesl
ink
edt
oa W
oSsub
jec
tca
teg
ory
. Th
isl
ead
s
t
oasub
samp
leo
f25
1,4
79a
rti
cle
s. W
epr
esen
tinT
abl
es3
.8and3
.9th
esam
ede
scr
ipt
ive
s
tat
ist
icsa
sinT
abl
es3
.6and3
.7a
fte
rdr
opp
ingp
ape
rsw
ithl
essth
an4r
efe
ren
ces
.As
exp
ect
ed,th
isr
edu
cesth
ewe
igh
tofc
onf
eren
cep
roc
eed
ing
sinou
rda
tab
ase
. Inou
r
sub
samp
le
,wea
reab
let
oid
ent
ify1
0.3c
itedr
efe
ren
cesp
era
rti
cleona
ver
age
,wi
tha
m
edi
ana
t8wh
ichs
eem
stob
esuffi
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ttoc
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ect
lyd
ete
rmin
eth
edi
scip
lin
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f
e
achp
ape
r. Th
enw
ecompu
tef
ourind
ica
tor
sofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
ybe
lon
gin
gtoth
eHi
ll
ind
exf
ami
ly:th
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er(
β→ +∞)
,th
eSimp
son(
β=2
)andth
eexpon
ent
ialo
f
th
eSh
ann
on-W
ien
er(
β=1
) ind
exe
s,andth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
β=0
). N
atu
ral
ly
i
tisn
otpo
ssib
let
ote
sta
llth
eHi
llind
exe
ssin
ceth
eirnumb
eri
sinfin
ite
.How
eve
rth
e
ch
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alu
eso ak
fβm e
ssen
see
con
omi
cal
ly(
seech
apt
er2
)anda
red
ist
ribu
tedonth
e
wh
olein
terv
al[
0;+
∞[. W
ene
edt
otak
eca
re wh
en w
ete
stth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es
s
inc
eth
isv
ari
abl
ecanon
lyt
ake1
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lue
s(ev
eryin
teg
erb
etw
een1and1
0). Inou
r
r
egr
ess
ion
s,w
esu
cce
ssiv
elyin
teg
rat
eth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esa
sac
ont
inu
ousth
ena
c
ate
gor
ica
lva
riab
le
.Inth
ela
tte
r,w
ech
oos
emon
odi
scip
lin
aryp
ape
rs(w
ith1d
isc
ipl
ine
)
a
sth
ere
fer
enc
egr
oup
.

F
orb
ett
err
ead
abi
li
ty,w
ewi
lls
ome
tim
essh
ort
en“
expon
ent
ialo
fth
eSh
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on-W
ien
er
ind
ex”t
o“Sh
ann
onind
ex”
.InF
igu
re3
.3,w
epr
esen
tth
edi
str
ibu
tiono
fin
terd
isc
ipl
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rit
y
a
cco
rdin
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eSimp
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orth
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d
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s,th
ein
form
ati
oni
sav
ai
lab
leinT
abl
e3.
5. Wh
atev
erth
eind
ex,th
edi
str
ibu
tion
i
spo
sit
ive
lysk
ewed
.
4
. DATAAND METHODS 1
01

Ob
servat
ions M
in M
edian Max M
ean S
.D.
Appli
edB iology-E cology 16290 1 7 1
3 3 8
.68 7
.94
BasicBiology 6 5
042 1 7 249 9.1
3 8.4
8
Chemistry 6 4
292 1 5 335 7.3
1 7.7
9
Enginee
ringS cience
s 32914 1 3 76 3
.76 3
.63
Hum anS c
ien ce
s 3520 1 3 5 2 4.8
3 4.6
5
Mathem at
ics 1 5
182 1 3 5 5 3.6
0 3.0
5
Medica
lR ese a
rch 9 3
923 1 6 311 7.6
7 8.0
5
Physic
alS ciences 6 1
196 1 4 847 5.8
2 7.5
9
Sci
en c
eso fth eUniver
se 40274 1 7 246 9
.21 9
.18
Socia
lS ci
en ces 2560 1 2 7 5 2.9
1 2.8
9
Tota
l 395193 1 5 847 7.2
3 7.8
8

T
abl
e3.
6: Numb
ero
fre
fer
enc
esp
erp
ape
r(a
llth
eda
tab
ase
)

C
onf
eren
ceP ro
ceed
ing J
ourn
alA r
tic
le L
ette
r T
ota
l
Appli
edB iology-E cology 0.6
0 93
.3 6
.10 100
BasicBiology 1.1
2 91
.2 7
.71 100
Chemistry 0.2
2 96
.4 3
.40 100
Enginee
ringS cience
s 0.1
0 99
.0 0
.94 100
Hum anS c
ien ce
s 0.5
7 94
.8 4
.60 100
Mathem at
ics 0
.020 99
.7 0
.25 100
Medica
lR ese a
rch 5.7
6 84
.7 9
.49 100
Physic
alS ciences 0.1
9 98
.3 1
.55 100
Sci
en c
eso fth eUniver
se 0.1
7 95
.9 3
.91 100
Socia
lS ci
en ces 0
.078 98
.5 1
.41 100
Tota
l 1.6
8 93
.2 5
.10 100

T
abl
e3.
7:T
ypeo
fre
sea
rchd
ocum
ent(
allth
eda
tab
ase
)

Ob
servat
ions M
in M
edian Max M
ean S
.D.
Appli
edB iology-E cology 11819 4 9 1
3 3 1
1.2 7
.94
BasicBiology 4 9
027 4 9 249 11.
5 8.5
3
Chemistry 4 2
403 4 8 335 10.
1 8.3
1
Enginee
ringS cience
s 12439 4 6 76 7
.00 4
.13
Hum anS c
ien ce
s 1709 4 7 5 2 8.0
5 4.8
6
Mathem at
ics 5828 4 5 5 5 6.4
7 3.1
5
Medica
lR ese a
rch 6 2
717 4 8 311 10.
5 8.4
9
Physic
alS ciences 3 5
671 4 7 847 8.5
9 8.9
5
Sci
en c
eso fth eUniver
se 29182 4 9 246 12
.0 9
.40
Socia
lS ci
en ces 6
84 4 5 7 5 6.0
7 3.9
8
Tota
l 251479 4 8 847 10.
3 8.4
7

T
abl
e3.
8: Numb
ero
fre
fer
enc
esp
erp
ape
r(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
)
1
02 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

C
onf
eren
ceP ro
ceed
ing J
ourn
alA r
tic
le L
ette
r T
ota
l
Appli
edB iology-E cology 0.4
7 91
.9 7
.67 100
BasicBiology 0.4
6 90
.2 9
.38 100
Chemistry 0.1
2 95
.2 4
.68 100
Enginee
ringS cience
s 0
.032 98
.1 1
.85 100
Hum anS c
ien ce
s 0.1
8 93
.9 5
.97 100
Mathem at
ics 0 99
.6 0
.45 100
Medica
lR ese a
rch 1.8
4 85
.7 12
.5 100
Physic
alS ciences 0.1
0 97
.6 2
.33 100
Sci
en c
eso fth eUniver
se 0
.072 95
.1 4
.80 100
Socia
lS ci
en ces 0.1
5 96
.6 3
.22 100
Tota
l 0.6
2 92
.2 7
.13 100

T
abl
e3.
9:T
ypeo
fre
sea
rchd
ocum
ent(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
)
 4

Ke
rne
ldens
i
tyes
tima
te Ke
rne
ldens
ityes
tima
te Ke
rne
ldens
i
tyes
t
ima
te

.5
1

.5
1

.5
2
. DATAAND METHODS

2
1

y
y1
y

t
t
t

i
i
i

5
s
s
s

1
De.
n
Den
Den

1
.5

.5

.5
0
0
0

11
.522.533.544.55 11
.522
.533.544.55 11
.522
.533
.544
.55
Be
rge
r-Pa
rke
r S
imp son Shannon
ke
rne
l=epanechn
ikov
,bandw
idth=0
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rne
l=epanechn
ikov
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idth=0
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rne
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v,bandw
idth=0
.0508
1
0

F
igu
re3
.3:D
ist
ribu
ti fIn
ono terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yac
cord
ingtoth
eB e
rge
r-Park
er,theSimps
onandth
eSh
ann
onind
exe
s(OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e,
3

pape
rswitha
tleas
t4r e
f e
renc
es)
1
04 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

Examp
le8 Con
sid
erap
ape
rwi
thar
efe
ren
cel
isto
ffiv
ear
tic
les
,al
lofth
empu
bl
ish
edin
a
cad
emi
cre
view
s. W
eas
signtoe
achr
efe
ren
ceth
edi
scip
lin
eso
fth
eco
rre
spond
ingjou
rna
l
l
ikeinF
igu
re3
.4.Inth
ise
xamp
le
,th
efir
str
efe
ren
cei
spu
bl
ish
edinajou
rna
lde
al
ing
b
othw
ithE
conom
icsand Ma
thema
tic
s,th
ese
condon
lyinE
conom
icsandsofo
rth
. W
e
sumth
esew
eigh
tsfo
rea
chd
isc
ipl
ine(2
.5inE
conom
ics
,1.5in Ma
thema
tic
sand1in
So
cio
log
y)b
efo
red
ivid
ingb
yth
eto
talsum(5
)too
bta
inth
econ
tri
but
iono
fea
chd
isc
ipl
ine
toth
epap
er:λi1=0.
5inE
conom
ics
,λi2=0.
3in Ma
thema
tic
sandλi3=0.
2inSo
cio
log
y.

Re
ference
s Re
fe rences
1. 1.Eco(0
.5)
, Math
s(0
.5)
2. 2.Eco(1
)
3. 3.Eco(1
)
4. 4.Maths
(1)
5. 5.Socio
logy
(1)

F
igu
re3
.4:D
isc
ipl
ina
ryp
rofi
leo
fap
ape
r

4
.2.3 Con
tro
lva
riab
les

W
ein
clud
einou
rre
gre
ssi
onsal
isto
fcon
tro
lsth
atp
rev
iou
sstud
iesc
ons
ide
reda
sinflu
-
en
cin
gth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s.

H
-index
. W
epa
rti
allyc
ont
rolf
orind
ividu
alch
ara
cte
ris
tic
slik
eth
epa
sta
cad
emi
c
p
erf
orm
anc
eofF
ren
chr
ese
arch
ersa
tth
etim
eofpub
li
cat
ion
. W
econ
sid
erth
eh-
ind
ex
t
ome
asu
rebo
thth
epr
odu
ctiv
ityandth
eimp
acto
fea
chs
cho
lar
.Pr
opo
sedb
yHi
rsch
(
200
5),ar
ese
arch
erh
asanh-
ind
exequ
alt
ohi
fho
fhi
sorh
erN p
ape
rsh
avea
tle
asth
c
ita
tion
s. Th
ism
easu
reimp
rov
esth
epr
evi
ouson
es,e
spe
cia
llyth
enumb
ero
fpub
li
cat
ion
s
andth
eto
talnumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s.Ind
e eh-
edth ind
exi
sle
sss
ens
it
ivet
oex
trem
eva
lue
s:
r
ese
arch
ersw
ithhu
genumb
ero
fun
cit
edpub
li
cat
ion
sorh
ighnumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
scau
sed
b
yas
ing
lec
oau
tho
redp
ape
rha
vebo
tha
lowh-
ind
ex. Th
ism
easu
rei
sal
soc
alcu
lat
edf
rom
th
epap
ersw
ithth
egr
eat
estimp
ac,i
t .
e.th
emo
stp
rom
inen
tpub
li
cat
ion
sofanau
tho
r.
H
owev
erth
isind
exp
res
ent
sdi
sadv
ant
age
ssumm
ari
zedinth
epap
ero
fBo
rnm
annand
D
ani
el(
200
7). Am
ongo
the
rs,c
omp
arin
gth
eh-
ind
exo
fau
tho
rsb
elon
gin
gtod
iffe
ren
t
d
isc
ipl
ine
smak
esl
itt
les
ens
e. Th
ism
easu
rec
ana
lsob
einfl
atedb
yse
lf
-ci
tat
ion
s. Th
e
h-
ind
exd
epend
sonth
esc
ien
tifi
cag
eofr
ese
arch
erss
inc
eth
eirnumb
ero
fpub
li
cat
ion
s
andc
ita
tion
sin
cre
ase
sdu
rin
gth
eirc
are
er.F
urth
erm
oreth
eh-
ind
exd
oesn
’tp
erm
itt
o
d
iffe
ren
tia
teb
etw
eenanin
act
iver
ese
arch
erw
ithh
ighp
astpub
li
cat
ionp
erf
orm
anc
ebu
t
ou
tda
tedanday
oun
gsch
ola
rwo
rkin
ginf
ash
ion
abl
efie
lds
. Ov
erth
e39
5,1
93p
ape
rs,w
e
4
. DATAAND METHODS 1
05

a
reun
abl
etoob
tainth
eh-
ind
exa
tth
eda
teo
fpub
li
cat
ionf
ora
tle
astaF
ren
chr
ese
arch
er
in5
,18
3pap
ers
. W
ecr
eat
eav
ari
abl
eequ
alt
oth
emax
imumo eh-
fth ind
exo
fFr
ench
r
ese
arch
ersine
achp
roj
ectt
opa
rti
allyd
ealw
ithth
ech
ara
cte
ris
tic
soft
eam m
emb
ers
.

In
terna
tiona
lco
llabo
rat
ion
.Wea
lsoc
ont
rolf
orth
ena
tur
eofth
eco
llabo
rat
ion
w
ithadumm
yequ
alt
o1i
fth
epap
eri
sin
tern
ati
ona
llyc
o-au
tho
red
,0o
the
rwi
se.A
cco
rd-
in
gtoAd
ams(
201
3),th
esc
ien
tifi
ccommun
ityi
sen
ter
inginth
efou
rtha
geo
fre
sea
rch
,
d
riv
enb
yin
terna
tiona
lco
lla
bor
ation
sbe
twe
ene
li
ter
ese
archg
r s.In
oup tern
ati
ona
llyc
o-
au
tho
redp
ape
rsa
rem
orel
ike
lyt
obec
itedb
ecau
set
eam
sar
ecompo
sedo
fhi
gh-
imp
actr
e-
s
ear
che
rs.Ev
eni
fwed
on’
tha
vein
form
ati
onsc
onc
ern
ingf
ore
ignau
tho
rsinou
rda
tab
ase
,
ou
rin
tern
ati
ona
lco
llabo
rat
iondumm
ycap
tur
ess
imi
larin
form
ati
onsth
anth
eh-
ind
exo
f
f
ore
igns
cho
lar
s.

A
cadem
icin
sti
tut
ion
s. Inou
rre
gre
ssi
ons
,wep
art
ial
lyt
akein
toa
ccoun
tin
sti
tu-
t
ion
aleff
ect
swi
thdumm
iesequ
alt
o1i
fana
cad
emi
cin
sti
tut
ioni
spa
rto
fag
ivenp
roj
ect
,
0o
the
rwi
se.R
ese
archt
eam
scanb
elon
gtom
anya
cad
emi
cin
sti
tut
ion
satth
esam
etim
e.
Inou
rda
tab
ase
,weh
ave1
13F
ren
cha
cad
emi
cin
sti
tut
ion
s. W
ehadt
oha
rmon
izeth
eir
n
ame
ssin
ces
omeo
fth
em m
erg
edb
etw
een1
999and2
013
:fo
rin
stan
ceA
ix-M
ars
ei
ll
ein
2
007
,St
rasbou
rgin2
009andB
ord
eauxin2
013
. W
eal
soin
clud
eth
enumb
ero
fac
adem
ic
in
sti
tut
ion
sasac
ont
rolo
fou
rre
gre
ssi
ons
.

Numbe
rofau
tho
rs. P
rev
iou
sstud
iesh
avesh
ownth
atth
enumb
ero
fau
tho
rsin
-
c
rea
sesimp
act
.Fo
xand F
ave
r(1
984
)su
rvey
edth
eli
ter
atu
reonth
eadv
ant
age
sand
d
isadv
ant
age
sofa
cad
emi
cco
llabo
rat
ion
. Am
ongo
the
rs,th
esep
ara
tiono
fta
sksr
esu
lt
-
in
gfr
omth
ediv
is
iono
flabo
rcoup
ledw
ithth
egr
eat
ersp
eci
ali
zat
iono
fre
sea
rch
ersc
an
enh
anc
epr
odu
ctiv
ity
.Go
ldfin
che
tal
.(2
003
)ar
gueth
atc
o-au
tho
redp
ape
rsm
ayb
enefi
t
f
romal
arg
erd
iffu
sionb
ecau
seo
fth
egr
eat
ers
oci
aln
etw
orko
fte
am m
emb
ers
.He
rbe
rtz
(
199
5)und
erl
ine
sth
efa
ctth
atc
o-au
tho
redp
ape
rsm
ayl
eadt
oah
igh
ernumb
ero
fse
lf
-
c
ita
tion
s. W
epr
esen
tsom
ede
scr
ipt
ives
tat
ist
icsc
onc
ern
ingth
enumb
ero
fau
tho
rsp
er
p
ape
randp
ery
earinT
abl
e3.
10. W
eob
serv
eth
atth
enumb
ero
fau
tho
rsi
sin
cre
asin
g
o
vert
ime
. W
erem
arkth
atth
eav
era
genumb
ero
fau
tho
rsexp
lod
esb
etw
een2
011and
rd
2
013
.How
eve
rth
isi
sdu
etoex
trem
eva
lue
sgiv
enth
atth
emed
ian
,th
e3 qu
art
il
eand
th
th
e9 de
ci
lein
cre
asea
tar
egu
larw
eigh
tbe
twe
en1
999and2
013
.

Jou
rna
lImpac
tFac
tor
.Wea
lsoc
ont
rolf
orth
ejou
rna
limp
actf
act
or. F
oran
1
06 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

Y
ear Mean M
edian 3
rdQuar
ti
le 9
thDe
ci
le Max S
.D.
1
999 9.55 5 7 9 525 38.
3
2
000 9.91 5 7 1
0 630 40.
4
2
001 8.39 5 7 9 743 32.
6
2
002 8.13 5 7 1
0 823 30.
3
2
003 7.98 5 7 1
0 817 30.
5
2
004 9.33 5 7 1
0 939 39.
1
2
005 9.86 5 7 1
0 859 44.
4
2
006 9.93 5 7 1
0 2
5 1
2 47.
2
2
007 9.74 5 7 1
0 2
0 1
0 43.
7
2
008 9.70 5 7 1
1 3
0 9
9 47.
5
2
009 9.86 5 8 1
1 624 40.
0
2
010 11
.99 5 8 1
2 3
2 2
0 87.
8
2
011 18
.47 5 8 1
2 3
1 7
8 1
58.9
2
012 27
.49 6 8 1
3 3
1 3
0 2
15.9
2
013 23
.94 6 9 1
3 3
0 6
6 1
86.7
T
ota
l 1
3.12 5 8 1
1 3
2 2
0 1
04.1

T
abl
e3.
10: Numb
ero
fau
tho
rsp
erp
ape
r

a
cad
emi
crev
iewr
,it
s3-y
ear
simp
actf
act
ora
tda
teti
s:
r
Nt t
+3
i
=1 =tC
j ita
tion
si,j
IF
rt=
, r
,
Nt

r
w
ithNt th
enumb
ero
fpap
erspub
li
shedintinj
ourn
alr
.
Th
isf
ormu
las
ligh
tlyd
iffe
rsf
romth
ata
vai
lab
leinth
e W
ebo
fSc
ien
ce,c
alcu
lat
eda
s
f
oll
ows
:
N t−1
WoS i
=1 j −2C
=t itat
ion
si,j
IF
r,t = r r
.
Nt−1+Nt−2
Ou
rme
asu
rei
scl
oset
oth
etru
edefin
it
iono
fimp
actf
act
or:th
eexp
ect
ednumb
ero
f
c
ita
tion
sap
ape
rpub
li
shedintc
anob
tainb
etw
eentandt+3. H
owev
erth
ela
stv
alu
e
o
fimp
actf
act
orth
atw
ecanc
alcu
lat
eis3y
ear
sbe
for
eth
ecu
rren
tye
ar,c
ont
raryt
oth
e
W
ebo
fSc
ien
ce(
cur
ren
tye
ar)
.

Wh
atev
erth
eme
asu
re,th
ejou
rna
limp
actf
act
ori
sapoo
rpr
edi
cto
rofth
enumb
ero
f
c
ita
tion
sap
ape
rcanob
tain
. Th
eci
tat
ion
sdi
str
ibu
tionw
ith
inaj
ourn
ali
sve
rysk
ewed
:
ah
ighp
erc
ent
ageo
far
tic
lesa
ren
eve
rci
tedwh
il
eav
erysm
allf
rac
tiono
fth
emg
ethu
ge
imp
act
.How
eve
rpub
li
cat
ion
sinj
ourn
alsw
ithh
igh
erimp
actf
act
ora
rem
orep
res
tig
iou
s
andh
aveb
ett
erv
is
ibi
li
tyf
orth
esc
ien
tifi
ccommun
ity
,wh
ich m
ayinflu
enc
eth
enumb
er
o
fci
tat
ion
s.

D
isc
ipl
ina
ryd
istance
. W
ein
clud
ea m
easu
reo
fdi
stan
ceb
etw
eenth
edi
scip
lin
es.
4
. DATAAND METHODS 1
07

R
afo
lsand M
eye
r(2
009
)fir
stc
ons
tru
ctedam
atr
ixo
fci
tat
ionfl
owsb
etw
eenth
e25
2WoS
sub
jec
tca
teg
ori
es.D
eno
t yD th
eb enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esinth
isc
las
sifi
cat
ion
.Le
tci
j

b
eth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sob
tain
edb
ydi
scip
lin
ejf
romd
isc
ipl
inei
,me
anin
gth
atii
s
c
it
ingandji
sci
ted
.Den
otec
i=(c
i1,
...
,c )th
iD eve
cto
rofc
ita
tion
sfr
omd
isc
ipl
inei
.
F
ortw
odi
scip
lin
esi=a
,b:    
ca1 c1
b
   
.
 . .
 
c
a =  .c =  ..
  b  .
   
c
aD c
bD

Th
ema
trixo
fci
tat
ionfl
owsb
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
sisd
eno
tedb
yC:

C= c
1..
.cD .

W
ecanc
alcu
lat
eth
eme
asu
reo
fdi
stan
ceb
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
sfr
omth
eci
tin
gorth
eci
ted
d
imen
sion
. Th
efo
rme
risr
ela
tedt
okn
owl
edg
ein
teg
rat
ionwh
il
eth
ela
tte
risa
sso
cia
ted
t
okn
owl
edg
ediffu
sion
. Thu
sme
asu
rin
gth
edi
stan
cesb
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
sfr
omth
eci
tin
g
d
imen
sions
eem
stob
emo
rer
elev
antf
orou
rapp
li
cat
ion
.

R
afo
lsand M
eye
r(2
009
)ca
lcu
lat
esth
esim
ila
rit
ysbb
a e
twe
end
isc
ipl
ine
saandbin
th
eci
tin
gpa
tte
rnu
sin
gth
eSa
lton
’sc
osin
e:

D
=1 c
l alc
bl
s
ab=
D 2 D 2
=1 c
l al =1 c
l bl

s
abi
scomp
ris
edb
etw
een0(p
erf
ectd
iss
imi
lar
ity
)and1(p
erf
ects
imi
lar
ity
). Th
edi
stan
ce
dab b
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
saandbi
sob
tain
eda
cco
rdin
gto
:

dab=1−s
ab

Ex
amp
le9i
llu
str
ate
sth
eca
lcu
lat
iono
fth
edi
stan
cesb
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
s.

Examp
le9 Con
sid
erth
ema
tri
xofc
ita
tion
sbe
twe
end
isc
ipl
ine
sgi
veninT
abl
e3.11.F
or
in
stan
ce1
14p
ape
rspu
bli
she
dind
isc
ipl
ine4ha
vea
tle
ast1r
efe
ren
ceinajou
rna
lcla
ssifi
ed
ind
isc
ipl
ine3
. Th
esim
ila
rit
ybe
twe
end
isc
ipl
ine
s2and3i
scompu
teda
sfo
llow
s:

1
36×0+7 34×1
2+6 5×5 4
2+1 2×28
23= √
s √ ≈0
.10
9
13
6 +7
2 34 +6
2 5 +1
2 2 × 0 +1
2 2 2 +5
2 42 +2
2 82
1
08 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

W
ede
duc
eth
edi
stan
ceb
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
s 2and3
:

d23=1−s
23=0.
891
.

Compu
tin
gth
edi
stan
cesfo
ral
lth
edi
scip
lin
es,w
eob
tainth
e ma
tri
xinT
abl
e3.12.

C
it
ing
1 2 3 4
C
ited
1 2
25 1
36 0 2
08
2 36 7
34 12 32
3 98 65 5
42 1
14
4 2
89 12 28 3
05

T
abl
e3.
11: Ex
amp
leo
fa m
atr
ixo
fci
tat
ionfl
owsb
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
s

s
ij 1 2 3 4
1 0 0.76
6 0
.70
2 0
.00
3
2 0.
766 0 0 .89
1 0
.78
4
3 0.
702 0
.89
1 0 0 .66
4
4 0.
003 0
.78
4 0
.66
4 0

T
abl
e3.
12: Ex
amp
leo
fa m
atr
ixo
fdi
stan
ceb
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
s

R
afo
lse
tal
.(2010
)pr
opo
sesth
e ma
tri
xofc
ita
tionflow
sbe
twe
enapp
rox
ima
tiv
ely2
25
W
oSc
ate
gor
ies(224in2010and227in2015
).S
inc
ewema
inl
ycon
sid
erth
ecla
ssifi
cat
ion
f
romth
e OST w
ith10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,w
ene
edtoa
ggr
ega
tec
ita
tionflow
s. Som
esu
bje
ct
c
ate
gor
iesa
rea
sso
cia
tedw
ithtwod
isc
ipl
ine
sinth
eOSTnom
enc
latu
re.Inth
iss
itua
tion
,
w
edi
vid
ebytwoth
eci
tat
ionflow
sbo
thinth
eci
tin
gandth
eci
tedd
imen
sion
s.R
afo
ls
e
tal
.(201
0) ma
keth
e ma
tri
ceso
fci
tat
ionflow
sava
ila
bletou
ser
s(2007
,2008
,2009
,
2010and2015
). W
ecomp
areth
edi
stan
cesb
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
swi
thth
e2010and2015
ma
tri
ces
.Sin
ceth
ere
sul
tsa
rev
erys
imi
lar
,wew
il
lcon
sid
erth
e2015ma
tri
xfo
rth
ewho
le
p
erio
d(1999
-2013
). W
epr
oba
blyund
ere
stima
teth
edi
stan
ceb
etw
eenth
edi
scip
lin
esa
tth
e
b
eginn
ingo
fth
estud
ype
rio
d,bu
tth
e2015 ma
tri
xha
s mo
reW
oSsu
bje
ctc
ate
gor
ies
.

F
ore
achp
ape
r,w
eca
lcu
lat
eth
eme
an,th
emin
imumandth
emax
imumd
ist
anc
e
b
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
s.
 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 Numbe ro fcitation s 1
2 Pape rsinth etop10% 0
.54 1
3 Pape rsinth etop5% 0
.58 0.70 1
4 Impa ctF actor 0
.44 0.30 0.28 1
5 Numbe ro freferen ces 0
.21 0.15 0.13 0.19 1
6 Be
rg er
-Pa rker -0.030 -0.038 -0.036 0.015 -0.031 1
7 Simp son -0.031 -0.041 -0.038 0.018 -0.030 0.97 1
8 Shannon -0.031 -0.041 -0.038 0.020 -0.022 0.91 0.98 1
9 Numbe ro fdisciplines -0.0065 -0.023 -0.020 0.037 0.083 0.61 0.71 0.81 1
10 Numbe ro fau thor s 0.085 0.059 0.063 0 .053 -0
.0019 -0
.028 -0
.027 -0
.021 0 .016 1
11 Numbe ro fdiff.o rganisat
ion
s 0
.17 0
.11 0
.12 0
.11 0
.062 -0
.046 -0
.047 -0
.043 0.0014 0.90 1
12 International Collabo rat
ion 0
.14 0
.12 0
.11 0
.15 0
.070 -0
.025 -0
.028 -0
.031 -0.024 0
.092 0
.22 1
. DATAAND METHODS

13 Max imumh -
ind ex 0
.14 0.084 0.083 0
.14 0.29 -0
.029 -0
.029 -0
.025 0 .016 0
.073 0
.15 0.10 1
14 Max ima ldistan ce -0.023 -0.017 -0.014 -0.038 0.038 0.41 0.50 0.59 0.80 0
.044 0
.040 0
.0010 -0
.039 1

T
abl
e3.
13 o
:Crr
ela
tion m
atr
ix5(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
astf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 Numbe ro fcitation s 1
2 Pape rsinth etop10% 0.44 1
3 Pape rsinth etop5% 0.47 0.70 1
4 Impa ctF acto r 0.36 0.29 0.28 1
5 Numbe ro freferen ces 0.35 0.18 0.18 0
.21 1
6 Berger
-Pa rker -0.060 -0.053 -0.049 -0.081 -0.071 1
7 Simp son -0.064 -0.056 -0.052 -0.091 -0.068 0.96 1
8 Shannon -0.060 -0.053 -0.049 -0.092 -0.041 0.88 0.97 1
9 Numbe ro fdi s
ciplines -0.0025 -0.0072 -0
.0037 -0.035 0.18 0.52 0.65 0.78 1
10 Numbe ro fau thor s 0.089 0.055 0
.055 0.046 -0.0053 -0
.045 -0
.045 -0
.039 -0
.010 1
11 Numbe ro fdiff .o rganisat
ion
s 0.17 0
.11 0.11 0
.10 0.057 -0
.068 -0
.069 -0
.063 -0
.019 0 .91 1
12 International Collabo rat
ion 0.11 0
.12 0
.098 0
.14 0.054 -0
.041 -0
.044 -0
.045 -0
.030 0.088 0
.20 1
13 Max imumh -index 0.13 0.096 0
.094 0
.15 0.27 -0
.069 -0
.068 -0
.056 0
.033 0.088 0
.16 0.12 1
14 M inimald istance -0.028 -0 .0086 -0
.0050 -0.082 -0.064 -0
.049 -0
.060 -0
.062 -0.036 0
.064 0
.063 0.0022 -0
.093 1
15 M eand istan ce -0.027 -0.014 -0.010 -0.092 0.053 0.28 0.36 0.44 0.60 0.040 0
.034 -0.014 -0
.050 0
.71 1
16 Max ima ldistan ce -0.020 -0.014 -0
.0098 -0.077 0.10 0.38 0.47 0.58 0.76 0.023 0
.018 -0.016 -0
.018 0
.48 0
.95 1

T
abl
e3.
14:C
orr
ela
tion m
atr
ix6(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
astf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s)
1
09
1
10 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

7
T
abl
e3.
13 and3
.14p
rov
ideth
eco
rre
lat
ion m
atr
ixf
orth
eva
riab
lesemp
loy
edin
ou
ran
aly
sis
.Fo
rbe
tte
rre
adab
il
ity
,weh
aved
ropp
edth
est
arsinth
etab
les
. A
llth
e
c
oeffi
cien
tsa
res
ign
ific
anta
t1%
,ex
cep
tin T
abl
e3.
14wh
ereth
eco
rre
lat
ion
sbe
twe
en
th
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esandth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s,andth
eco
rre
lat
ionb
etw
eenth
e
numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esandth
edumm
y“P
ape
rsinth
etop5%
”ar
eno
tsi
gnifi
can
t.

Th
enumb
ero
fau
tho
rsandth
enumb
ero
fdiff
eren
tor
gan
isa
tion
spa
rti
cip
atin
gtoa
p
ape
rar
ehi
ghlyc
orr
ela
ted(m
oreth
an0
.9)
. Ev
eni
fth
esetw
ova
riab
lesa
reo
fin
ter
est
f
orou
rstudy
,pu
ttin
gth
ems
imu
ltan
eou
slyinth
ere
gre
ssi
onsg
ive
soppo
sit
esi
gnsf
orth
e
c
oeffi
cien
ts.In
ser
tin
gth
ems
epa
rat
elyl
ead
stoc
ons
ist
ent
lypo
sit
ivec
oeffi
cien
ts.T
oav
oid
po
ssib
lep
rob
lem
sofc
oll
ine
ari
ty,w
eon
lyin
clud
eth
enumb
ero
fau
tho
rsinou
rre
gre
ssi
ons
.

Ev
eni
fwea
rein
ter
est
edinth
eSp
earm
anr
ank
-ord
erc
orr
ela
tion
sfo
rou
rind
exe
sofin
-
t
erd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y,w
efir
stc
omm
entth
ePe
ars
onc
orr
ela
tion
sgiv
eninT
abl
es3
.13and3
.14
.
Th
reeo
fou
rfou
rin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ry m
easu
res(B
erg
er-P
ark
er,S
imp
sonandSh
ann
onin
-
d
exe
s)a
res
tron
glyandpo
sit
ive
lyc
orr
ela
tedw
ithe
acho
the
r(b
etw
een0
.88and0
.97
)and
n
ega
tiv
elyc
orr
ela
tedw
ithth
eva
riab
leso
fimp
act(numb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s,imp
actf
act
or,p
a-
p
ersinth
etop5%and1
0%)
. Th
erem
ain
ingm
easu
re(numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es)i
spo
sit
ive
ly
c
orr
ela
tedw
ithth
eoth
erind
ica
tor
sofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y(0
.52w
ithth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erin
-
d
exf
orin
stan
ce)
,bu
ttoal
ess
erex
ten
t. M
ostimpo
rtan
tly
,th
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esi
s
n
otc
orr
ela
tedw
iths
omem
easu
reso
fimp
act
.

H
owev
era
round4
0%o
fth
epap
ersinth
eda
tab
aseh
aveaun
iqu
edi
scip
lin
esoth
ey
a
rem
onod
isc
ipl
ina
ry(
ind
exequ
alt
o1)
. W
eca
lcu
lat
eth
ePe
ars
onc
orr
ela
tion
sbe
twe
en
ou
rind
exe
sofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yth
enw
ithth
eme
asu
reso
fimp
actf
orp
ape
rsh
avin
gmo
re
th
anon
edi
scip
lin
e. W
erepo
rtth
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
e3.
15. W
eob
tains
imi
larc
orr
ela
tion
s
f
orth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,th
eSimp
sonandth
eSh
ann
on-W
ien
erind
exe
s. Bu
trem
arkn
ow
th
atth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esi
ssi
gnifi
cal
lyandpo
sit
ive
lyc
orr
ela
ted w
ith m
osto
fth
e
m
easu
reso
fimp
act
. Th
ish
igh
ligh
tsth
epo
ten
tia
limpo
rtan
ceo
fcon
tro
lva
riab
lesinou
r
e
con
ome
tri
ces
tim
ati
ons
.

W
eca
lcu
lat
eth
eSp
earm
anr
ank
-ord
erc
orr
ela
tionf
orth
epap
ersin
volv
ingm
oreth
an
on
edi
scip
lin
e. W
erepo
rtth
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
e3.
16. W
eob
tains
imi
larr
esu
lts
:th
eBe
rge
r-
P
ark
er,th
eSimp
sonandth
eSh
ann
onind
exe
sar
ehi
ghlyc
orr
ela
ted(
around0
.9)wh
il
eth
e
numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esi
spo
sit
ive
lybu
tsom
etim
esw
eak
lyc
orr
ela
tedw
itho
the
rme
asu
res
7
Wedono
trepor
tthemin
imumandth
em eandis
tanceg
iventhatth
eya
ren
ece
ssa
ri
lyequa
ltoth
e
max
imumdis
tanc
e(sub
sampl
eofpap
ersw
ith2dis
cipl
ine
sorles
s).
5
. RESULTS 1
11

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Numb erofci
tations 1
2 Papersinthetop10% 0 .43 1
3 Papersinthetop5% 0.47 0.70 1
4 ImpactFactor 0.36 0.29 0.28 1
5 Berger
-Parke
r -0.058 -0.049 -0.047 -0
.085 1
6 Simpson -0.062 -0.051 -0.049 -0
.097 0
.95 1
7 Shannon -0.059 -0.048 -0.046 -0
.099 0
.87 0
.97 1
8 Numb erofdis
ciplin
es 0.0073 0.0060 0.0063 -0
.038 0
.46 0
.60 0
.74 1

T
abl
e3.
15:P
ear
sonc
orr
ela
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast2d
isc
ipl
ine
s)

1 2 3 4
1 Berge
r-Park
er 1
2 Simpson 0
.97 1
3 Shannon 0
.90 0
.96 1
4 Numb ero
fd i
scip
lin
es 0
.34 0
.49 0
.66 1

T
abl
e3.
16:Sp
earm
an’
srank
-ord
eredco
rre
lat
ion
sforpap
ersw
itha
tmo
st2d
isc
ipl
ine
s,
OSTnomenc
latu
re

o
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y(0
.34w
ithth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erind
exf
orin
stan
ce)
.

5 Re
sul
ts

Inth
iss
ect
ion
,wer
epo
rtth
ere
sul
tso
fou
res
tim
ati
onsd
eal
ingw
ithth
eeff
ecto
fin
ter
-
d
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonimp
act
. W
efir
stch
oos
etorunn
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
alr
egr
ess
ion
sgiv
enth
at
ou
rdep
end
antv
ari
abl
e,th
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
spe
rar
tic
le
,on
lyt
ake
spo
sit
ivein
teg
er
v
alu
esandi
sov
erd
isp
ers
ed,s
oth
ati
tsv
ari
anc
eisg
rea
terth
ani
tsm
ean
. W
efir
stex
-
am
ineth
isr
ela
tion
shipf
orp
ape
rsw
ithl
essth
antw
odi
scip
lin
es,b
efo
rec
ons
ide
rin
gth
e
wh
oled
atab
ase
. Wh
enw
econ
sid
erth
epr
obab
il
ityth
atap
ape
rbe
lon
gst
oth
e5%o
r10%
m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs,w
erunl
ogi
tre
gre
ssi
onss
inc
eth
edep
end
entv
ari
abl
ecanon
lyt
aketw
o
v
alu
es(
0and1
).

5
.1 1
-2d
isc
ipl
ine
s

Inth
issub
sec
tion
,wec
ons
ide
rth
esamp
leo
fpap
ersw
itha
tmo
st2d
isc
ipl
ine
sanda
tle
ast
f
ourr
efe
ren
ces(
161
,03
3ob
serv
ati
ons
).T
abl
es3
.17and3
.18d
isp
layth
ere
sul
tso
fth
ese
e
stim
ati
onsinf
ourb
loc
ks,e
acho
fon
ete
stin
gad
ist
inc
tme
asu
reo
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
(d
iffe
ren
tord
erso
fth
eHi
llind
ex)
:th
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er(
reg
res
sion1
),th
eSimp
son(
re-
g
res
sion2
),th
eSh
ann
on-W
ien
er(
reg
res
sion3
)ind
ica
tor
sandth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es
1
12 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

(
reg
res
sion4
).Ine
achb
loc
k,r
egr
ess
ion“b
”in
teg
rat
esth
eimp
actf
act
or,r
egr
ess
ion“
c”
in
clud
esth
emax
ima
ldi
stan
ceb
etw
eenth
edi
scip
lin
esin
volv
edinth
epap
era
sac
ont
rol
,
andr
egr
ess
ion“d
”con
sid
ersbo
thth
eimp
actf
act
orandth
emax
imumd
ist
anc
ebe
twe
en
d
isc
ipl
ine
s.

Ina
llth
ere
gre
ssi
ons
,th
eco
effic
ien
tas
soc
iat
edw
ithin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y(B
erg
er-P
ark
er,
S
imp
sonandSh
ann
on-W
ien
erind
exe
s)i
sst
ron
glys
ign
ific
antandn
ega
tiv
e. Th
eco
effic
ien
t
a
sso
cia
tedt
oth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esi
sno
tsi
gnifi
can
tinr
egr
ess
ion
s(4
a)t
o(4
c),and
s
tron
glys
ign
ific
antandn
ega
tiv
ewh
enw
ein
clud
ebo
thth
eimp
actf
act
orandth
emax
ima
l
d
ist
anc
einou
rre
gre
ssi
on. Th
esefi
rstr
esu
ltsp
art
ial
lyv
al
ida
teP
ropo
sit
ion3o
fou
r
m
ode
l,th
ere
for
eth
atc
ete
risp
ari
bus
,in
cre
asin
gin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yde
cre
ase
sth
eimp
act
o
fre
sea
rchp
roj
ect
s.

G
iventh
atou
rsub
samp
leon
lyc
ont
ain
spap
ersw
ithl
essth
antw
odi
scip
lin
es,w
ecan
in
terp
retth
ere
sul
tsa
sfo
llow
ing
.He
rea
llth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exe
sva
ryf
rom1t
o2.
Av
alu
eof1imp
li
esth
atth
epap
eri
smon
odi
scip
lin
arywh
il
eav
alu
eof2ind
ica
testh
at
th
epap
erin
volv
estw
odi
scip
lin
es,bo
thc
ont
ribu
tin
gequ
ally
.Ifw
econ
sid
err
egr
ess
ion
s1
t
o3,m
onod
isc
ipl
ina
ryp
ape
rsh
aveona
ver
age7
-13%c
ita
tion
smo
reth
anth
osew
ithtw
o
d
isc
ipl
ine
scon
tribu
tin
gequ
ally
.

R
ememb
erth
atw
eha
vet
run
cat
edth
edi
str
ibu
tiono
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
ysin
cew
econ
-
s
ide
rpap
ersw
itha
tmo
st2d
isc
ipl
ine
s.I
fith
asa
llow
edu
stop
art
ial
lyc
onc
lud
eonth
e
eff
ecto
fcomp
lex
ityons
cien
tifi
cou
tpu
t,w
eha
vein
trodu
cedas
ele
cti
onb
ias
. Thu
swe
r
efr
ainf
romg
ivin
gmo
rein
terp
ret
ati
onsw
ithth
issub
samp
le
.Inth
enex
tsub
sec
tion
,we
r
ein
teg
rat
epap
ersin
volv
ingm
oreth
antw
odi
scip
lin
es.
 5

T
abl
e3.
17 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finte
rdis
cip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbe
rofc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
. RESULTS

di
scip
lin
es,OSTn omen
cla
tur
e)

(1a) (1b) (1c) (1d) (2a

) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.116 -0
.0884 -0
.135 -0
.116
(
-8.06) (-7
.76) (
-8.89) (
-9.40)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0917 -0
.0732 -0
.117 -0
.107
(-7
.77
) (-8
.14
) (-9.05) (-10
.5 3)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00127∗∗∗ 0
.000636 0
.00125 0
.000620 0
.00127 0
.000636 0
.00125 0
.000615
(11.92
) (11.02
) (11
.86) (10.83
) (11
.92) (11.03
) (11
.83) (10
.79)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.448 0
.259 0
.448 0
.259 0
.448 0
.259 0
.449 0
.259
(54
.61 ) (41
.06 ) (54
.62 ) (41
.11 ) (54
.63 ) (41
.0 8) (54
.6 7) (41
.1 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0329 0
.0199 0
.0329 0
.0199 0
.0329 0
.0199 0
.0329 0
.0199
(51
.43) (38.96) (51.40) (39.01) (51.40) (38.95) (51
.40) (39
.03)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0506∗∗ 0
.0728 0
.0698 0
.0935
(3
.03) (5
.43) (4
.03) (6
.66)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.108∗∗∗ 0.108 0.108 0.108
(117.03) (117.08) (117.05) (117.13)
Observa
tions 161033 161033 161033 161033 161033 161033 161033 161033
Log-Lik
elihood -4 9832
0.6 -476056 .2 -498312.2 -476033 .3 -498319.4 -47605 1.2 -498304
.9 -476017.0
AIC 996707
.2 952180 .3 996692.4 952136 .7 996704.8 95217 0.5 996677
.8 952104.1
BIC 997036
.8 952520 .0 997032.0 952486 .3 997034.5 95251 0.1 997017
.4 952453.7
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0. 0
01
1
13
 1
14

T
abl
e3.
18 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finte
rdis
cip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbe
rofc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
di
scip
lin
es,OSTn omen
cla
tur
e)

(3a) (3b) (3c) (3d) (4a

) (4b
) (4
c) (4d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -
0.0819 -0
.0674 -0
.121 -0
.119
(-7
.25) (-7
.97) (
-9.13) (-11.49 )
∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es -0
.00178 -0
.00679 -0
.00205 -0
.0587
(
-0.20
) (
-1.02
) (-0
.14) (-5
.24
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00127∗∗∗ 0
.000638 0
.00124 0
.000611 0
.00128 0
.000642 0
.00128 0
.000627
(11.94
) (11.06
) (11
.82) (10.76
) (11
.97) (11.06
) (11
.97) (10
.89)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.448 0
.258 0
.449 0
.259 0
.447 0
.258 0
.448 0
.259
(54
.63 ) (41
.08 ) (54
.70 ) (41
.21 ) (54
.41 ) (40
.97 ) (54
.2 8) (41
.0 8)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0329 0
.0199 0
.0329 0
.0199 0
.0330 0
.0200 0
.0330 0
.0201
(51
.41) (38.97) (51.45) (39.11) (51.52) (39.10) (51
.51) (39
.39)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0955∗∗∗ 0
.123 0
.000628 0
.117
(5.15
) (8.13) (0
.02) (5
.57)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0
.108∗∗∗ 0.108 0.108 0.108
(117
.08) (117.22) (116.96) (117.10)
Observa
tions 161033 161033 161033 161033 161033 161033 161033 161033
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -498324 .3 -476052.7 -498301.0 -476002 .1 -498374.5 -47609 5.5 -498374
.5 -476072.8
AIC 996714.6 952173.3 996670.0 952074 .2 996815.0 952258 .9 996817
.0 952215.7
ITAT

BIC 997044.2 952512.9 997009.6 952423 .8 997144.6 952598 .6 997156

.6 952565.3
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
5
. RESULTS 1
15

5
.2 1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s

H
erew
econ
sid
era
llth
epap
ersf
or wh
ich w
ear
eab
let
oid
ent
ifya
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,
wh
atev
erth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es. W
erem
arkth
atth
eco
effic
ien
tsa
sso
cia
tedt
oth
e
B
erg
er-P
ark
er,th
eSimp
sonandth
eSh
ann
on-W
ien
erind
exe
sar
est
ron
glys
ign
ific
antand
n
ega
tiv
e, wh
ichg
oesinth
esam
edi
rec
tionth
anou
rth
eor
eti
calr
esu
lts
. Anin
cre
ase
b
yas
tand
ardd
evi
ati
ono
fth
eseind
exe
sofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
riy8 d
t ecr
eas
esth
enumb
ero
f
c
ita
tion
sby1
.6%t
o6.
7%(B
erg
er-P
ark
er)
,1.
2%t
o7.
4%(S
imp
son
)and0
.5%t
o7.
6%
(Sh
ann
on-W
ien
er)
.

H
owev
erth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esh
asas
ign
ific
antandpo
sit
iveeff
ectonth
enumb
er
o
fci
tat
ion
s wh
atev
erth
eli
sto
fcon
tro
ls
.Ind
eed w
eha
vec
ons
ide
redth
atth
enumb
er
o
fdi
scip
lin
esi
sac
ont
inu
ousv
ari
abl
ewh
il
eitc
ant
akeon
lyt
env
alu
es(
allth
ein
teg
ers
b
etw
een1and1
0). W
eha
vea
lre
adyr
epo
rtedth
edi
str
ibu
tiono
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es
p
erp
ape
rinT
abl
e3.
5.T
oha
vec
las
sesw
ithas
imi
larnumb
ero
fob
serv
ati
ons
,wer
egr
oup
p
ape
rsw
ith m
oreth
an3d
isc
ipl
ine
sinac
ate
gory“
3and m
ored
isc
ipl
ine
s”
. W
econ
sid
er
th
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esa
sac
ate
gor
ica
lva
riab
leandch
oos
emon
odi
scip
lin
aryp
ape
rs
(
1di
scip
lin
e)a
sth
ere
fer
enc
eca
teg
ory
. W
erunr
egr
ess
ion
swi
thth
esam
eli
sto
fcon
tro
ls
andp
res
entth
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
e3.
22.A
llth
eco
effic
ien
tsa
sso
cia
tedt
oth
emod
ali
ty“
2
d
isc
ipl
ine
s”a
ren
on-
sign
ific
anto
rsi
gnifi
can
tandn
ega
tiv
e,m
ean
ingth
atp
ape
rsw
ithtw
o
d
isc
ipl
ine
sha
veing
ene
rall
essc
ita
tion
sth
anth
emon
odi
scip
lin
aryon
es. H
owev
erth
e
c
oeffi
cien
tas
soc
iat
edt
oth
eca
teg
ory“
3di
scip
lin
esand m
ore
”iss
ign
ific
antandpo
sit
ive
wh
ichi
sle
ssexp
ect
ed,ex
cep
tinr
egr
ess
ion(
4d)
.

T
oapp
rec
iat
eth
ema
gni
tud
eofth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y,w
eca
lcu
lat
eth
elo
ga-
r
ithmo
fth
eHi
llind
exandin
teg
rat
eita
sanexp
li
cat
ivev
ari
abl
einou
rre
gre
ssi
ons
. W
e
p
res
entth
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
e3.
23and3
.24
. Th
elo
gar
ithm
ict
ran
sfo
rma
tiona
llow
sust
o
in
terp
retth
eco
effic
ien
tsint
erm
sofe
las
tic
it
ies
. W
eob
tainth
at,wh
atev
erth
ech
oic
eof
th
eHi
llind
ex,anin
cre
aseo
f10%o
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yle
adst
oad
ecr
eas
ebe
twe
en0
.2%
and2
.7%o
fth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s.

T
ote
stth
enon
-l
ine
ari
tyo
fth
ere
lat
ion
shipb
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yandth
enum
-
b
ero
fci
tat
ion
s,w
ein
trodu
ceinou
rre
gre
ssi
onsasqu
aret
ermf
ore
achind
ex,ex
cep
t
f
orth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(n
otc
ont
inu
ousv
ari
abl
e). W
erepo
rtth
ere
sul
tsin T
a-
b
le3
.25and3
.26
.Sin
ceth
eco
effic
ien
tas
soc
iat
edt
oth
esqu
aret
ermi
spo
sit
ive wh
il
e
8
Thestandarddevia
tion
sforth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,th
eSimp
sonandth
eSh
annon
-Wi
enn
erind
exe
sar
e
r
esp
ect
ive
ly0 .41
,0.57and0.66
.
1
16 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

(a) (b) (c) (d) p90 p95 p99

Berg
er-Pa
rke
r 3
.52 2
.51 2
.85 2
.37 2 2 2 .67
Simpson 4
.54 2
.63 3
.64 2
.91 2
.25 2
.65 3
.31
Shannon 5
.29 2
.45 3
.93 3
.17 2
.55 2
.86 3
.69
th th th
T
abl
e3.
19:T
urn
ingpo
intc
alcu
lat
ion
sforreg
res
sion
s(a
)to(d
)and9
0 ,95 and9
9
p
erc
ent
ile
s

th
isr
ela
tedt
oth
elin
eart
ermi
sne
gat
ive
,bo
thb
ein
gsi
gnifi
can
t,w
ededu
ceth
atw
eha
ve
aU
-re
lat
ion
shipb
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yandth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s. Th
iss
eem
sto
c
onfi
rmth
ese
condp
arto
fPr
opo
sit
ion3c
onc
ern
ingth
econ
vex
ityo
fsc
ien
tifi
cou
tpu
twi
th
ou
rcomp
lex
ityind
ex.N
eve
rth
ele
ss,t
oen
sur
eth
atth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sisd
ecr
eas
ing
w
ithou
rind
exe
sofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y,w
ene
edt
ocompu
teth
etu
rnin
gpo
intandch
eck
th th th
th
ati
tisn
ots
ign
ific
ant
. W
erepo
rtth
esev
alu
esandth
e90 ,9
5 and9
9 pe
rcen
ti
les
o
fth
edi
str
ibu
tiono
fth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,S
imp
sonandSh
ann
onind
exe
sinT
abl
e3.
19.

W
eob
tainth
atth
eva
lueo
fth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erind
exwh
ich m
inim
ize
sth
enumb
ero
f
th
c
ita
tion
sisb
etw
een2
.37(
reg
res
sion(
1d)
)and3
.52(
reg
res
sion(
1a)
).G
iventh
atth
e95
p
erc
ent
il
eis2
,mo
reth
an9
5%o
fth
epap
ersinou
rda
tab
aseh
aveanin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ry
ind
exl
owe
rth
anth
isth
resh
old
.Fo
rth
eSimp
sonind
ex,th
emin
ima
lth
resh
oldob
tain
ed
inou
rre
gre
ssi
onsi
s2.
63.A
round9
5%o
fth
epap
ersh
aveaS
imp
sonind
exb
elowth
is
v
alu
e.F
orth
eSh
ann
on-W
ien
er,th
eth
resh
oldi
sbe
twe
en2
.45and5
.29
.Ar
ound9
0%o
f
th
epap
ersh
aveaSh
ann
onind
exb
elowth
isth
resh
oldinr
egr
ess
ion(b
),and m
oreth
an
9
5%inth
eoth
err
egr
ess
ion
s.G
lob
ally
,th
etu
rnin
gpo
intinon
lyen
gend
eredb
yex
trem
e
v
alu
esandth
ere
for
ecan
’tb
ein
terp
ret
ed.In
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yde
cre
ase
ssc
ien
tifi
cimp
act
,
bu
tle
ssandl
essr
apid
ly
,soth
atth
ehi
ghe
stp
ena
ltyonimp
actapp
ear
swh
enth
epr
oje
ct
b
egin
stob
ecomp
lex
,i.
e.wh
enth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yind
exe
sar
eju
stabo
ve1
. W
e
i
llu
str
ateth
epr
edi
cti
onsonth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sinF
igu
re3
.5a
cco
rdin
gtor
egr
ess
ion
s
(
1d)
,(2d
)and(
3d)f
romT
abl
es3
.25and3
.26
.

S
ofa
r,w
eha
vet
est
edth
ere
lat
ion
shipb
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yandth
enumb
ero
f
c
ita
tion
s.Inth
efo
llow
ing
,wec
ons
ide
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
epr
obab
il
ity
th
atap
ape
rbe
lon
gst
oth
etop1
0%o
rtop5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rso
fth
eirc
ate
gory
.
S
inc
eth
edep
end
antv
ari
abl
eisadumm
y,w
erunL
ogi
tre
gre
ssi
ons
. W
eus
eth
esam
e
l
isto
fcon
tro
lsa
spr
evi
ous
lyex
cep
tth
eimp
actf
act
or,o
the
rwi
sel
ogi
sti
cre
gre
ssi
onsd
o
n
otc
onv
erg
e. W
erepo
rtth
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
e3.
27f
orth
etop1
0%andinT
abl
e3.
28f
or
th
etop5%
.Al
lth
eco
effic
ien
tsa
sso
cia
tedw
ithth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,th
eSimp
sonandth
e
Sh
ann
on-W
ien
erind
exe
sar
esi
gnifi
can
tandn
ega
tiv
e.T
oapp
rec
iat
eth
est
ren
ghto
fth
e
5
. RESULTS 1
17

eff
ect
,le
t’st
akeanex
amp
le
.Am
onod
isc
ipl
ina
ryp
ape
rpub
li
shedin2
013inPh
ysi
cs(
all
o
the
rva
riab
lesa
tme
ans
)ha
s11
.07%ch
anc
est
obe
lon
gtoth
etop1
0%m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs.
Ap
ape
rpub
li
shed
in2
013
inth
esam
ejou
rna
lbu
twi
thtw
odi
scip
lin
esc
ont
ribu
tin
gequ
ally
h
as9
.43%ch
anc
est
obe
lon
gtoth
etop1
0% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs.R
ema
rka
gainth
atth
e
c
oeffi
cien
tas
soc
iat
edt
oth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esi
spo
sit
iveands
ign
ific
ant
.Fo
rth
esam
e
r
eas
onsth
anp
rev
iou
sly
,werunr
egr
ess
ion
scon
sid
erin
gth
atth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esi
sa
c
ate
gor
ica
lva
riab
le
. W
epr
esen
tth
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
e3.
29. Th
efir
sttw
oco
lumn
sde
alw
ith
th
edumm
y“P
ape
rsinth
etop1
0%”
,th
ela
sttw
oon
esw
ithth
edumm
y“P
ape
rsinth
e
t
op5%
”. W
econ
sid
er“
1di
scip
lin
e”a
sth
ere
fer
enc
eca
teg
ory
.Ina
llth
ere
gre
ssi
ons
,th
e
c
oeffi
cien
tsa
sso
cia
tedt
o“2d
isc
ipl
ine
s”a
res
ign
ific
antandn
ega
tiv
ewh
il
eth
isr
ela
tedt
o
“
3di
scip
lin
esand m
ore
”isn
ons
ign
ific
antand
/orn
ega
tiv
e,ex
cep
tinth
efir
str
egr
ess
ion
.

Th
ere
sul
tsg
ointh
esam
edi
rec
tionth
anw
ithth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s. Th
emo
rea
p
ape
risin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ry,th
ele
ssch
anc
esh
eha
stob
elon
gtoth
e10%o
r5% m
ostc
ited
p
ape
rs.
 1
18

7
7

t
taions
7

ro i
fC
.5
6
.5
6
.5
6

tedNumbe
ima
t
6

Es
6
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Be
rge
r-Pa
rke
rindex S
impsonindex Shannon
-Wiene
rindex

rty
i
1
1
1

ipina
l
.8
.8
.8

te isc
rd
.6
.6
.6

fIn
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

iono
t
.4
.4
.4

isr
tibu
IGHERC

.2
.2
.2

ived
t
ITAT

la
0
0
0

Cumu
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
Be
rge
r-Pa
rke
rindex S
impsonindex Shannon
-Wiene
rindex
IONIMPACT

F
igu
re3
.5:P
red
ict
ion enumb
sonth ero
fci
tat
ion
s(r
egr
ess
ion
s(1d)
,(2d)and(3d
),Tab
les3
.25and3
.26
)andcumu
lat
ived
ist
ribu
tion
softh
e
?

int
erd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exes
 5

T
abl
e3.
20 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finterdi
scip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10
. RESULTS

d
isc
ipline
s,OSTn om
enc
latu
re)

(1a
) (1b) (1
c) (1d) (2a
) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -
0.123 -0
.0390 -0
.170 -0
.0983
(-17
.01 ) (-6
.55) (-19
.52 ) (
-13.40)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0840 -0
.0217 -0
.134 -0
.0776
(
-16.21) (-5
.17
) (-19
.9 8) (-13
.71)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00
107∗∗∗ 0
.000570 0
.00104 0
.000544 0
.00107 0
.000571 0
.00104 0
.000541
(13
.22
) (10.99
) (13
.20) (10.62
) (13
.21) (11.00
) (13
.16) (10
.59)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.415 0
.255 0
.416 0
.256 0
.415 0
.255 0
.416 0
.256
(63
.30 ) (49
.52 ) (63
.39 ) (49
.83 ) (63
.22 ) (49
.50 ) (63
.3 9) (49
.8 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0327 0
.0200 0
.0327 0
.0200 0
.0327 0
.0201 0
.0326 0
.0200
(6
0.07) (44.80) (60.50) (45.37) (60.01) (44.86) (60
.43) (45
.40)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.112∗∗∗ 0
.142 0
.146 0
.162
(9
.15) (13
.93 ) (11
.0 3) (14
.5 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.103∗∗∗ 0.104 0.103 0.103
(125.81 ) (126.51 ) (125.70) (126.54)
Observa
tions 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164
Log-Lik
elihood -772885.9 -740790 .9 -772789
.6 -740593 .3 -772896
.1 -74080 0.6 -772754
.5 -740578.3
AIC 1545837
.8 148 1649.8 1545647
.3 1481256 .7 1545858
.2 148166 9.3 1545577
.0 1481226.5
BIC 1546182
.0 14 82004.4 1546001
.9 1481621 .7 1546202
.4 148202 3.9 1545931
.6 1481591.6
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
19
 1
20

T
abl
e3.
21 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finterdi
scip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10
d
isc
ipline
s,OSTn om
enc
latu
re)

(3a) (3b) (3
c) (3d) (4a
) (4b
) (4
c) (4d
)
∗∗∗ ∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -
0.0595 -0
.00750 -0.120 -0
.0700
(
-12.90) (
-2.04) (
-18.16 ) (
-12.56)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0216 0
.0359 0
.0588 0
.0420
(6.22
) (12.50) (9
.55) (8
.10)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00108∗∗∗ 0
.000572 0
.00104 0
.000540 0
.00108 0
.000567 0
.00110 0
.000569
(13.23
) (11.02
) (13
.15) (10.57
) (13
.32) (11.03
) (13
.46) (11
.09)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.415 0
.255 0
.416 0
.256 0
.417 0
.256 0
.417 0
.256
(63
.12 ) (49
.47 ) (63
.33 ) (49
.84 ) (63
.12 ) (49
.66 ) (63
.0 2) (49
.6 4)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0328 0
.0201 0
.0327 0
.0200 0
.0333 0
.0203 0
.0331 0
.0203
(60
.15) (45.00) (60.55) (45.52) (61.08) (45.53) (60
.69) (45
.44)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.174∗∗∗ 0
.179 -0
.136 -0
.0222
(11.85) (14
.36 ) (
-7.26
) (
-1.44
)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0
.104∗∗∗ 0.104 0.104 0.104
(125
.68 ) (126.60 ) (126.15) (125.81)
Observa
tions 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -772962.1 -740814.9 -772798
.7 -740595 .0 -773052
.0 -74066 2.1 -772996
.7 -740660.2
AIC 1545990
.2 1481697.9 1545665
.4 1481260 .1 1546170
.0 148139 2.2 1546061
.5 1481390.5
ITAT

BIC 1546334
.4 1482052.5 1546020
.0 1481625 .1 1546514
.2 148174 6.8 1546416
.1 1481755.5
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 5

T
abl
e3.
22 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sforth
eeff e
cto
fthenumbero
fdisc
ipl
ines(
cat
egor
ica
lv a
riab
le)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rs
wi
thatlea
st4re
fer
enc
es,1
-10di
scip
lin
es,OSTn om
encla
ture)
. RESULTS

(4a) (4b) (4c

) (4d)
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0 0 0
(
.) (
.) (
.) (
.)
∗ ∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0.0118 -0
.0166 0
.000892 -0
.0638
(-1.38) (
-2.57
) (0
.07) (-6
.57)
∗∗∗ ∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
sand mo
re 0
.0202∗ 0
.0611 0
.0434 -0.0244
(2.09
) (7
.98) (2.19
) (-1.57
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00108∗∗∗ 0
.000567 0
.00109 0
.000559
(13.35
) (11.13
) (13
.36) (10.94
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tion
alCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.417 0
.255 0
.417 0
.256
(63
.12 ) (49
.67 ) (63
.05 ) (49
.75 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0332 0
.0202 0
.0332 0
.0203
(61
.16) (45.68) (60.99) (45.92)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0293 0
.108
(-1.37) (6.26)
∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.104∗∗∗ 0.104
(126.27 ) (126.36)
Observa
tions 250164 250164 250164 250164
Log-Lik
elihood -773078.2 -740675 .1 -773076
.4 -74064 4.8
AIC 1546224
.4 1481420 .3 1546222
.9 148136 1.7
BIC 1546579
.0 1481785 .3 1546587
.9 148173 7.1
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
21
 1
22

T
abl
e3.
23 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff e
ctofthelog
arithmo fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
r
efe
ren
c e
s,1-
10d i
s c
ipl
ines
,OSTn omen
clatu
re)

(1a
) (1b) (1
c) (1d) (2a
) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
logB
erg
er-P
a e
rkr -0
.193 -0
.0639 -0
.285 -0
.176
(-16
.64 ) (-6
.86) (-19
.93 ) (-14.68 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
logS
imp
son -0.145 -0
.0423 -0
.259 -0
.167
(
-15.47) (-5
.71
) (-20
.5 3) (-15
.7 7)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00107∗∗∗ 0
.000570 0
.00104 0
.000540 0
.00108 0
.000571 0
.00103 0
.000536
(13.21
) (10.99
) (13
.17) (10.58
) (13
.21) (11.00
) (13
.11) (10
.53)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.415 0
.255 0
.416 0
.256 0
.415 0
.255 0
.416 0
.256
(63
.31 ) (49
.52 ) (63
.46 ) (49
.88 ) (63
.22 ) (49
.50 ) (63
.4 8) (49
.9 4)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0327 0
.0200 0
.0327 0
.0200 0
.0327 0
.0200 0
.0326 0
.0200
(60
.11) (44.81) (60.58) (45.42) (60.10) (44.87) (60
.59) (45
.48)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.132∗∗∗ 0
.158 0
.176 0
.190
(10.42) (14
.86 ) (12
.7 0) (16
.0 9)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.103∗∗∗ 0.103 0.103 0.103
(1 25
.77 ) (126.59 ) (125.64) (126.62)
Observa
tions 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -772879.9 -740787 .3 -772755
.5 -740559 .7 -772896
.3 -74079 6.0 -772711
.5 -740523.4
AIC 1545825
.8 148 1642.6 1545579
.1 1481189 .3 1545858
.7 148165 9.9 1545491
.0 1481116.9
ITAT

BIC 1546170
.0 14 81997.2 1545933
.7 1481554 .4 1546202
.9 148201 4.5 1545845
.6 1481481.9
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 5

T
abl
e3.
24:N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff e
ctofthelog
arithmo fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
r
efe
ren
c e
s,1-
10d i
s c
ipl
ines
,OSTn omen
clatu
re)

(3a) (3b) (3
c) (3d)
∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
logShannon -0.106 -0
.0183 -0.259 -0
.175
. RESULTS

(
-11 .96) (
-2.64) (
-19.00 ) (-15.46)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00108∗∗∗ 0
.000572 0
.00103 0
.000534
(13.23
) (11.02
) (13
.10) (10.48
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tion
alCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.415 0
.255 0
.416 0
.256
(63
.12 ) (49
.46 ) (63
.43 ) (49
.95 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0328 0
.0201 0
.0327 0
.0200
(60
.25) (44.99) (60.75) (45.63)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.220∗∗∗ 0
.225
(13.85) (16
.57 )
∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.104∗∗∗ 0.103
(125.62 ) (126.73)
Observa
tions 250164 250164 250164 250164
Log-Lik
elihood -772968.2 -740812 .4 -772751
.1 -74052 3.6
AIC 1546002
.3 1481692 .7 1545570
.2 148111 7.2
BIC 1546346
.5 1482047 .3 1545924
.8 148148 2.2
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
23
 1
24

T
abl
e3.
25 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeffectofin
terdi
scip
linar
ity(
squ
aret
erm)onthenumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
r
efe
renc
es,1
-1 0disc
ipl
ines
,OSTn om
enc
latu
re)

(1a) (1b) (1
c) (1d) (2a
) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -
0.235 -0
.118 -0
.431 -0
.365
(-6.40) (
-4.02) (-10
.76 ) (-10.96 )
∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er2 0
.0334 0
.0235 0
.0756 0
.0770
(3
.23
) (2
.81
) (6
.98) (8
.52)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.148 -0
.0852 -0
.313 -0
.271
(
-6.69) (-4
.91
) (-12
.6 6) (-13
.4 1)
∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son2 0
.0163 0
.0162 0
.0430 0
.0466
(3
.11
) (3
.86) (7
.87) (10
.39)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00107∗∗∗ 0
.000570 0
.00104 0
.000539 0
.00108 0
.000571 0
.00103 0
.000535
(13.21
) (10.99
) (13
.16) (10.57
) (13
.21) (11.01
) (13
.11) (10
.53)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.415 0
.255 0
.416 0
.256 0
.415 0
.255 0
.416 0
.256
(63
.32 ) (49
.52 ) (63
.49 ) (49
.91 ) (63
.25 ) (49
.51 ) (63
.5 2) (49
.9 8)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0327 0
.0200 0
.0327 0
.0200 0
.0327 0
.0201 0
.0326 0
.0200
(60
.10) (44.82) (60.64) (45.52) (60.03) (44.89) (60
.59) (45
.60)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.133∗∗∗ 0
.164 0
.175 0
.193
(10.42) (15
.14 ) (12
.6 3) (16
.3 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
IGHERC

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.103∗∗∗ 0.104 0.103 0.103
(1 25
.80 ) (126.63 ) (125.68) (126.66)
Observa
tions 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164
ITAT

Log-Lik
elihood -772878.4 -740786 .3 -772754
.9 -740548 .9 -772888
.4 -74079 1.3 -772706
.2 -740509.0
AIC 1545824
.9 148 1642.6 1545579
.9 1481169 .8 1545844
.8 148165 2.6 1545482
.4 1481090.1
BIC 1546179
.5 14 82007.7 1545944
.9 1481545 .3 1546199
.4 148201 7.7 1545847
.4 1481465.5
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 5

T
abl
e3.
26 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeffectofin
terdi
scip
linar
ity(
squ
aret
erm)onthenumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
. RESULTS

r
efe
renc
es,1
-1 0disc
ipl
ines
,OSTn om
enc
latu
re)

(3a) (3b) (3
c) (3d)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0995 -0
.0568 -0.300 -0
.269
(-5
.34) (-3
.87) (
-13.45 ) (-14.76)
∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon2 0
.00940 0
.0116 0
.0382 0
.0424
(2
.32) (3
.55) (8
.81) (11.91)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00108∗∗∗ 0
.000573 0
.00103 0
.000534
(13.23
) (11.03
) (13
.09) (10.48
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.415 0
.255 0
.416 0
.256
(63
.15 ) (49
.47 ) (63
.48 ) (49
.99 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0328 0
.0201 0
.0327 0
.0200
(60
.15) (45.03) (60.75) (45.78)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.222∗∗∗ 0
.232
(14.04) (17
.08 )
∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.104∗∗∗ 0.104
(125.65 ) (126.76)
Observa
tions 250164 250164 250164 250164
Log-Lik
elihood -772957.5 -740806 .4 -772735
.0 -74049 9.3
AIC 1545983
.0 1481682 .8 1545540
.1 148107 0.6
BIC 1546337
.7 1482047 .8 1545905
.1 148144 6.1
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
25
 1
26

T
abl
e3.
27 o
:Lgi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff e
ctofinte
rdi
scip
lin
ari
tyontheprob
abil
itythatth
epap
erbe
long
stoth
etop1
0% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(p
aperswithatleas
t4r e
fer
enc
es,1
-10dis
cip
line
s,OSTnomen
cla
tur
e)

(1a) ( 1b) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.139 -0.228
(
-8.79) (
- 12.43)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0898 -0
.179
(-8
.19
) (-13
.06 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0579 -0
.161
(-6
.17
) (-12
.3 0)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0436 0
.0835
(7
.44) (7
.66)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000546∗∗∗ 0
.000519 0
.000548 0
.000516 0
.000551 0
.000516 0
.000548 0
.000560
(13
.74) (13.05
) (13.79
) (12.96
) (13.86
) (12.97
) (13
.78) (14
.03)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.614 0
.616 0
.614 0
.616 0
.614 0
.615 0
.615 0
.615
(52
.80 ) (52
.92 ) (52
.78 ) (52
.89 ) (52
.77 ) (52
.8 7) (52
.8 9) (52
.8 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.04
46 0
.0447 0
.0446 0
.0446 0
.0447 0
.0447 0
.0452 0
.0451
(55
.90) (55.98) (55.89) (55.88) (56.05) (55.96) (56
.74) (56
.56)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0.200∗∗∗ 0
.242 0
.281 -0
.144
(
9.75) (11.04) (11.47) (
-4.32)
IGHERC

Observa
tions 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164
Log-Lik
elihood -104693.7 -104646.4 -104699.1 -104638.5 -104713.9 -104648.5 -104705
.6 -104696
.2
ITAT

AIC 209451.5 209358.8 209462.2 209343.0 209491.7 209363.1 209475

.2 209458.5
BIC 209785.3 209703.0 209796.0 209687.2 209825.5 209707.3 209809
.0 209802.7
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 5

T
abl
e3.
28 o
:Lgi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeffecto
finte
rdi
scip
lin
ari
tyontheprob
abi
lit
ythatth
epap
erbel
ongst
oth
etop5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(pap
erswithatl
east4ref
eren
ces
,1-
10disc
ipl
ine
s,OSTnomen
cla
tur
e)
. RESULTS

(1a) ( 1b) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.212 -0.325
(
-9.87) (
- 13.01)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.140 -0
.255
(
-9.44) (-13
.78 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0965 -0
.233
(-7
.64
) (-13
.2 5)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0430 0
.0857
(5
.60) (5
.97)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000582∗∗∗ 0
.000551 0
.000584 0
.000547 0
.000588 0
.000547 0
.000585 0
.000597
(14
.19) (13.40
) (14.25
) (13.29
) (14.35
) (13.29
) (14
.28) (14
.51)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.697 0
.698 0
.696 0
.698 0
.696 0
.697 0
.697 0
.696
(44
.96 ) (45
.05 ) (44
.94 ) (45
.03 ) (44
.93 ) (45
.0 1) (45
.0 1) (44
.9 9)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.04
95 0
.0495 0
.0494 0
.0494 0
.0496 0
.0495 0
.0502 0
.0501
(50
.57) (50.61) (50.54) (50.49) (50.69) (50.56) (51
.40) (51
.27)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0.245∗∗∗ 0.304 0.364 -0
.154
(9.15) (10.63) (11.41) (
-3.50)
Observa
tions 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 250164 25016 4
Log-Lik
elihood -68380.5 -68338.9 -68385.0 -68329.0 -68401.1 -68336.8 -68415
.2 -68409.1
AIC 136825
.0 136743.7 136834.0 136724.1 136866.2 136739.6 136894
.4 136884.1
BIC 137158
.7 137087.9 137167.8 137068.3 137199.9 137083.8 137228
.2 137228.3
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
27
 1
28

T
abl
e3.29
:N eg
ativ
ebinom
iale
stim
ate
sfo
rtheeffec
tofthenumbero
fdis
cip
lin
es(
cat
egor
ica
lvar
iab
le)ontheprob
abi
li
tythatth
ep ap
er
b
elong
stothetop10%andtop5% mo
stci
tedpape
rs(pap
erswi
thatlea
st4re
fer
ence
s,1
-10dis
cip
lin
es,OSTnom en
cla
tur
e)

T
op90 Top90 T
op95 T
op95
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0 0 0
(.
) (.
) (
.) (
.)
∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s -
0.035
5 -
0.07
64 -
0.0
503 -
0.128
(-2
.43) (
-3.
32) (-2
.64
) (-4
.23)
∗∗ ∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
sand m
ore 0
.05
04 -
0.023
0 0
.0320 -
0.108
(3.
22) (
-0.
65) (
1.5
6) (
-2.
29)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.0005
51∗∗∗ 0
.00
0547 0
.00
0589 0
.00
0583
(
13.84
) (13
.72
) (14
.36
) (14
.19
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
tern
ati
ona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.615 0
.615 0
.697 0
.697
(52
.87 ) (52
.90 ) (45
.00 ) (45
.04 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
M
aximumh
-ind
ex 0
.04
51 0
.04
52 0
.05
01 0
.05
03
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

(56
.64) (56
.68) (51
.31) (51
.41)
∗ ∗∗∗
M
axim
ald
ist
anc
e 0.0926 0
.176
(2
.31) (3
.31)
IGHERC

Obs
erva
tion
s 25
0164 25
0164 25016
4 250164
Log
-Lik
el
ihood -
104712.
8 -
104710.2 -68
419
.6 -68
414.1
ITAT

AIC 20949
1.7 20948
8.4 1
36905
.2 1
36896.3
BIC 20983
5.9 20984
3.0 1
37249
.4 1
37250.9
tsta
tis
tic
sinpa r
entheses
∗
p<0.05,∗∗ p<0.01,∗∗∗ p<0
.001
IONIMPACT
?
6
. ROBUSTNESSCHECKS 1
29

6 Robu
stne
sscheck
s

T
ote
stth
erobu
stn
esso
fou
rfind
ing
s,w
econdu
ctanumb
ero
fal
tern
ativ
ean
aly
ses
. W
e
h
avec
ons
ide
redp
ape
rsf
orwh
ichw
ear
eab
let
oid
ent
ifya
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
.In
cre
asin
g
th
isth
resh
oldc
ouldr
edu
ceth
epr
opo
rti
ono
fpap
ersh
avin
gal
lth
eirr
efe
ren
cesinaun
iqu
e
d
isc
ipl
ine
. W
ese
lec
tpap
ersf
or wh
ich w
ear
eab
let
oid
ent
ifya
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
cesand
runex
act
lyth
esam
ere
gre
ssi
ons
. W
erepo
rtth
ere
sul
tsf
rom T
abl
es3
.35t
o3.
50. W
e
ob
tainv
erys
imi
larr
esu
ltsc
omp
aredt
opr
evi
ous
ly
.InT
abl
e3.
36,w
epr
esen
tth
ere
sul
ts
o
fth
ere
gre
ssi
onsrunw
ithou
rsub
samp
leo
fpap
ersin
volv
ingl
essth
antw
odi
scip
lin
es.
A
llth
eco
effic
ien
tsa
sso
cia
tedt
oth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esa
ren
ega
tiv
eands
ign
ific
ant
,
wh
il
esom
eofth
emw
eren
ons
ign
ific
antw
ithf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
.Nowc
ons
ide
rin
gth
ewh
ole
s
amp
leo
fpap
ersw
ith m
oreth
an6r
efe
ren
ces
,wec
ans
eein T
abl
e3.
39th
ata
llth
e
c
oeffi
cien
tsa
sso
cia
tedt
o“2d
isc
ipl
ine
s”and“
3di
scip
lin
eso
rmo
re”a
ren
ega
tiv
e,ex
cep
t
on
einr
egr
ess
ion(
4b)
.How
eve
rfo
rth
ela
stc
ate
gory
,th
eva
lue
softh
eco
effic
ien
tsa
re
s
imi
laro
rhi
ghe
rth
anf
orth
eca
teg
orytw
odi
scip
lin
es,wh
ere
asw
eexp
ect
edt
ofindl
owe
r
on
es.

In
ste
ado
fcompu
tin
gth
eind
exe
sofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
ywi
thth
e OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e,
w
eus
eth
eCWTSc
las
sifi
cat
ionwh
ichi
smo
reg
ranu
larw
ith3
5di
scip
lin
es. W
eca
lcu
lat
e
th
eSp
earm
anr
ank
-ord
erc
orr
ela
tion
sth
atw
erepo
rtinT
abl
e3.
30.A
gainth
erank
ingo
f
p
roj
ect
sac
cord
ingt
oth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,th
eSimp
sonandth
eSh
ann
on-W
ien
erind
exe
s
a
rec
los
egiv
enth
atth
eco
rre
lat
ionc
oeffi
cien
tsa
reg
rea
terth
an0
.9,wh
il
eth
isw
il
lbel
ess
th
eca
sef
orth
erank
inga
cco
rdin
gtoth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es.

1 2 3 4
1 B
erg
er-P
ark
er 1
2 S
imp
son 0
.98 1
3 Sh
ann
on 0
.91 0
.97 1
4 Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.53 0
.64 0
.78 1

T
abl
e3.
30:Sp
earm
an’
srank
-ord
eredc
orr
ela
tion
sf o
rpap
ersw
itha
tle
ast2d
isc
ipl
ine
s,
CWTSn omenc
latu
re

W
eca
lcu
lat
eth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exe
swi
thth
eCWTSc
las
sifi
cat
ionandw
erun
ex
act
lyth
esam
ere
gre
ssi
onsa
sbe
for
e. W
erepo
rtth
ere
sul
tsf
romT
abl
es3
.51t
o3.
66.R
e-
su
ltsa
reun
chan
gedc
onc
ern
ingth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,th
eSimp
sonandth
eSh
ann
on-W
ien
er
1
30 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

ind
exe
s. W
eob
serv
eag
ains
tron
glys
ign
ific
antandn
ega
tiv
eco
effic
ien
tsa
sso
cia
tedt
oth
ese
v
ari
abl
es.F
orth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es,w
est
il
lha
vem
ixedr
esu
lts
.InT
abl
e3.
56,w
e
c
ons
ide
rth
esub
samp
leo
fpap
ersw
itha
tmo
st2d
isc
ipl
ine
s. W
eob
serv
eth
atth
eco
effi-
c
ien
tas
soc
iat
edt
oth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esi
sno
tsi
gnifi
can
twh
atev
erth
ere
gre
ssi
on(
4a
t
o4d
),m
ean
ingth
atp
ape
rsw
ithtw
odi
scip
lin
esd
on’
tha
ven
ece
ssa
ri
lyl
essc
ita
tion
sth
an
th
emon
odi
scip
lin
aryon
es.C
ons
ide
rin
gth
ewh
oled
atab
ase
,wec
ans
eeinT
abl
e3.
57th
at
th
esam
eco
effic
ien
tsa
ren
ega
tiv
eands
ign
ific
ant
.How
eve
rfo
rpap
ersw
ith3d
isc
ipl
ine
s,
w
ecan
’tr
eje
ctth
eas
sump
tionth
atth
eyh
avea
sman
yci
tat
ion
sasth
emon
odi
scip
lin
ary
on
es. W
ith4d
isc
ipl
ine
sorm
ore
,weob
tainpo
sit
iveands
ign
ific
antc
oeffi
cien
ts,m
ean
ing
th
atth
osea
rti
cle
sha
veona
ver
age0
.06% m
orec
ita
tion
sth
anth
osew
ith1d
isc
ipl
ine
.
Th
eeff
ecti
sve
rysm
all
,bu
tpr
obab
lyr
efle
ctsth
eex
ist
enc
eofa U
-sh
apedr
ela
tion
ship
b
etw
eenth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esandth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s.

W
eal
sou
seth
eWebo
fSc
ien
ced
isc
ipl
ina
ryc
las
sifi
cat
ion(
sub
jec
tca
teg
ori
es)
,wh
ich
i
sve
ryg
ranu
larw
ith2
52d
isc
ipl
ine
s. W
edon
’tc
ons
ide
rth
esub
samp
leo
fpap
ersw
ith
a
tmo
st2d
isc
ipl
ine
sanda
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,giv
enth
atw
eon
lyob
taina
round1
0,0
00
ob
serv
ati
ons
. W
erunth
esam
ere
gre
ssi
onsa
sbe
for
ewi
tha
llth
epap
ersh
avin
gatl
eas
t4
r
efe
ren
ces
.In m
osto
fth
ere
gre
ssi
ons
,weob
tainn
on-
sign
ific
antc
oeffi
cien
ts.G
iventh
at
w
eha
ve2
52d
isc
ipl
ine
s,p
erh
apsth
eth
resh
oldo
fth
enumb
ero
fre
fer
enc
esi
sun
suffi
cien
t
t
opr
ope
rlyd
ete
rmin
eth
edi
scip
lin
aryp
rofi
leo
fth
epap
er.T
oadd
res
sth
iss
itu
ati
on,w
e
c
ons
ide
rpap
ersw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
cesandr
epo
rtth
ere
sul
tsf
romT
abl
es3
.68t
o3.
76.
W
eob
tainv
erys
imi
larr
esu
ltsc
omp
aredt
oth
epr
evi
ousd
isc
ipl
ina
ryc
las
sifi
cat
ion
s. W
e
a
lsot
ryo
the
rth
resh
old
s(7
,8,9
,10r
efe
ren
ces
).R
esu
ltsa
reun
chan
ged
.

W
ange
tal
.(2
015
)ha
sfoundth
atth
etim
eci
tat
ionw
ind
owc
anch
ang
eth
ere
sul
ts.
W
eha
veu
seda3
-ye
arc
ita
tionw
ind
ow.M
ayb
eth
ede
layo
fre
cogn
it
ioni
smo
reimpo
rtan
t
f
orin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryp
ape
rs.T
ode
alw
ithth
isi
ssu
e,w
econ
sid
era5
-ye
arc
ita
tionw
ind
ow.
N
atu
ral
lyth
isr
edu
cesth
enumb
ero
fob
serv
ati
ons
:ou
rda
tab
asen
owc
ove
rsth
epe
riod
1
999t
o20
11.S
inc
eth
e5-y
earnumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
sisc
orr
ela
teda
tmo
reth
an0
.95w
ith
th
e3-y
earnumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s,r
esu
ltsa
rev
erys
imi
lar
. W
eon
lyr
epo
rtth
ere
sul
tso
fou
r
r
egr
ess
ion
swi
thth
eOSTd
isc
ipl
ina
ryc
las
sifi
cat
ioninT
abe3
l .
48.

W
eal
soin
clud
eau
tho
rs’fix
edeff
ect
sinou
rre
gre
ssi
ons
. W
eha
vem
oreth
an7
70,
000
p
art
ic
ipa
tion
sof2
7,0
00F
ren
chau
tho
rsb
etw
een1
999and2
013
. W
ewan
ttoc
aptu
re
au
tho
rs-
spe
cifi
cun
obs
erv
edandt
ime
-in
var
ian
tfa
cto
rsth
atc
ouldinflu
enc
eth
enumb
ero
f
c
ita
tion
s.E
achau
tho
rcanpub
li
sh m
oreth
anon
epap
ero
verth
epe
riod
.Ifanau
tho
ris
6
. ROBUSTNESSCHECKS 1
31

in
volv
edin m
oreth
anon
epr
oje
ct,th
enth
eob
serv
ati
onsa
ren
otn
ece
ssa
ri
lyind
epend
ant
.
W
ede
cid
etoc
lus
terbo
thb
yau
tho
randr
ese
archp
roj
ect
. W
eus
eth
ecomm
and r
eghd
fe
inS
tat
a wh
icha
llow
stoin
corpo
rat
eahu
genumb
ero
ffix
edeff
ect
sinan OLS m
ode
l.
Ou
rdep
end
entv
ari
abl
eisth
elo
gar
ithmo
fth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
i s9. Th
on eto
talnumb
ero
f
p
art
ic
ipa
tion
sofau
tho
rsinou
rda
tab
asei
sgr
eat
erth
an5
,00
0,0
00s
owec
ont
rolapp
rox
-
im
ativ
elyf
or1
5%o
fth
eind
ividu
alch
ara
cte
ris
tic
sofau
tho
rs. W
efir
stc
ons
ide
rth
eOST
andCWTSd
isc
ipl
ina
ryn
omen
cla
tur
e(T
abl
es3
.92and3
.94
).F
orth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,th
e
S
imp
sonandth
eSh
ann
onind
ex,th
ere
sul
tss
ti
llg
ointh
esam
edi
rec
tiona
sbe
for
e.F
or
th
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es,w
eob
serv
eapo
sit
iveeff
ectonimp
act
.How
eve
r,w
erunth
e
s
amer
egr
ess
ion
swi
thou
tfix
edeff
ect
s(T
abl
es3
.93and3
.95
). Th
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es
h
ass
ti
llapo
sit
iveeff
ect
.Inf
act
,th
etyp
eofe
con
ome
tri
cmod
els
eem
stob
eth
ecau
se
o
fth
ediff
eren
tre
sul
ts. W
ith
outfix
edeff
ect
s,w
eob
tainan
ega
tiv
eco
effic
ien
twi
thth
e
n
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
alm
ode
lwh
il
eweob
tainapo
sit
iveon
ewi
thth
e OLS m
ode
l. An
ywa
y,
th
efix
edeff
ect
sdon
’ts
eemt
obeth
ecau
seo
fth
esi
gnch
ang
e. W
efin
allyc
ons
ide
rth
e
W
oSd
isc
ipl
ina
ryc
las
sifi
cat
ionandr
epo
rtth
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
e3.
96. W
erem
arkth
atw
e
ob
tainpo
sit
ives
ign
sfo
rth
eSimp
sonandth
eSh
ann
onind
exc
oeffi
cien
ts,anda
lsof
orth
e
numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es. W
erunth
esam
ere
gre
ssi
onsw
ith
outfix
edeff
ect
sandw
epr
esen
t
th
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
e3.
97. W
eob
tainpo
sit
ives
ign
sfo
rth
eSh
ann
on-W
ien
erandth
enum
-
b
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es.A
gain
,th
eec
onom
etr
icm
ode
lse
emst
obeth
ecau
ses
inc
eweob
tain
n
ega
tiv
esi
gnsf
orth
eSh
ann
onc
oeffi
cien
twi
than
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
alm
ode
lfo
rin
stan
ce.
N
oteth
atth
eSimp
sonind
exc
oeffi
cien
tispo
sit
iveinth
emod
elw
ithfix
edeff
ect
swh
il
e
n
ega
tiv
einth
emod
elw
ith
outfix
edeff
ect
s.

F
ina
lly
,wec
ons
ide
rth
eimp
actf
act
ora
sth
edep
end
entv
ari
abl
e. W
ees
tim
ateOLSr
e-
g
res
sion
sandr
epo
rtth
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
es3
.49and3
.50(OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e),T
abl
es3
.65
and3
.66(CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e),andT
abl
es3
.78and3
.79(W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e).S
ome
-
t
ime
sweob
tainoppo
sit
ere
sul
ts wh
en w
ein
clud
eth
emax
imumd
ist
anc
ebe
twe
enth
e
d
isc
ipl
ine
s.Inth
eco
rre
lat
ion m
atr
ix(T
abl
e3.
67)
,th
emax
ima
ldi
stan
ceandth
eind
exe
s
o
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yar
eco
rre
lat
eda
tmo
reth
an0
.5. W
ith
outth
emax
ima
ldi
stan
ce,th
e
r
esu
ltsa
res
imi
lart
oth
eseob
tain
edw
ithth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s.

9
ln
(1+numb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s)
1
32 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

7 I
sin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rityin
crea
singov
ert
ime?

Inth
egen
era
lin
trodu
cti
on,w
eha
vep
res
ent
edtw
ogr
aph
sind
ica
tin
gth
atin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
r-
i
ty,af
ormo
fcomp
lex
ityo
fre
sea
rchp
roj
ect
s,i
sin
cre
asin
gov
ert
ime
. W
ede
alw
ithtw
o
d
atab
ase
stosuppo
rtth
isa
sse
rti
on. Th
efir
ston
econ
tain
sar
ound4
00,
000r
ese
archa
r-
t
ic
lesina
cad
emi
cjou
rna
lspub
li
shedb
yatl
eas
taF
ren
chr
ese
arch
erb
etw
een1
999and
2
013
. Th
ese
condon
eisth
efu
llW
ebo
fSc
ien
ceb
etw
een2
013and2
017w
ithapp
rox
ima
-
t
ive
ly8
,00
0,0
00pub
li
cat
ion
s.E
achd
atab
aseh
asi
tsownadv
ant
age
sandd
isadv
ant
age
s:
th
eFr
enchon
econ
sid
ersasuffi
cien
tlyl
ongp
eri
odt
oob
serv
etr
end
sbu
tisg
eog
raph
ica
lly
l
imi
tedt
oon
ecoun
try
. Th
ese
condd
atab
aseh
asahu
genumb
ero
fob
serv
ati
onsa
llo
ver
th
ewo
rld
,bu
tonash
ort
erp
eri
od.

Th
iss
ect
ion10 a
imsa
tsh
owin
gth
atin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yisr
eal
lyin
cre
asin
gov
ert
ime
.
W
econdu
ctd
iffe
ren
trobu
stn
essch
eck
stoth
ispu
rpo
se.

F
irs
t,th
isob
serv
ati
ond
oesn
otd
ependonth
ech
oic
eofth
edi
scip
lin
aryc
las
sifi
cat
ion
.
W
epr
esen
tinF
igu
res3
.6t
o3.
11th
eev
olu
tiono
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yac
cord
ingt
ofou
rHi
ll
ind
exe
s(B
erg
er-P
ark
er,S
imp
son
,Sh
ann
onandnumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es)c
ompu
tedw
ithth
e
OST
,CWTSand W
ebo
fSc
ien
ced
isc
ipl
ina
ryn
omen
cla
tur
es. Th
ey-
axi
sisinl
oga
rithm
ic
s
cal
e. Wh
atev
erth
eda
tab
ase
,th
ech
osenind
exandth
edi
scip
lin
aryc
las
sifi
cat
ion
,in
ter
-
d
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yisin
cre
asin
gov
ert
imea
tac
ons
tan
tra
te. W
eca
lcu
lat
eth
eannu
ala
ver
age
g
row
thr
ate
swi
thth
efu
llW
ebo
fSc
ien
ced
atab
aseandr
epo
rtth
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
e3.
31.
W
eob
serv
eth
atin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yin
cre
ase
sbe
twe
en1%and3
.5%p
ery
earona
ver
age
.

OST
(11d
isc
) CWTS(
35d
isc
) W
oS(
252d
isc
)
B
erg
er-P
ark
er 0
.88% 1
.22% 1
.71%
S
imp
son 1
.42% 1
.87% 2
.54%
Sh
ann
on 1
.81% 2
.3% 2
.90%
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 2
.62% 3
.14% 3
.34%

T
abl
e3.
31: Annu
ala
ver
agegrowthra
teofint
erd
isc
ipl
inar
ity
,Webo
fSc
ien
ced
atab
ase
(
8,0
0 0
,000obs
erva
tion
s,2013
-2017
)

10
Th
iss
ect
ioninv
est
iga
teswh
eth
erin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rityr
eal
lyin
crea
sesov
ert
ime
.
7
. ISINTERD
ISC
IPL
INAR
ITYINCREAS
INGOVERT
IME
? 1
33

.22.4
le)
.8 2 2
logsca
y(
.6 1
r
inat
i
.4 1
i
rdsip
c l
.2 1
rage te
in
1
Ave
1

1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Year

Berge
r-Parke
r S
impson
Shannon-Wiene
r NbD
iscip
l
ines

F
igu
re3.6
: Evo
lut
iono
fthein
terd
isc
ipl
in a
rit
yo fres
ear
cha r
tic
lespub
li
shedbyatlea
st
aFr
enchre
sear
cherb
etw
een1999and2 013( 4
0 0
,000obs
ervat
ions
),OSTdis
cip
lin
ary
nom enc
lature
.

F
igu
re3.7
: Evo
lut
iono
fthein
terdi
scip
lina
rit
yo fre
sear
cha r
tic
lespub
li
shedbyatlea
st
aFr
enchres
ear
cherbe
twe
en199 9and2 0
13( 40
0,000obse
rvat
ions)
,CWTSd i
scip
lin
ary
nomenc
lature
.
1
34 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

F
igu
re3.8
: Evo
lut
iono
fthein
terdi
scip
lina
rit
yo fres
ear
cha r
tic
lespub
li
shedbyatlea
st
aFr
enchre
sear
cherb
etw
een19 9
9and2 013( 4
0 0
,000obs
ervat
ions
),W oSd
isc
ipl
ina
ry
nomenc
lature
.
.5
3
le
logsca )
3
ty(
.5
r
inai
2
rd
te c
is l
ip
2
Ave in
rage
.5
1

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Berge
r-Parke
r S
impson
Shannon-Wiene
r NbD
iscip
l
ines

Fi
gur
e3.9
: Evo
lut
iono
fthein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rityo
fr e
sear
cha
rti
clesbetween2
0 1
3and
2
017,Webo
fS c
ienc
edat
aba
s e(
8,00
0,000ob
serva
tion
s),OSTdi
scipl
inarynomenc
latu
re.
7
. ISINTERD
ISC
IPL
INAR
ITYINCREAS
INGOVERT
IME
? 1
35

.5
le)
4
logsca
.5
ty(
3
ip
isc l r
inai
.5
2
te
ragein
Ave rd
.5
1

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Berge
r-Parke
r S
impson
Shannon-Wiene
r NbD
iscip
l
ines

F
igu
re3.1
0: Ev
olut
iono
fth
eint
erd
isc
ipl
inar
ityofres
earchar
tic
lesb
etween2013and
20
17,Webo fSc
ien
ced
atab
ase(8
,000
,000observ
ati
ons)
,CWTSd i
scip
lin
ary
nomenc
latu
re.
6 7 8 9 10
ip r
ina
l t
i logs
y( le
ca )
5
te i
rdsc
4
rage
ve in
3
A

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Berge
r-Parke
r S
impson
Shannon-Wiene
r NbD
iscip
l
ines

Fi
gur
e3.1
1: Evo
lut
ionofth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofrese
archpape
rsb e
tween2
0 1
3and
2
017,WebofSci
encedat
abas
e(8
,000
,000obs
ervat
ion
s),W oSd
isc
ipl
inarynomenc
latu
re.
1
36 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

W
ene
edt
ove
ri
fyi
fth
egr
owtho
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yth
atw
eob
serv
eisn
otana
rte
fac
t.
T
oca
lcu
lat
eou
rcomp
lex
ityind
exe
s,w
eas
soc
iat
etoe
achr
efe
ren
ceth
edi
scip
lin
eso
fth
e
j
ourn
alin wh
ichth
epap
erh
asb
eenpub
li
shed
. Afi
rsts
our
ceo
fbi
asf
orth
ein
cre
ase
o
fou
rin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exe
scou
ldb
eth
atj
ourn
alsa
rea
tta
chedt
omo
reand m
ore
d
isc
ipl
ine
sov
ert
ime
.How
eve
r,th
isd
oesn
oth
oldh
eres
inc
eou
rco
rre
spond
anc
etab
le
b
etw
eenj
ourn
alsandd
isc
ipl
ine
sist
imein
var
ian
t.

As
econds
our
ceo
fbi
asc
ouldb
eth
atth
esc
ien
tifi
cpr
odu
cti
oni
sbe
com
ingm
ore
and m
oree
gal
ita
rianb
etw
eenth
edi
scip
lin
eso
vert
ime
.Re
sea
rch
ersm
ayb
emo
reinflu
-
en
cedb
ywo
rksc
omin
gfr
omo
the
rfie
ldsandc
ons
equ
ent
lyc
item
oreth
esep
ape
rs. Th
is
c
ouldl
eadt
oanin
cre
aseo
fth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exe
s,wh
il
eth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fpr
ob-
l
emsr
ese
arch
ersh
avet
ofa
cer
ema
insun
chan
ged
.Tod
ealw
ithth
isi
ssu
e,w
ecompu
te
d
isc
ipl
ina
ryd
ive
rsi
tyind
exe
softh
esc
ien
tifi
cpr
odu
cti
on(B
erg
er-P
ark
er,S
imp
sonand
Sh
ann
on-W
ien
erind
exe
s)andth
eirannu
alg
row
thr
ats(g
e BP,g
SI andg
SW)
. W
epr
esen
t
th
ere
sul
tsinT
abl
e3.
32a(OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e),T
abl
e3.
32b(CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e)and
T
abl
e3.
32c(W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e).S
inc
eou
rda
tab
aseon
lyc
ove
rsfiv
eye
ars
,wen
eedt
o
b
ecau
tiou
sabou
tth
econ
clu
sion
s. N
eve
rth
ele
ssth
ere
sul
tsb
asedonth
ediff
eren
tdi
s-
c
ipl
ina
ryc
las
sifi
cat
ion
sdon
’ts
eemt
ova
lid
ateth
isa
ssump
tion
.Ac
cord
ingt
oth
e OST
n
omen
cla
tur
e(T
abl
e3.
32a
),w
eob
tainanannu
ala
ver
ageg
row
thr
ateb
etw
een0
.58%and
1
.37%f
orth
edi
scip
lin
aryd
ive
rsi
tyo
fth
esc
ien
tifi
cpr
odu
cti
ono
verth
epe
riod2
013
-20
17.
H
owev
erth
isob
serv
ati
oni
sma
inlydu
etoth
ejumpo
fth
ediff
eren
tind
exe
sbe
twe
en2
016
and2
017
,no
tar
egu
lart
rend
.Ifw
econ
sid
erth
epe
riod2
013
-20
16,th
isi
sst
abl
eorev
en
d
ecl
inin
g. W
ithth
e CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e,th
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erandth
eSimp
sonind
exe
s
flu
ctu
atewh
il
eth
eSh
ann
onind
exr
ais
es.A
gain
,th
ein
cre
aseo
fth
edi
scip
lin
aryd
ive
rsi
ty
o
fsc
ien
tifi
cpr
odu
cti
oni
sma
inlyd
riv
enb
yth
est
ron
gjumpb
etw
een2
016and2
017
,ex
cep
t
f
orth
eSh
ann
onind
ex.A
cco
rdin
gtoth
ela
tte
r,ev
eni
fsc
ien
tifi
cpr
odu
cti
oni
sbe
com
ing
m
oreand m
oree
gal
ita
rianb
etw
eenth
edi
scip
lin
eso
vert
ime
,iti
sun
suffi
cien
ttoexp
lain
th
egr
owtho
fth
isin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
ex.Ind
eed
,Tab
le3
.32bind
ica
tesanannu
alg
row
th
r
ateo
f1.
18%wh
il
eou
rcomp
lex
ityind
exg
row
sat2
.3%p
ery
earona
ver
age
.Fin
ally
,ac
-
c
ord
ingt
oth
eWebo
fSc
ien
ced
isc
ipl
ina
ryc
las
sifi
cat
ion(T
abe3
l .
32c
),th
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er
andth
eSimp
sonind
exe
sflu
ctu
ateal
otbu
tde
cre
aseona
ver
agewh
il
eth
eSh
ann
onind
ex
i
sst
abl
eov
ert
ime
. O
rweh
avesh
ownin T
abl
e3.
31th
atth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exe
s
a
tth
epap
erl
eve
lin
cre
asea
tanannu
alr
ateb
etw
een1
.71%and3
.34%
. Thu
swer
eal
ly
c
an’
tcon
clud
eth
atth
egr
owtho
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exe
sisd
riv
enb
yth
ein
cre
aseo
fth
e
7
. ISINTERD
ISC
IPL
INAR
ITYINCREAS
INGOVERT
IME
? 1
37

d
isc
ipl
ina
ryd
ive
rsi
tyo
fth
esc
ien
tifi
cpr
odu
cti
on.

Ath
irds
our
ceo
fbi
asi
sth
atinou
rda
tab
ase
,th
eav
era
genumb
ero
fre
fer
enc
esp
erp
a-
p
eri
sra
is
ingo
vert
ime(T
abl
e3.
33)
,wh
ichc
ouldl
eadt
oag
row
tho
fou
rin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ry
ind
exe
s.T
oadd
res
sth
iss
itu
ati
on,w
ees
tim
atet
obi
tmod
elswh
ereth
edep
end
antv
ari
-
ab
lesa
reth
ediff
eren
tin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exe
sexp
res
sedinl
oga
rithm
,soa
sth
eyb
elon
g
t
o[0
;ln
(m)
].Ina
llth
ere
gre
ssi
ons
,ob
serv
ati
onsw
ithth
elo
gar
ithmo
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
equ
alt
o0(m
onod
isc
ipl
ina
ryp
ape
rs)a
rel
eft
-cen
sor
ed.F
orth
eexp
lan
ato
ryv
ari
abl
es,w
e
a
rem
ain
lyin
ter
est
edinth
eye
ardumm
iesc
oeffi
cien
ts. W
eus
e19
99a
sth
ere
fer
enc
eca
t-
e
gory
.Ifin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yisr
eal
lyin
cre
asin
g,th
enth
eye
ardumm
iesc
oeffi
cien
ts mu
st
b
esi
gnifi
can
t,po
sit
iveandin
cre
asin
ginou
rre
gre
ssi
ons
,ev
en wh
en w
econ
tro
lfo
rth
e
numb
ero
fre
fer
enc
es.I
fth
isi
sana
rte
fac
tfr
omth
eda
ta,th
eyw
il
lben
on-
sign
ific
ant
. W
e
su
cce
ssiv
elyrunt
obi
tre
gre
ssi
onsw
ithth
e OST
,CWTSand W
oSd
isc
ipl
ina
ryc
las
sifi
ca-
t
ion
sandr
epo
rtth
ere
sul
tsf
romT
abl
es3
.80t
o3.
91.Inano
verwh
elm
ingm
ajo
rit
yofth
e
r
egr
ess
ion
s,th
eye
ardumm
iesc
oeffi
cien
tsa
repo
sit
ive
,si
gnifi
can
tandg
row
ingo
vert
ime
.
W
ithth
eWoSd
isc
ipl
ina
ryc
las
sifi
cat
ion
,andon
ly wh
enin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yism
easu
red
w
ithth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(T
abl
e3.
91)
,weob
serv
eth
atth
eco
effic
ien
tsa
ren
ega
tiv
e
andd
ecr
eas
ingb
etw
een2
000and2
003b
efo
rein
cre
asin
gandb
ecom
ingpo
sit
iveinth
e
r
ema
inin
gpe
riod
.Nev
erth
ele
ssth
enumb
ero
fob
serv
ati
onsc
ons
ide
rab
lyr
ais
esb
etw
een
1
999(
3,7
05)and2
003(
24,
414
)inou
rda
tab
asea
ssh
owninT
abl
e3.
33,po
ten
tia
llyind
i-
c
atin
gas
ele
cti
onb
iasa
tth
ebe
ginn
ingo
fth
epe
riod
.Giv
enth
atth
ere
sul
tsg
ointh
e
exp
ect
edd
ire
cti
onf
orth
eoth
ery
ear
s,w
ecanc
onc
lud
eth
atth
egr
owtho
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
r-
i
tyth
atw
eob
serv
ecan
’tju
stb
eexp
lain
edb
yth
ein
cre
aseo
fth
enumb
ero
fre
fer
enc
es
th
atw
ear
eab
let
oid
ent
ify
.
1
38 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

y
ear B
erg
erP
ark
er g
BP S
imp
son g
SI Sh
ann
on g
SW

2
013 3
.00
2 5
.97
2 7
.77
7
2
014 3
.01
9 +
0.5
7% 5
.99
5 +
0.3
9% 7
.78
3 +
0.0
7%
2
015 3
.03
1 +
0.4
0% 6
.02
3 +
0.4
7% 7
.80
1 +
0.2
3%
2
016 2
.99
2 -
1.2
9% 5
.95
7 -
1.1% 7
.76
4 -
0.4
7%
2
017 3
.17
1 +
5.9
8% 6
.28
3 +
5.4
7% 7
.95
9 +
2.5
1%
a
vg +
1.3
7% +
1.2
8% +
0.5
8%
(
a) OSTnom
enc
latu
re

y
ear B
erg
erP
ark
er g
BP S
imp
son g
SI Sh
ann
on g
SW

2
013 3
.75
7 9
.48
4 1
7.0
3
2
014 3
.80
5 +
1.2
8% 9
.58
6 +
1.0
8% 1
7.0
8 +
0.2
9%
2
015 3
.82
9 +
0.6
3% 9
.71
9 +
1.3
9% 1
7.2
7 +
1.1
1%
2
016 3
.79
5 -
0.8
9% 9
.70
7 -
0.1
2% 1
7.3
5 +
0.4
6%
2
017 4
.04
6 +
6.6
1% 1
0.3
6 +
6.7
3% 1
7.8
5 +
2.8
8%
a
vg +
1.8
7% +
2.2
3% +
1.1
8%
(b
)CWTSnom
enc
latu
re

y
ear B
erg
erP
ark
er g
BP S
imp
son g
SI Sh
ann
on g
SW

2
013 3
3.5
4 1
00.
5 1
45.
1
2
014 3
0.6
1 -
8.7
4% 9
7.7
0 -
2.7
9% 1
43.
5 -
1.1
0%
2
015 3
2.6
3 +
6.5
7% 9
9.5
4 +
1.8
9% 1
45.
0 +
1.0
5%
2
016 3
0.7
8 -
5.6
7% 9
9.2
9 -
0.2
5% 1
44.
4 -
0.4
1%
2
017 2
8.5
4 -
7.2
8% 1
00.
0 +
0.7
2% 1
45.
2 +
0.5
5%
a
vg -
3.9
6% -
0.1
2% +
0.0
2%
(
c)W
oSnom
enc
latu
re

T
abl
e3.
32:D
isc
ipl
ina
rydiv
ers
ityofs
cien
tificproduct
ion
,W ebo
fSc
ien
ced
atab
ase
(
8,000
,000obs
ervat
ion
s,2 0
13-20
17)

8 D
iscu
ssion

Inch
apt
er2
,weh
aveth
eor
eti
cal
lysh
ownth
atth
epr
odu
ctiv
ityo
fre
sea
rcheff
ortf
ore
ach
p
roj
ecti=1,
..
.,gi
s
∗ Ωi
αi = .
Γi
8
. D
ISCUSS
ION 1
39

Ob
servat
ion
s M
in M
edian Max M
ean S
.D.
1
999 3705 1 1 2 1 1
.48 1.0
7
2
000 1 2
195 1 2 4 1 2
.18 1.8
9
2
001 1 8
070 1 2 6 0 3
.01 2.7
3
2
002 2 2
011 1 3 7 7 3
.87 3.6
4
2
003 2 4
414 1 3 7 5 4
.58 4.1
5
2
004 2 6
569 1 4 104 5
.22 4.8
6
2
005 2 8
468 1 4 129 5
.88 5.5
3
2
006 2 9
009 1 5 115 6
.40 5.9
6
2
007 3 0
244 1 5 200 6
.99 6.6
6
2
008 3 2
538 1 6 700 7
.62 8.4
3
2
009 3 3
215 1 6 275 8
.37 8.2
0
2
010 3 4
133 1 7 847 8
.95 9.5
9
2
011 3 4
493 1 7 259 9
.52 9.1
2
2
012 3 3
464 1 8 227 10
.3 9.4
7
2
013 3 2
663 1 9 335 11
.1 10.
6
T
ota
l 39519
1 1 5 8
4 7 7
.23 7
.88

T
abl
e3.
33: Numb
ero
fid
ent
ifiedr
efe
ren
cesp
erp
ape
rpe
rye
ar

N
owl
et’
ssuppo
seth
atr
ese
archp
roj
ect
sha
ves
imi
larch
ara
cte
ris
tic
s(Ωi=ΩandΓi=Γ
∀i
)wh
ichev
olv
eov
ert
ime
.Le
tdefin
eαtth
epr
odu
ctiv
ity
,Ωtth
ete
ameffi
cien
cyandΓt
th
epr
oje
ctc
omp
lex
itya
ttim
et. Th
en

Ωt
αt= ,
Γt

s
oth
atth
ere
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ityg
row
thev
olv
eso
vert
imea
cco
rdin
gto

g
α =g
Ω −g
Γ, (
3.5
)

α̇ Ω̇ Γ̇
w
ithg
α = α, g
Ω=Ω andg
Γ = Γ.

I
fth
ete
ameffi
cien
cyg
row
thr
ateg
Ω i
slow
erth
anth
ecomp
lex
ityg
row
thr
ateg
Γ,

e
stim
atedb
etw
een1%and3
.5%p
ery
ear
,th
enr
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ityi
sde
cre
asin
gov
er
t
ime
.Ifw
ere
ason
ablya
ssum
egΩ ≥0
,ou
rmod
elc
anexp
lainth
ede
cl
ineo
fre
sea
rch
p
rodu
ctiv
ityun
ti
lanupp
erboundo
f3.
5%p
ery
ear
. N
atu
ral
lyr
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ity
m
ayb
eaff
ect
edb
yman
yeff
ect
s,andin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yisn
otth
eon
lyex
ist
ingf
ormo
f
c
omp
lex
ity
. N
eve
rth
ele
ssou
rre
sul
tsd
on’
tse
emun
rea
li
sti
ccomp
aredt
oth
ees
tim
ate
s
o
fBl
oome
tal
.(2
017
)repo
rtedinT
abl
e3.
34.
1
40 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

S
cop
e A
ver
ageannu
alg
row
thr
ate
A
gre
gat
eec
onom
y -
5.3%
M
oor
e’sl
aw -
6.8%
A
gri
cul
tur
e(s
eed
s) -
5.5%
N
ew m
ole
cul
aren
tit
ies -
3.5%
D
ise
asem
ort
ali
ty -
5.6%
C
ompu
sta
tfirm
s -
11.
1%

T
abl
e3.
34:A
ver
ageannu
alg
row
thr
ateo
fre
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ity

Ou
rstudym
ayo
ver
est
ima
teth
egr
owthr
ateo
fcomp
lex
ityo
vert
ime
.Ind
eedw
eme
a-
su
rein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
ywi
thH
il
lind
exe
sofo
rde
rβ.F
romP
ropo
sit
ion1
6,th
ecomp
lex
ity
ind
ica
tori
sth
eHi
llind
exo
ford
er1−σ. O
rσi
sno
tne
ces
sar
ilyc
ons
tan
tov
ert
ime
.
S
inc
eou
rme
asu
reso
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yar
ein
cre
asin
gandg
iventh
atβi
scon
stan
t,th
is
imp
li
esth
atth
econ
tribu
tion
softh
ediff
eren
tdi
scip
lin
est
oth
eou
tpu
tbe
com
emo
reand
m
oree
gal
ita
riano
vert
ime
.Giv
enth
atth
eyd
ependonth
eve
cto
r ωandth
eva
lueo
fσ
(
equ
ati
on(
3.3
)),i
fon
lyth
eve
cto
rωch
ang
eso
vert
ime(
σcon
stan
t),th
enth
eord
ero
fou
r
ind
ica
toro
fcomp
lex
ityr
ema
insth
esam
efo
rth
ewh
olep
eri
od.S
inc
eweh
aver
epr
esen
ted
th
eHi
llind
exf
ors
omev
alu
e fβf
so romF
igu
res3
.6t
o3.
11,andth
atw
esy
stem
ati
cal
ly
ob
tainac
ons
tan
tgr
owthr
atewh
atev
erβ,th
enth
ecomp
lex
ityind
ica
tor(H
il
lind
exo
f
o
rde
r1−σ)in
cre
ase
satac
ons
tan
tra
te. Onth
econ
tra
ry,i
fσch
ang
eso
vert
ime
,th
en
th
eord
ero
fth
ecomp
lex
ityind
exa
lsoch
ang
es.S
imi
lar
lyt
oth
epr
oofg
iveninApp
end
ix
8
.1p
art
(3)o
fch
apt
er2
,wec
ansh
owth
atg
ivenav
ect
orλ,th
eHi
llind
exo
ford
er1−σ
i
sin
cre
asin
gwi
thσ.I
fwea
ssum
eth
atσi
scon
stan
tov
ert
ime wh
il
eiti
sde
cre
asin
g
(m
orec
omp
lem
ent
ari
tyb
etw
eeninpu
ts)
,th
enw
eov
ere
stim
ateth
ecomp
lex
ityind
ica
tor
andpo
ten
tia
llyi
tsg
row
thr
ate
.

Onth
econ
tra
ry,ou
rstudy m
ayund
ere
stim
ateth
egr
owthr
ateo
fcomp
lex
ityo
ver
t
ime
.Inou
rda
tab
ase
,weon
lyob
serv
epub
li
cat
ion
sins
cien
tifi
cjou
rna
ls
.How
eve
rman
y
p
ape
rsa
rer
eje
ctedandn
otpub
li
shed
.Ac
cord
ingt
oou
rth
eory
,th
osew
ithah
igh
erΓ/
Ω
a
rem
orel
ike
lyn
ott
obe
lon
gtoou
rda
tab
ase
s. W
epr
obab
lyh
aveas
ele
cti
onb
ias
,and
w
ema
yund
ere
stim
ateth
eav
era
gec
omp
lex
ityandi
tsg
row
thr
ate
.

Inth
isch
apt
er,w
eha
vesh
ownth
atin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yisin
cre
asin
gatth
ewo
rldl
eve
l
wh
ichc
oulds
ign
alanin
cre
aseo
fth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fth
ekn
owl
edg
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on,
l
ead
ingt
oad
ecr
eas
eofth
ere
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ity
.Na
tur
allyc
ome
sth
equ
est
iono
fwh
y
9
. CONCLUS
ION 1
41

r
ese
arch
ersd
ealw
ith m
orec
omp
lexp
rob
lem
sifth
eyexp
eri
enc
elow
erp
rodu
cti
oneffi
-
c
ien
cyd
oin
gso
. H
erew
edi
scu
sss
omeh
ypo
the
ses
. Afi
rstexp
lan
ati
onc
ouldb
eth
at
kn
owl
edg
eisfin
ite
,soth
atr
ese
arch
ersh
avefi
rstt
rea
tedth
emo
stob
viou
sid
eas
. Th
e
r
ema
inin
gon
esa
rem
orec
omp
lex
,le
adin
gtom
orel
abo
rcon
sump
tionandfin
allyt
oa
l
owe
rre
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ity
. G
lob
ali
zat
ionc
anb
eas
econdexp
lan
ati
on:th
ecomp
eti
-
t
ionb
etw
eenr
ese
arch
ersh
asc
ons
ide
rab
lyr
isens
oth
atin
ter
est
ingp
rob
lem
sinex
ist
ing
fi
eld
sbe
com
erap
idlys
car
ce.C
ons
equ
ent
lys
cien
tis
tss
ear
chf
orn
ewa
rea
sandd
ealw
ith
m
oreand m
orec
omp
lexp
rob
lem
s. N
ewc
ommun
ica
tiont
echn
olo
gie
s(in
tern
et,s
ear
ch
en
gin
es)c
ana
lsoexp
lainth
ein
cre
aseo
fcomp
lex
ity
. Th
eye
aseth
ediffu
sionandth
econ
-
t
ribu
tiono
fkn
owl
edg
efr
omo
the
rfie
lds
.Re
sea
rchpo
li
cie
sinf
avo
rofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
h
elpt
oimp
rov
ete
ameffi
cien
cyanda
llowr
ese
arch
erst
otr
eatm
orec
omp
lexp
rob
lem
s
th
anb
efo
re. Th
ein
cre
aseo
fcomp
lex
ityi
spe
rhap
sat
empo
raryph
enom
enon
:ac
adem
ic
d
isc
ipl
ine
sha
veev
olv
edind
epend
ent
lyf
ors
eve
rald
ecad
esandth
enewc
ommun
ica
tion
t
echn
olo
gie
sha
vea
llow
edr
ese
arch
erst
oimpo
rtc
onc
ept
s,sk
il
lsand m
eth
odsf
romo
the
r
fi
eld
s. Wh
enth
eyw
il
lbein
teg
rat
edb
yth
edi
scip
lin
e,th
isph
enom
enonc
oulds
tab
il
ize
.
F
orfu
rth
err
ese
arch
,wew
antt
ove
ri
fyth
eev
olu
tiono
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonal
ong
er
p
eri
od,inp
art
icu
larb
efo
re1
999
.Nev
erth
ele
ssd
ataa
reo
ftenin
comp
let
ebe
for
eth
isd
ate
wh
ichc
omp
li
cat
esth
estudy
.

9 Conc
lus
ion

Inth
isch
apt
er,w
eha
vet
est
edth
ere
lat
ionb
etw
eenin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yandimp
act
. Ou
r
e
stim
ate
ssh
owth
atp
ape
rsw
ithah
igh
erind
exo
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yha
vel
essc
ita
tion
s
andl
essch
anc
est
obe
lon
gtoth
e10%o
r5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs. Th
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,th
e
S
imp
sonandth
eSh
ann
onind
exe
sgiv
esim
ila
rre
sul
ts wh
il
eth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es
i
ssom
etim
esn
on-
sign
ific
anto
rha
sa U
-re
lat
ion
ship w
ithth
eme
asu
reso
fimp
act
. W
e
h
avec
ondu
ctedanimpo
rtan
tnumb
ero
frobu
stn
essch
eck
scomp
aredt
oth
eli
ter
atu
re.
W
eha
vec
ons
ide
redth
reed
isc
ipl
ina
ryc
las
sifi
cat
ion
s,d
iffe
ren
tme
asu
reso
fimp
act(
3-y
ear
and5
-ye
arnumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s,dumm
iesi
fth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
e10%o
r5% m
ost
c
iteda
rti
cle
s,j
ourn
alimp
actf
act
or)
. W
eha
vea
lsoin
teg
rat
edau
tho
rs’fix
edeff
ect
sin
s
omeo
fou
rre
gre
ssi
ons
.Gl
oba
lly
,th
ere
sul
tss
ti
llp
rev
ai
l.

W
eha
vea
lsosh
ownth
atin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yisin
cre
asin
gov
ert
imea
tac
ons
tan
tra
te
(b
etw
een1%and3
.5%p
ery
ear
),wh
ichsu
gge
ststh
atth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fre
sea
rchp
roj
ect
s
1
42 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

i
sgr
owin
g. Th
isemp
ir
ica
lob
serv
ati
onh
asn
otb
eene
stab
li
shedy
et. W
eha
ved
iscu
ssed
th
eeff
ectonth
ere
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ityandc
omp
aredou
rre
sul
tsw
ithB
loome
tal
.(2
017
).

F
orfu
rth
err
ese
arch
,wew
antt
oes
tim
ateth
eva
lueo
fσino
rde
rtob
eab
let
ose
lec
t
th
e“r
igh
t”o
rde
rofth
eHi
llind
ex. W
ewou
ldl
iket
ote
stth
eeff
ecto
fth
ecomp
eti
tion
g
iventh
atw
eha
veth
eor
eti
cal
lysh
ownin Ch
apt
er2th
ati
tcanex
ertapo
sit
iveo
ra
n
ega
tiv
eeff
ectonimp
act
. Emp
ir
ica
lly w
ewou
ldl
iket
ose
eifth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yof
F
ren
chau
tho
rsi
sin
cre
asin
gov
ert
ime
,ori
fth
eya
res
ti
llsp
eci
ali
zedandp
art
ic
ipa
tem
ore
and m
oret
oin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryp
roj
ect
s. W
ewou
ldl
iket
ote
sti
fth
epr
odu
ctiv
ityandth
e
ou
tpu
tatth
eau
tho
rlev
ela
red
ecr
eas
ingw
ithth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fth
epr
oje
ctsinwh
icha
r
ese
arch
eri
sin
volv
ed. Th
isop
ensn
ewqu
est
ion
sbu
tal
son
ewch
all
eng
es,s
inc
eitr
equ
ire
s
d
ataa
tth
eau
tho
rlev
el
.
1
0. APPEND
IX 1
43

10 Append
ix

10
.1 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion16

Th
econ
tribu
tiono
ffie
ldo
fexp
ert
isejt
oth
eou
tpu
tofr
ese
archp
roj
ectia
tequ
il
ibr
ium
i
sgiv
enin(
3.3
).A
sar
emind
er,

1
1−σi
ωij
λ∗
j=
i 1 .
mi 1−σi
s=1 ωis

W
ededu
ceth
at 1 1
mi 1−σ
1
ω i
1−σ
ω ii
= i1∗ =..= im
1−σi
ωis . .
s
=1 λi1 λ∗
imi

F
ore
achfi
eldo
fexp
ert
ises
,weob
tainth
efo
llow
ingr
ela
tionw
ithan
yfie
ldo
fexp
ert
isej

1−σi
λ∗
is
ωis= ∗
ωij. (
3.6
)
λij

mi
Summ
ing(3
.6)∀s=1,
..
.,m
i,ands
inc
eweh
ave s=1 ωs=1,w
i eha
ve

mi 1−σi
λ∗
i
s
1= ωij
s
=1 λ∗
i
j
mi ∗1−σi
λis
= s=1∗1−σ ωij.
λij i

W
ededu
ceth
at
λ∗i
1−σi
j
ωij= mi ∗1−σi.
s=1 λis

R
epl
acin
gωijinth
eexp
res
siono
fΓiw
efin
allyob
tain
:

1
mi σi
Γi= λ∗
i
s
1−σi
.
s
=1
1
44 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

10
.2 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion17

C
ons
ide
rav
ect
orλi=(λi1,λ
i2)w
ithλi1≥λi2. Th
eHi
llind
exo
ford
erβo
fve
cto
rλii
s

1
β
Hi λi)= λβ
( 1+λ
i
β
i
2
1−β
.

G
iventh
atλi1+λi2=1,w
ecanw
rit
eth
ela
stexp
res
siona
sfo
llow
s

1
β β
Hi λi)= λβ
( 1+
i (1−λi1) 1−β
.

β
T
ocomp
aretw
ove
cto
rsλ1 andλ2,i
tisen
ought
ostudyth
esi
gno
fth
ede
riv
ativ
eofHi
w
ithr
esp
ectt
o λi1 andt
osh
owth
ati
tisth
esam
e wh
atev
erth
eva
lueo
fβ≥ 0
. W
e
ob
tain
β
∂Hi β β
1
−1 β−1
= λβ +(
1−λi1) 1−β
λβ−1
1 −(1−λi1) .
∂λi1 1−β i1 i

β−1 ∂Hβ
I
fβ∈[
0;1
[th β
en1−β ≥0and λβ−1
1 −(
i 1−λi1) ≤0s
o∂λii1 ≤0
.
β−1 ∂Hβ
fβ∈]
I 1;+
∞]th β
en1−β ≤0and λβ−1
1 −(
i 1−λi1) ≥0s
o∂λii1 ≤0
.
∂Hβ
Th
esi f ∂λii1 d
gno oesn
’td
ependonβ. Thu
sth
eord
erin
goftw
ove
cto
rsλi(
i=1,
2)i
s
th
esam
ewh
atev
erβ.
1
0. APPEND
IX 1
45

10
.3 Mo
rethan6re
ference
s
 1
46

T
abl
e3.
35 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finte
rdis
cip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbe
rofc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
di
scip
lin
es,OSTn omen
cla
tur
e)

(1a) (1b) (1c) (1d) (2a

) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -
0.130 -0
.110 -0
.140 -0
.130
(-7.56) (
-8.37) (
-7.89) (
-9.38)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.103 -0
.0893 -0
.117 -0
.114
(
-7.24) (-8
.46
) (-7.82) (-9.95)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00155∗∗∗ 0
.000822 0
.00154 0
.000804 0
.00155 0
.000822 0
.00154 0
.000800
(9
.51) (8
.98) (9.47
) (8
.88) (9.51
) (8
.99) (9
.45) (8
.87)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.437 0
.259 0
.438 0
.260 0
.437 0
.259 0
.438 0
.260
(45
.64 ) (35
.26 ) (45
.64 ) (35
.31 ) (45
.65 ) (35
.27 ) (45
.6 7) (35
.3 4)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0293 0
.0187 0
.0294 0
.0187 0
.0293 0
.0186 0
.0293 0
.0187
(43
.18) (34.01) (43.16) (34.04) (43.14) (33.98) (43
.15) (34
.06)
∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0281 0
.0586∗∗∗ 0
.0438 0
.0759
(1
.44) (3.69
) (2.20
) (4
.63)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0967∗∗∗ 0.0968 0.0967 0
.0968
(94 .73) (94 .79) (94.73
) (94
.81)
Observa
tions 111366 111366 111366 111366 111366 111366 111366 111366
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -360639 .6 -345418 .2 -360637.6 -345407 .1 -360638.1 -345414
.4 -360633
.7 -345397
.1
AIC 721345.1 690904 .3 721343.2 690884 .2 721342.3 690896.7 721335
.4 690864
. 2
ITAT

BIC 721662.6 691231 .4 721670.3 691220 .9 721659.8 691223.8 721662

.5 691200
. 9
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
36 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finte
rdis
cip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbe
rofc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
di
scip
lin
es,OSTn omen
cla
tur
e)
. APPEND
IX

(3a) (3b) (3c) (3d) (4a

) (4b
) (4
c) (4d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -
0.0966 -0
.0849 -0
.123 -0
.125
(-7
.03) (-8
.34) (
-8.03) (-10.68 )
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es -0
.0261 -0
.0232 -0
.0528 -0
.0897
(
-2.46
) (
-2.87
) (
-2.96
) (-6
.64
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00156∗∗∗ 0
.000824 0
.00153 0
.000794 0
.00157 0
.000833 0
.00155 0
.000806
(
9.52) (9
.01) (9.43
) (8
.85) (9.58
) (9
.02) (9
.54) (8
.88)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.437 0
.259 0
.438 0
.260 0
.437 0
.259 0
.438 0
.260
(45
.66 ) (35
.27 ) (45
.70 ) (35
.38 ) (45
.52 ) (35
.16 ) (45
.4 8) (35
.2 8)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0293 0
.0186 0
.0293 0
.0187 0
.0294 0
.0187 0
.0295 0
.0189
(43
.14) (33.98) (43.19) (34.12) (43.26) (34.08) (43
.41) (34
.45)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0702∗∗∗ 0
.105 0
.0606 0
.150
(3.34
) (6.02) (1
.93) (5
.94)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0967∗∗∗ 0.0968 0.0968 0
.0969
( 94.75) (94 .88) (94.70
) (94
.90)
Observa
tions 111366 111366 111366 111366 111366 111366 111366 111366
Log-Lik
elihood -360638 .1 -345413 .5 -360628.2 -345384 .7 -360681.0 -345455
.3 -360677
.5 -345427
.8
AIC 721342.2 690895 .1 721324.4 690839 .4 721428.0 690978.6 721423
.1 690925
. 6
BIC 721659.7 691222 .2 721651.5 691176 .1 721745.5 691305.7 721750
.2 691262
. 3
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
47
 1
48

T
abl
e3.
37 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finterdi
scip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10
d
isc
ipline
s,OSTn om
enc
latu
re)

(1a
) (1b) (1
c) (1d) (2a
) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -
0.141 -0
.0549 -0
.166 -0
.101
(-16
.79 ) (-7
.92) (-16
.96 ) (-12.06 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0999 -0
.0354 -0
.132 -0
.0799
(
-16.88) (-7
.30
) (-17
.7 5) (-12
.56)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00
129∗∗∗ 0
.000713 0
.00127 0
.000687 0
.00129 0
.000714 0
.00126 0
.000683
(10
.54
) (9
.91) (10
.59) (9
.67) (10
.51) (9
.92) (10
.55) (9
.64)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.405 0
.257 0
.405 0
.257 0
.404 0
.257 0
.405 0
.257
(54
.87 ) (43
.50 ) (54
.84 ) (43
.71 ) (54
.80 ) (43
.48 ) (54
.8 3) (43
.7 4)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0294 0
.0188 0
.0295 0
.0188 0
.0294 0
.0188 0
.0294 0
.0188
(5
0.81) (38.78) (51.12) (39.32) (50.69) (38.79) (51
.04) (39
.32)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0650∗∗∗ 0
.115 0
.0979 0
.135
(4.80
) (9.93) (6
.75) (10
.7 9)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0923∗∗∗ 0.0924 0.0923 0
.0924
(103.78) (104.11) (103.64) (104.10)
Observa
tions 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -592861.3 -569880.1 -592834
.9 -569775.6 -592850
.2 -569885.4 -592797
.3 -569758
.1
AIC 1185788
.6 113 9828
.3 1185737
.8 1139621.2 1185766
.4 1139838.8 1185662
.5 1139586
.1
ITAT

BIC 1186122
.7 11 40172
.6 1186082
.1 1139975.6 1186100
.5 1140183.1 1186006
.8 1139940
.5
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
38 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finterdi
scip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10
d
isc
ipline
s,OSTn om
enc
latu
re)
. APPEND
IX

(3a) (3b) (3
c) (3d) (4a
) (4b
) (4
c) (4d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -
0.0782 -0
.0223 -0.123 -0
.0757
(
-14.97) (-5
.30) (
-16.94 ) (
-12.17)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.00436 0
.0236∗∗∗ 0
.0343 0
.0242
(1.13
) (7
.33) (4
.95) (4
.15)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00130∗∗∗ 0
.000715 0
.00126 0
.000681 0
.00130 0
.000711 0
.00133 0
.000711
(10.52
) (9
.93) (10
.54) (9
.61) (10
.60) (9
.93) (10
.65) (9
.95)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.404 0
.257 0
.405 0
.257 0
.407 0
.257 0
.406 0
.257
(54
.70 ) (43
.44 ) (54
.77 ) (43
.73 ) (54
.59 ) (43
.54 ) (54
.5 6) (43
.5 2)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0294 0
.0188 0
.0294 0
.0188 0
.0300 0
.0191 0
.0299 0
.0191
(50
.77) (38.88) (51.11) (39.39) (51.79) (39.51) (51
.55) (39
.52)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.134∗∗∗ 0
.159 -0
.114 -0
.00235
(8
.31) (11
.29 ) (
-5.30
) (-0
.13)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0923∗∗∗ 0.0924 0.0928 0
.0928
(10 3
.58) (104.16) (103.97) (103.72)
Observa
tions 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620
Log-Lik
elihood -592887.9 -569901.4 -592807
.4 -569758.6 -593069
.8 -569864.6 -593038
.7 -569864
.6
AIC 1185841
.9 113 9870
.9 1185682
.9 1139587.2 1186205
.6 1139797.1 1186145
.4 1139799
.1
BIC 1186176
.1 11 40215
.1 1186027
.2 1139941.6 1186539
.8 1140141.4 1186489
.7 1140153
.5
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
49
 1
50

T
abl
e3.
39 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sforth
eeff e
cto
fthenumbero
fdisc
ipl
ines(
cat
egor
ica
lv a
riab
le)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rs
wi
thatlea
st6re
fer
enc
es,1
-10di
scip
lin
es,OSTn om
encla
ture)

(4a) (4b) (4c

) (4d)
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0 0 0
(
.) (
.) (
.) (
.)
∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗ ∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.0336 -0
.0342 -0
.0383 -0
.0945
(
-3.24
) (-4
.35
) (
-2.54
) (-8
.21
)
∗∗ ∗∗∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
sand mo
re -0
.0282∗ 0
.0257 -0.0370 -0
.0857
(
-2.52
) (2
.84
) (-1.58) (-4
.61
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00131∗∗∗ 0
.000714 0
.00131 0
.000702
(10.62
) (10.02
) (10
.60) (9
.84)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
tern
ation
alCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.406 0
.257 0
.406 0
.257
(54
.63 ) (43
.58 ) (54
.61 ) (43
.66 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0300 0
.0191 0
.0300 0
.0192
(51
.77) (39.62) (51.73) (39.89)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0110 0
.139∗∗∗
(0
.44) (6
.87)
∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0928∗∗∗ 0.0929
(103.88) (103.99)
IGHERC

Observa
tions 184620 184620 184620 184620
Log-Lik
elihood -593058.9 -569852.8 -593058
.7 -569813.8
ITAT

AIC 1186185
.8 1139775.6 1186187
.4 1139699.7
BIC 1186530
.1 1140130.0 1186541
.8 1140064.2
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
40 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff e
ctofthelog
arithmo fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
r
efe
ren
c e
s,1-
10d i
s c
ipl
ines
,OSTn omen
clatu
re)
. APPEND
IX

(1
a) (1b
) (1
c) (1d
) (2a
) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
Numb
erofci
tat
ions
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
logBe
rge
r-P
arke
r -0
.224 -
0.0924 -0
.279 -0
.180
(-16
.78 ) (-8
.51
) (-17
.44 ) (-13
.35 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
logS
imp
son -0.177 -0
.0692 -0
.256 -0
.171
(
-16.46) (-8
.01
) (-18
.2 5) (-14
.4 5)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00129∗∗∗ 0
.000713 0
.00126 0
.000683 0
.00130 0
.000714 0
.00126 0
.000678
(10.52
) (9
.91) (10
.56) (9
.64) (10
.50) (9
.92) (10
.52) (9
.59)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.405 0
.257 0
.406 0
.257 0
.404 0
.257 0
.405 0
.257
(54
.89 ) (43
.51 ) (54
.90 ) (43
.77 ) (54
.81 ) (43
.49 ) (54
.9 0) (43
.8 2)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0294 0
.0188 0
.0295 0
.0188 0
.0294 0
.0188 0
.0294 0
.0188
(50
.82) (38.77) (51.19) (39.36) (50.75) (38.79) (51
.16) (39
.39)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0832∗∗∗ 0
.130 0
.125 0
.161
(5.97
) (10
.89 ) (8
.31) (12
.2 8)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0922∗∗∗ 0.0924 0.0922 0
.0924
(10 3
.72) (104.14) (103.54) (104.13)
Observa
tions 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620
Log-Lik
elihood -592846.4 -569872.3 -592805
.7 -569746.0 -592841
.3 -569876.2 -592762
.4 -569712
.0
AIC 1185758
.8 113 9812
.5 1185679
.4 1139562.0 1185748
.5 1139820.4 1185592
.9 1139494
.1
BIC 1186092
.9 11 40156
.8 1186023
.7 1139916.4 1186082
.7 1140164.6 1185937
.2 1139848
.5
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
51
 1

T
abl
e3.
41:N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff e
ctofthelog
arithmo fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
52

r
efe
ren
c e
s,1-
10d i
s c
ipl
ines
,OSTn omen
clatu
re)

(3a) (3b) (3
c) (3d)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
logShannon -0.145 -0
.0481 -0.267 -0
.188
(
-14 .27) (-5
.94) (
-17.70 ) (-14.77)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00130∗∗∗ 0
.000716 0
.00125 0
.000674
(10.51
) (9
.94) (10
.51) (9
.53)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tion
alCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.404 0
.257 0
.405 0
.257
(54
.71 ) (43
.44 ) (54
.86 ) (43
.83 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0295 0
.0188 0
.0294 0
.0188
(50
.85) (38.88) (51.27) (39.50)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.178∗∗∗ 0
.204
(10.33) (13
.48 )
∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0923∗∗∗ 0.0924
(103.49) (104.22)
Observa
tions 184620 184620 184620 184620
Log-Lik
elihood -592886.7 -569894.4 -592765
.7 -569695.4
AIC 1185839
.4 1139856.8 1185599
.4 1139460.8
BIC 1186173
.6 1140201.1 1185943
.7 1139815.3
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
42 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeffectofin
terdi
scip
linar
ity(
squ
aret
erm)onthenumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
r
efe
renc
es,1
-1 0disc
ipl
ines
,OSTn om
enc
latu
re)

(1a) (1b) (1
c) (1d) (2a
) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
. APPEND

B
erg
er-P
ark
er -
0.343 -0
.214 -0
.467 -0
.417
(-7.92) (
-6.18) (-10
.06 ) (-10.88 )
IX

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

B
erg
er-P
ark
er2 0
.0605 0
.0478 0
.0875 0
.0923
(4.95
) (4
.80) (6
.91) (8
.76)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.200 -0
.128 -0
.312 -0
.280
(
-7.92) (
-6.40) (-11
.2 8) (-12
.3 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son2 0
.0252 0
.0235 0
.0434 0
.0483
(4.25
) (4
.91) (7
.07) (9
.57)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00129∗∗∗ 0
.000713 0
.00126 0
.000682 0
.00130 0
.000714 0
.00126 0
.000678
(10.52
) (9
.91) (10
.56) (9
.63) (10
.50) (9
.93) (10
.51) (9
.60)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.405 0
.257 0
.406 0
.257 0
.404 0
.257 0
.406 0
.257
(54
.92 ) (43
.53 ) (54
.94 ) (43
.81 ) (54
.85 ) (43
.51 ) (54
.9 5) (43
.8 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0294 0
.0188 0
.0295 0
.0189 0
.0294 0
.0188 0
.0294 0
.0188
(50
.83) (38.80) (51.24) (39.47) (50.69) (38.81) (51
.15) (39
.49)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0862∗∗∗ 0
.138 0
.124 0
.165
(6.16
) (11
.37 ) (8
.27) (12
.5 5)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0922∗∗∗ 0.0924 0.0922 0
.0924
(103.75) (104.20) (103.60) (104.20)
Observa
tions 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620
Log-Lik
elihood -592843.4 -569866.5 -592800
.6 -569729.2 -592835
.6 -569870.0 -592757
.9 -569699
.1
AIC 1185754
.9 113 9803
.1 1185671
.1 1139530.4 1185739
.2 1139810.0 1185585
.8 1139470
.2
BIC 1186099
.2 11 40157
.5 1186025
.5 1139894.9 1186083
.5 1140164.4 1185940
.2 1139834
.7
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
53
 1
54

T
abl
e3.
43 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeffectofin
terdi
scip
linar
ity(
squ
aret
erm)onthenumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
r
efe
renc
es,1
-1 0disc
ipl
ines
,OSTn om
enc
latu
re)

(3a) (3b) (3
c) (3d)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.145 -0
.0906 -0.304 -0
.278
(
-6.89) (-5
.35) (
-12.23 ) (-13.64)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon2 0
.0156 0
.0158 0
.0384 0
.0431
(3.44
) (4
.29) (7
.94) (10.83)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00130∗∗∗ 0
.000717 0
.00125 0
.000674
(10.52
) (9
.95) (10
.50) (9
.54)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.404 0
.257 0
.406 0
.257
(54
.74 ) (43
.46 ) (54
.91 ) (43
.88 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0294 0
.0189 0
.0294 0
.0188
(50
.75) (38.90) (51.25) (39.61)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.180∗∗∗ 0
.209
(10.43) (13
.88 )
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0923∗∗∗ 0.0924
(103.54) (104.28)
Observa
tions 184620 184620 184620 184620
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -592877.7 -569888.6 -592754
.6 -569678.1
AIC 1185823
.5 1139847.2 1185579
.2 1139428.1
ITAT

BIC 1186167
.7 1140201.6 1185933
.7 1139792.7
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
44 o
:Lgi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff e
ctofinte
rdi
scip
lin
ari
tyontheprob
abil
itythatth
epap
erbe
long
stoth
etop1
0% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(p
aperswithatleas
t6r e
fer
enc
es,1
-10dis
cip
line
s,OSTnomen
cla
tur
e)
. APPEND

(1a) ( 1b) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
IX

B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.153 -0.215
(
-8.51) (
- 10.51)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.104 -0
.169
(
-8.37) (-11
.22 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0767 -0
.159
(-7
.24
) (-11
.1 7)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0226 0
.0470
(3
.52) (3
.97)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000580∗∗∗ 0
.000558 0
.000582 0
.000554 0
.000585 0
.000552 0
.000585 0
.000593
(11
.36) (10.92
) (11.39
) (10.84
) (11.45
) (10.80
) (11
.44) (11
.57)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.613 0
.615 0
.613 0
.614 0
.613 0
.614 0
.614 0
.614
(46
.87 ) (46
.96 ) (46
.85 ) (46
.94 ) (46
.83 ) (46
.9 2) (46
.9 3) (46
.9 2)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.04
12 0
.0413 0
.0412 0
.0413 0
.0412 0
.0413 0
.0419 0
.0418
(48
.10) (48.23) (48.04) (48.13) (48.13) (48.15) (48
.92) (48
.82)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0.146∗∗∗ 0.186 0.233 -0
.0906
(6.46) (7.73) (8.75) (-2.45
)
Observa
tions 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620
Log-Lik
elihood -81893.4 -81872.5 -81894.7 -81864.9 -81903.7 -81865.6 -81924
.1 -81921
.1
AIC 163850
.7 163811.1 163853.4 163795.9 163871.4 163797.2 163912
.1 163908
.1
BIC 164174
.8 164145.2 164177.4 164130.0 164195.4 164131.4 164236
.2 164242
.3
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
55
 1
56

T
abl
e3.
45 o
:Lgi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeffecto
finte
rdi
scip
lin
ari
tyontheprob
abi
lit
ythatth
epap
erbel
ongst
oth
etop5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(pap
erswithatl
east6ref
eren
ces
,1-
10disc
ipl
ine
s,OSTnomen
cla
tur
e)

(1a) ( 1b) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.222 -0.318
(
-9.20) (
- 11.57)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.150 -0
.249
(
-9.04) (-12
.38 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.109 -0
.234
(
-7.77) (-12
.3 5)
∗∗∗ ∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0299 0
.0494
(3
.60) (3
.21
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000605∗∗∗ 0
.000575 0
.000607 0
.000570 0
.000612 0
.000568 0
.000610 0
.000616
(11
.64) (11.03
) (11.68
) (10.93
) (11.77
) (10.89
) (11
.74) (11
.82)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.696 0
.698 0
.696 0
.697 0
.695 0
.697 0
.696 0
.696
(40
.37 ) (40
.45 ) (40
.34 ) (40
.43 ) (40
.33 ) (40
.4 1) (40
.4 1) (40
.4 0)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.04
65 0
.0467 0
.0465 0
.0466 0
.0466 0
.0466 0
.0473 0
.0473
(44
.59) (44.72) (44.53) (44.61) (44.62) (44.62) (45
.44) (45
.38)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0.220∗∗∗ 0.276 0.345 -0.0721
(7.52) (8.91) (10.04) (-1.49
)
IGHERC

Observa
tions 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620 184620
Log-Lik
elihood -54471.9 -54443.7 -54473.6 -54434.2 -54484.8 -54434.9 -54509
.1 -54508
.0
ITAT

AIC 109007
.8 108953.5 109011.2 108934.4 109033.6 108935.8 109082
.2 109081
.9
BIC 109331
.8 109287.7 109335.2 109268.5 109357.6 109270.0 109406
.2 109416
.1
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.46
:N eg
ativ
ebinom
iale
stimat
esf
ortheeffec
tofthenumbero
fdis
cip
lin
es(
cat
egor
ica
lvar
iab
le)ontheprob
abi
li
tythatth
ep ap
er
b
elong
stothetop5%andt op10% m
ostci
tedpape
rs(pap
erswi
thatlea
st6re
fer
ence
s,1
-10dis
cip
lin
es,OSTnom en
cla
tur
e)
. APPEND
IX

T
op90 Top90 T
op95 T
op95
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0 0 0
(.
) (.) (
.) (
.)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.0617 -0
.138 -0
.0592 -0
.179
(-3
.61
) (
-5.27) (
-2.69
) (
-5.26)
∗∗∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
sand m
ore -0
.00853 -0
.148∗∗∗ -0
.00166 -0
.221
(
-0.48) (
-3.67) (
-0.07
) (
-4.20)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000590∗∗∗ 0
.000582 0
.000616 0
.000606
(11
.53) (11.38
) (11.83
) (11.63
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.613 0
.614 0
.696 0
.697
(46
.90 ) (46
.95 ) (40
.38 ) (40
.4 4)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0417 0
.0419 0
.0472 0
.0474
(48
.80) (48.93) (45.33) (45.50)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0.174∗∗∗ 0.274
(3.86) (4.64)
Observa
tions 184620 184620 184620 184620
Log-Lik
elihood -81920.9 -81913.4 -54509.7 -54498.9
AIC 163907.7 163894.9 109085.3 109065.9
BIC 164241.9 164239.1 109419.5 109410.2
tstatis
ticsinpar
entheses
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
57
 1
58

T
abl
e3.
47 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rtheeffec
tofin
terd
isc
ipl
inar
ityonth
e5-yearnumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
ref
eren
ces
,1-10dis
cip
lin
es,OSTn omen
cla
ture
)

(1d) (2d
) (3d
) (4d
)
∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.0708
(-9
.56)
∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0541
(-9
.56
)
∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0454
(-8
.23
)
∗∗∗
e
Numbro
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0471
(8.24
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000460∗∗∗ 0
.000458 0
.000459 0
.000481
(7.78) (7
.76) (7
.76) (8
.18)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
tern
ation
alCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.227 0
.227 0
.227 0
.227
(43
.69 ) (43
.71 ) (43
.70 ) (43
.6 9)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0179 0
.0179 0
.0180 0
.0181
(41
.60) (41.67) (41.84) (41.58)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.152∗∗∗ 0
.165 0
.172 -0
.00937
(14.94) (14
.97 ) (14
.16 ) (
-0.61
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
IGHERC

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.109∗∗∗ 0.109 0.109 0.109
(138.34 ) (138.27) (138.28) (138.22)
Observa
tions 222688 222688 222688 222688
ITAT

Log-Lik
elihood -782045 .8 -782043 .0 -782060 .0 -78203 6.4
AIC 1564157 .6 1564151 .9 1564186 .0 156413 8.7
BIC 1564497 .9 1564492 .3 1564526 .3 156447 9.1
tstatis
ticsinpar
entheses
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01,∗∗∗ p<0.
001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
48 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rtheeffec
tofin
terd
isc
ipl
inar
ityonth
e5-yearnumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
ref
eren
ces
,1-10dis
cip
lin
es,OSTn omen
cla
ture
)

(1d) (2d
) (3d
) (4d
)
∗∗∗
. APPEND

B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.0708
(-9
.56)
IX

∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0541
(-9
.56
)
∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0454
(-8
.23
)
∗∗∗
e
Numbro
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0471
(8.24
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000460∗∗∗ 0
.000458 0
.000459 0
.000481
(7.78) (7
.76) (7
.76) (8
.18)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
tern
ation
alCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.227 0
.227 0
.227 0
.227
(43
.69 ) (43
.71 ) (43
.70 ) (43
.6 9)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0179 0
.0179 0
.0180 0
.0181
(41
.60) (41.67) (41.84) (41.58)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.152∗∗∗ 0
.165 0
.172 -0
.00937
(14.94) (14
.97 ) (14
.16 ) (
-0.61
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.109∗∗∗ 0.109 0.109 0.109
(138.34 ) (138.27) (138.28) (138.22)
Observa
tions 222688 222688 222688 222688
Log-Lik
elihood -782045 .8 -782043 .0 -782060 .0 -78203 6.4
AIC 1564157 .6 1564151 .9 1564186 .0 156413 8.7
BIC 1564497 .9 1564492 .3 1564526 .3 156447 9.1
tstatis
ticsinpar
entheses
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01,∗∗∗ p<0.
001
1
59
 1
60

T
abl
e3.
49 s
: OLSetim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
ejourna
limpa
ct(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OST
nomen
clatu
re)

(1a) (1b) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.448 -
0.424
(-15.88) (-12.45)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0.346 -0
.369
(
-17.69) (-14
.28 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0.283 -0
.336
(
-16.70) (-13
.39 )
∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es -0
.0147 0
.249
(
-1.16
) (10
.6 9)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00237∗∗∗ 0
.00238 0
.00237 0
.00236 0
.00238 0
.00236 0
.00240 0
.00248
(24.53
) (24
.52) (24
.56) (24
.40) (24
.66) (24
.41) (24
.70) (25
.21)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 1
.563 1
.562 1
.561 1
.562 1
.561 1
.561 1
.562 1
.560
(64
.94 ) (64
.91 ) (64
.90 ) (64
.90 ) (64
.86 ) (64
.87 ) (64
.8 9) (64
.8 1)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.125 0
.125 0
.125 0
.125 0
.125 0
.125 0
.127 0
.126
(54.39) (54
.34 ) (54
.20 ) (54
.20 ) (54
.27 ) (54
.27 ) (55
.2 4) (54
.8 2)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0571 0
.0657 0.149∗∗ -0.951
(-1.34) (1
.41) (2.86
) (
-14.62)
IGHERC

Observa
tions 250163 250163 250163 250163 250163 250163 250163 250163
Log-Lik
elihood -789828
.4 -789827.5 -789803
.7 -789802
.6 -789817
.8 -789813.4 -789937
.0 -789836
.4
ITAT

AIC 1579718
.9 1579719.0 1579669
.4 1579669
.3 1579697
.5 1579690.8 1579936
.0 1579736
.8
BIC 1580042
.2 1580052.8 1579992
.7 1580003
.0 1580020
.8 1580024.5 1580259
.3 1580070
.5
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.
001
IONIMPACT
?
1
0. APPEND
IX 1
61

T
able3
.50
: OLSes
tim
ate
sfo
rtheeff
ectofthenumbe
rofd
isc
ipl
ines(
categ
ori
cal
v
ari
able
)onthejou
rna
limpa
ctf
acto
r(p
aperswi
thatle
ast4r
efe
rence
s,1-1
0disc
ipl
ine
s,
OSTn
om en
cla
ture
)

(1
) (2
)
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0
(.
) (.
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.296 0
.893
(9
.92) (18
.47 )

3and mo
red
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.0208 .058∗∗∗
1
(
-0.66
) (15.49)

Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs .00239∗∗∗ 0
0 ∗∗∗
.00246
(24.65
) (24
.94)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 1
.560 1
.553
(64
.86 ) (64
.64 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.127 0
.125
(55.24) (54
.43 )
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -1.358
(-17
.86 )
Observa
tions 250163 250163
Log-Lik
elihood -789852
.4 -789708.7
AIC 1579768
.8 1579483.5
BIC 1580102
.5 1579827.6
tstatis
ticsinpar
entheses
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01,∗∗∗ p<0
.001

10
.4 C WTSnomenc
latu
re
 1
62

Ke
rne
ldens
i
tyes
tima
te Ke
rne
ldens
ityes
tima
te Ke
rne
ldens
i
tyes
t
ima
te

.5
1
.8
.8

1
y .6

y
y .6
t

t
t
i

i
i
s

s
s

Den
.4Den
.4Den

.5
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

.2
.2
IGHERC

0
0
0
ITAT

1234567 1234567 1234567

Be
rge
r-Pa
rke
r S
imp
son Shannon
ke
rne
l=epanechn
ikov
,bandw
idth=0
.0380 ke
rne
l=epanechn
ikov
,bandw
idth=0
.0589 ke
rne
l=epane
chn
iko
v,bandw
idth=0
.0696
IONIMPACT

F
igu
re3
.12
:Di
str
ibu
ti fIn
ono terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yac
cord
ingtoth
eB e
rge
r-Pa
rke
r,theS
impsonandth
eSh
ann
onind
exe
s(CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e,
?

pap
ersw
ithatl
eas
t4r e
fer
enc
es)
 1
0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 Numbe ro fcitations 1
2 Pape rsinth etop10% 0
.53 1
3 Pape rsinth etop5% 0
.57 0.71 1
4 Impa ctF actor 0
.36 0.29 0.27 1
5 Numbe ro freferen c
es 0
.23 0.17 0.14 0
.15 1
. APPEND

6 Be
rg er
-Pa rker -0
.061 -0.050 -0.039 -0.059 -0.22 1
IX

7 Simp son -0
.071 -0.058 -0.045 -0.064 -0.25 0.95 1
8 Shannon -0
.077 -0.064 -0.049 -0.067 -0.27 0.90 0.98 1
9 Numbe ro fdisciplines -0
.063 -0.058 -0.041 -0.054 -0.19 0.64 0.77 0.87 1
10 Numbe ro fau thors 0
.10 0.065 0.070 0.084 0 .043 0 .045 0.045 0.042 0.033 1
11 Numbe ro fdiff erentorgani
sat
ion
s 0
.21 0
.14 0
.14 0
.17 0
.20 -0 .023 -0
.032 -0
.040 -0
.035 0.86 1
12 International Collaborat
ion 0
.18 0
.16 0
.13 0
.20 0
.22 -0 .091 -0.11 -0.12 -0.12 0.14 0.30 1
13 Max imumh -
ind ex 0
.16 0.097 0.091 0
.14 0
.40 -0.12 -0.13 -0.14 -0.11 0
.083 0.21 0.17 1
14 Max ima ldistan ce -0
.041 -0.052 -0.031 -0.055 -0.097 0 .43 0.53 0.61 0.74 0
.031 0
.0035 -0.10 -0
.024 1

T
abl
e3.
51 o
:Crr
ela
tion m
atr
ix(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
astf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2di
scip
lin
es,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 Numbe ro fcitations 1
2 Pape rsinth etop10% 0.44 1
3 Pape rsinth etop5% 0.47 0.70 1
4 Impa ctF acto r 0.35 0.30 0.29 1
5 Numbe ro freferen c
es 0
.29 0.16 0.15 0.17 1
6 Berger
-Pa rker -0 .031 -0.037 -0.035 -0.029 0.061 1
7 Simp son -0 .022 -0.032 -0.030 -0.017 0.13 0.94 1
8 Shannon -0.0058 -0.019 -0.019 0
.00030 0.23 0.86 0.97 1
9 Numbe ro fdi s
ciplines 0.049 0.024 0
.021 0.047 0.45 0.63 0.79 0.90 1
10 Numbe ro fau thors 0.085 0.053 0
.054 0.042 -0
.0046 -0.020 -0
.021 -0.019 -0
.0094 1
11 Numbe ro fdiff erentorgani
sat
ion
s 0
.16 0
.11 0.11 0.096 0
.056 -0 .039 -0
.038 -0.033 -0.010 0.91 1
12 International Collaborat
ion 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.13 0
.052 -0 .042 -0
.041 -0.037 -0.019 0
.088 0
.20 1
13 Max imumh -index 0
.12 0.088 0
.085 0.13 0.26 0.0077 0.037 0.068 0.14 0
.081 0
.16 0
.11 1
14 M inimald istance -0.024 -0.018 -0
.0056 -0.088 -0.16 -0.23 -0 .29 -0.33 -0.35 0
.041 0
.063 -0
.042 -0
.026 1
15 M eand istan ce -0.021 -0.023 -0.013 -0.089 0.087 0.29 0.34 0.37 0.40 0
.040 0
.053 -0
.054 0.020 0
.49 1
16 Max ima ldistan ce -0.011 -0.020 -0.015 -0.047 0.17 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.62 0
.024 0
.023 -0
.047 0.047 0
.15 0
.89 1

T
abl
e3.
52:C
orr
ela
tion m
atr
ix(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
astf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e)
1
63
 1
64

T
abl
e3.
53 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finte
rdi
scip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbe
rofc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-2
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn omen
cla
tur
e)

(1a) (1b) (1c) (1d) (2a

) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.128 -0
.0957 -0
.127 -0
.114
(
-7.78) (-7
.01) (
-7.29) (
-7.68)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.107 -0
.0790 -0
.114 -0
.103
(
-7.90) (-7
.40
) (-7.69) (-8.60)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00220∗∗∗ 0
.00114 0
.00220 0
.00114 0
.00220 0
.00114 0
.00220 0
.00114
(11.67
) (8.93
) (11
.68) (8.89
) (11
.66) (8.95
) (11
.66) (8
.89)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.437 0
.284 0
.437 0
.284 0
.437 0
.284 0
.437 0
.284
(45
.75 ) (38
.60 ) (45
.72 ) (38
.62 ) (45
.77 ) (38
.62 ) (45
.7 6) (38
.6 5)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0310 0
.0204 0
.0310 0
.0204 0
.0310 0
.0204 0
.0310 0
.0204
(40
.37) (33.50) (40.37) (33.53) (40.39) (33.51) (40
.39) (33
.54)
∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0
.00311 0
.0443 0
.0164 0
.0624
(
-0.17
) (3.04
) (0
.87) (4
.11)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0974∗∗∗ 0.0974 0.0974 0.0974
(78 .47) (78 .45) (78.47) (78.46
)
Observa
tions 124227 124227 124227 124227 124227 124227 124227 124227
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -382210.
2 -3 67596.6 -382210.2 -367590 .1 -382202.9 -367592.7 -382202
.3 -367581
.0
AIC 764534.5 7 35309.2 764536 .4 735298 . 2 764519.8 735301 . 5 764520
.5 7 35279.9
ITAT

BIC 765089.1 7 35873.6 765100 .8 735872 .2 765074 .4 735865 . 8 765084

.9 7 35854.0
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.
001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
54 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ectofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
enumb ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn om
enc
latu
re)
. APPEND
IX

(3a) (3b) (3c) (3d) (4a

) (4b
) (4
c) (4d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.101 -0
.0725 -0
.119 -0
.110
(
-7.80) (-7
.23) (
-7.95) (
-9.10)

Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es -0.0167 -0
.00679 0
.0159 -0
.0201
(-1.68) (
-0.88
) (1
.01
) (
-1.62
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00220∗∗∗ 0
.00114 0
.00219 0
.00113 0
.00221 0
.00115 0
.00222 0
.00114
(11.65
) (8.96
) (11
.64) (8.88
) (11
.70) (9.00
) (11
.75) (8
.97)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.437 0
.284 0
.438 0
.285 0
.437 0
.284 0
.436 0
.284
(45
.78 ) (38
.62 ) (45
.78 ) (38
.68 ) (45
.63 ) (38
.51 ) (45
.5 8) (38
.5 5)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0310 0
.0204 0
.0310 0
.0204 0
.0312 0
.0205 0
.0311 0
.0205
(40
.43) (33.54) (40.46) (33.60) (40.50) (33.61) (40
.35) (33
.58)
∗∗∗ ∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0406∗ 0
.0859 -0
.0742 0
.0302
(2.05
) (5
.30) (
-2.77
) (1
.39
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0973∗∗∗ 0.0974 0.0974 0.0975
(78 .47) (78 .48) (78.48) (78.43
)
Observa
tions 124227 124227 124227 124227 124227 124227 124227 124227
Log-Lik
elihood -382201.
3 -3 67593.5 -382197.9 -367574 .3 -382254.8 -367629.0 -382248
.6 -367627
.7
AIC 764516.6 7 35303.1 764511 .8 735266 . 6 764623.7 735374 . 0 764613
.2 7 35373.3
BIC 765071.2 7 35867.4 765076 .2 735840 .7 765178 .3 735938 . 3 765177
.5 7 35947.4
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.
001
1
65
 1
66

T
abl
e3.
55 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finte
rdi
scip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbe
rofc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn omen
cla
tur
e)

(1a) (1b) (1
c) (1d) (2a
) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.0798 -0
.0359 -0
.109 -0
.0744
(
-13.62) (-7
.17) (-15
.23 ) (
-11.95)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0496 -0
.0182 -0
.0770 -0
.0510
(
-12.28) (-5
.35
) (-14
.51) (-11
.32)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00112∗∗∗ 0
.000668 0
.00111 0
.000656 0
.00113 0
.000669 0
.00112 0
.000659
(13.45
) (12.17
) (13
.59) (12.15
) (13
.47) (12.19
) (13
.63) (12
.24)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.414 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276 0
.414 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276
(63
.26 ) (51
.36 ) (63
.40 ) (51
.66 ) (63
.22 ) (51
.33 ) (63
.4 3) (51
.6 8)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0311 0
.0202 0
.0311 0
.0202 0
.0311 0
.0202 0
.0310 0
.0202
(57
.74) (44.32) (58.17) (44.88) (57.67) (44.33) (58
.09) (44
.86)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0965∗∗∗ 0
.125 0
.114 0
.136
(7.40
) (11
.25 ) (8
.19) (11
.4 4)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0905∗∗∗ 0.0905 0.0905 0
.0905
(1 04
.65) (105.07) (104.62) (105.11)
Observa
tions 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -791489.1 -762745.9 -791417
.3 -762596.5 -791509
.8 -762761.4 -791419
.4 -762604
.4
AIC 1583092
.2 152 5607
.7 1582950
.7 1525311.0 1583133
.7 1525638.7 1582954
.8 1525326
.9
ITAT

BIC 1583687
.8 15 26213
.7 1583556
.7 1525927.4 1583729
.2 1526244.7 1583560
.7 1525943
.3
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
56 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finte
rdi
scip
lin
ari
tyonthenumbe
rofc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn omen
cla
tur
e)
. APPEND
IX

(3a) (3b) (3c) (3d) (4a

) (4b
) (4
c) (4d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -
0.0308 -0
.00488 -0
.0589 -0
.0371
(-8
.68) (
-1.64) (
-11.56) (-8
.60)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0278 0
.0330 0
.0583 0
.0472
(8.09
) (11.72) (10
.95) (10
.93)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00113∗∗∗ 0
.000668 0
.00113 0
.000664 0
.00107 0
.000625 0
.00105 0
.000616
(13.48
) (12.15
) (13
.65) (12.29
) (13
.60) (11.66
) (13
.46) (11
.49)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.415 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276 0
.416 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276
(63
.17 ) (51
.31 ) (63
.40 ) (51
.65 ) (63
.32 ) (51
.75 ) (63
.4 9) (51
.7 9)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0311 0
.0203 0
.0311 0
.0202 0
.0314 0
.0204 0
.0313 0
.0204
(57
.69) (44.40) (58.03) (44.85) (58.98) (45.66) (58
.95) (45
.56)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.119∗∗∗ 0
.135 -0
.166 -0
.0772
(7
.75) (10
.40 ) (
-9.61
) (-5
.46
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0905∗∗∗ 0.0906 0.0906 0
.0905
(10 4
.59) (105.07) (105.56) (105.85)
Observa
tions 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710
Log-Lik
elihood -791567.3 -762779.7 -791484
.2 -762646.8 -791497
.9 -762550.0 -791383
.8 -762519
.5
AIC 1583248
.5 152 5675
.5 1583084
.4 1525411.5 1583109
.8 1525215.9 1582883
.6 1525156
.9
BIC 1583844
.1 15 26281
.5 1583690
.4 1526027.9 1583705
.4 1525821.9 1583489
.5 1525773
.3
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
67
 1
68

T
abl
e3.
57 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
atesfo
rtheeffe
ctofthenumbe
rofd i
scip
line
s(c
ate
gori
calvari
able)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rs
w
ithatl
eas
t4r e
fer
ence
s,1
-35di
scipl
ines
,CWTSn omenc
lature
)

Numb
ero
fcita
tion
s Numb
ero
fcita
tion
s Numb
ero
fcita
tion
s Numb
ero
fcita
tion
s
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0 0 0
(
.) (
.) (
.) (
.)
∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s -
0.0293 -0
.0260 0
.00258 -0
.0459
(
-3.02
) (-3
.40
) (0.20) (-4
.38
)
∗∗ ∗
i
3dsc
ipl
ine
s -0
.00122 0
.00353 0
.0471 -0
.0267
(
-0.12
) (0.44
) (2
.86
) (-2
.01)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗
4and mo
red
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0505 0
.0796 0
.113 0
.0410
(4
.40) (8.30
) (5
.72) (2.51
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00108 0
.000627 0
.00108 0
.000631
(13.38
) (11
.58
) (13.22
) (11
.65
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.416 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276
(63
.13 ) (51.53) (62.92) (51
.5 8)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0313 0
.0204 0
.0313 0
.0204
(58.45) (45
.16) (58
.34) (45
.31)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0
.0740 0
.0460
(-3
.77
) (2
.81
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
IGHERC

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0906 0
.0907
(105.06) (104.89)
Observa
tions 254710 254710 254710 254710
ITAT

Log-Lik
elihood -791551
.1 -762598.8 -791536
.8 -762591
.9
AIC 1583220
.2 1525317.6 1583193
.6 1525305
.8
BIC 1583836
.6 1525944.5 1583820
.5 1525943
.1
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthes
es
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.0
1,∗∗∗ p<0.
00 1
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
58 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff e
ctofth
elog
ari
thmo fin
terd
isc
ipl
inar
ityonthenumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
re
fer
enc
es,1
-35di
scip
lin
es,CWTSn omenc
latu
re)
. APPEND
IX

(1a
) (1b) (1
c) (1d) (2a
) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
logB
erg
er-P
a e
rkr -0
.143 -0
.0692 -0
.214 -0
.156
(-13
.98 ) (-8
.04) (-16
.33 ) (-13.90 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
logS
imp
son -0.106 -0
.0457 -0
.189 -0
.140
(
-12.73) (-6
.64
) (-16
.2 1) (-14
.2 4)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00112∗∗∗ 0
.000669 0
.00111 0
.000655 0
.00113 0
.000670 0
.00112 0
.000659
(13.46
) (12.18
) (13
.63) (12.18
) (13
.48) (12.21
) (13
.69) (12
.30)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.414 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276 0
.414 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276
(63
.29 ) (51
.36 ) (63
.52 ) (51
.75 ) (63
.25 ) (51
.34 ) (63
.5 8) (51
.8 0)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0311 0
.0202 0
.0311 0
.0202 0
.0311 0
.0202 0
.0310 0
.0202
(57
.78) (44.32) (58.32) (44.97) (57.73) (44.33) (58
.31) (45
.00)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.121∗∗∗ 0
.147 0
.154 0
.172
(8
.85) (12
.55 ) (10
.2 7) (13
.4 8)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0904∗∗∗ 0.0905 0.0905 0
.0905
(1 04
.65) (105.18) (104.60) (105.25)
Observa
tions 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710
Log-Lik
elihood -791471.7 -762735.6 -791368
.4 -762547.7 -791489
.8 -762749.0 -791347
.3 -762529
.3
AIC 1583057
.4 152 5587
.1 1582852
.8 1525213.3 1583093
.7 1525613.9 1582810
.6 1525176
.6
BIC 1583652
.9 15 26193
.1 1583458
.8 1525829.8 1583689
.2 1526219.9 1583416
.6 1525793
.0
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
69
 1

T
abl
e3.
59:N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff e
ctofth
elog
ari
thmo fin
terd
isc
ipl
inar
ityonthenumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
70

re
fer
enc
es,1
-35di
scip
lin
es,CWTSn omenc
latu
re)

(3a) (3b) (3
c) (3d)
∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln
(Sh
ann
on) -0
.0724 -0
.0203 -0.173 -0
.130
(-9
.17) (
-3.13) (
-13.81 ) (-12.46)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00114∗∗∗ 0
.000670 0
.00113 0
.000668
(13.49
) (12.18
) (13
.73) (12.41
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.415 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276
(63
.17 ) (51
.31 ) (63
.56 ) (51
.79 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0312 0
.0203 0
.0311 0
.0202
(57
.76) (44.38) (58.31) (45.01)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.173∗∗∗ 0
.189
(10.22) (13
.07 )
∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0905∗∗∗ 0.0906
(104.55) (105.24)
Observa
tions 254710 254710 254710 254710
Log-Lik
elihood -791554.0 -762774.1 -791411
.1 -762566.0
AIC 1583222
.0 1525664.2 1582938
.2 1525249.9
BIC 1583817
.5 1526270.2 1583544
.2 1525866.3
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
60 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff ec
tofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y(squ
arete
rm )onthenumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
re
fer
ences
,1-
35disc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn omen
cla
ture
)

(1a) (1b) (1
c) (1d) (2a
) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
. APPEND

B
erg
er-P
ark
er -
0.201 -0
.131 -0
.327 -0
.290
(-8.12) (
-6.28) (-11
.67 ) (-12.11 )
IX

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

B
erg
er-P
ark
er2 0
.0318 0
.0250 0
.0549 0
.0542
(5.21
) (4
.77) (8
.43) (9
.63)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.130 -0
.0847 -0
.232 -0
.202
(
-9.01) (-7
.01
) (-13
.6 4) (-14
.0 3)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son2 0
.0170 0
.0141 0
.0307 0
.0299
(6.06
) (5
.88) (10
.23) (11
.64)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00112∗∗∗ 0
.000668 0
.00111 0
.000654 0
.00113 0
.000670 0
.00112 0
.000658
(13.46
) (12.19
) (13
.63) (12.18
) (13
.48) (12.21
) (13
.70) (12
.29)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.414 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276
(63
.32 ) (51
.39 ) (63
.57 ) (51
.80 ) (63
.31 ) (51
.38 ) (63
.6 5) (51
.8 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0311 0
.0202 0
.0311 0
.0202 0
.0311 0
.0203 0
.0311 0
.0202
(57
.81) (44.36) (58.42) (45.09) (57.75) (44.39) (58
.43) (45
.17)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.124∗∗∗ 0
.153 0
.155 0
.176
(9
.04) (13
.01 ) (10
.4 3) (13
.7 9)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0905∗∗∗ 0.0905 0.0905 0
.0905
(104.68) (105.23) (104.62) (105.29)
Observa
tions 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710
Log-Lik
elihood -791468.0 -762730.1 -791360
.7 -762530.1 -791479
.3 -762736.4 -791332
.4 -762505
.9
AIC 1583051
.9 152 5578
.2 1582839
.3 1525180.2 1583074
.7 1525590.9 1582782
.9 1525131
.9
BIC 1583657
.9 15 26194
.6 1583455
.7 1525807.0 1583680
.6 1526207.3 1583399
.3 1525758
.8
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
71
 1
72

T
abl
e3.
61 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff ec
tofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y(squ
arete
rm )onthenumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
re
fer
ences
,1-
35disc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn omen
cla
ture
)

(3a) (3b) (3
c) (3d)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0926 -0
.0596 -0.203 -0
.182
(-7
.71) (-5
.95) (
-13.43 ) (-14.33)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon2 0
.0118 0
.0104 0
.0247 0
.0249
(5.58
) (5
.81) (10.76) (12.68)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00114∗∗∗ 0
.000670 0
.00113 0
.000667
(13.50
) (12.17
) (13
.75) (12.40
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.415 0
.276 0
.415 0
.276
(63
.24 ) (51
.35 ) (63
.66 ) (51
.86 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0312 0
.0203 0
.0312 0
.0203
(57
.73) (44.45) (58.44) (45.22)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.179∗∗∗ 0
.196
(10.67) (13
.69 )
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0905∗∗∗ 0.0906
(104.57) (105.27)
Observa
tions 254710 254710 254710 254710
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -791539.5 -762753.6 -791384
.0 -762525.3
AIC 1583195
.0 1525625.2 1582886
.0 1525170.5
ITAT

BIC 1583801
.0 1526241.6 1583502
.4 1525797.4
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
62 o
:Lgi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rtheeffe
cto
fint
erd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth ep
rob
abil
itythatth
epap
erbe
longstoth
etop1
0% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(pap
ersw
ithatl
east4re
feren
ces
,1-3
5dis
cip
lines
,CWTSn omen
cla
ture
)
. APPEND

(1a
) (1b) (2a
) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
IX

B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.136 -0.173
(-11
.05 ) (
-12.33)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0867 -0
.123
(
-10.53) (-12
.39 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0573 -0
.0947
(-8
.24
) (
-10.38)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0284 0
.0711
(6
.56) (10
.69)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000628∗∗∗ 0
.000619 0
.000634 0
.000625 0
.000639 0
.000636 0
.000598 0
.000581
(15
.70) (15.47
) (15.83
) (15.61
) (15.95
) (15.86
) (14
.91) (14
.48)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.627 0
.627 0
.627 0
.627 0
.627 0
.627 0
.628 0
.627
(54
.84 ) (54
.84 ) (54
.83 ) (54
.82 ) (54
.84 ) (54
.8 3) (54
.8 9) (54
.8 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.04
48 0
.0448 0
.0447 0
.0448 0
.0448 0
.0448 0
.0451 0
.0449
(56
.45) (56.50) (56.40) (56.43) (56.50) (56.50) (56
.93) (56
.67)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0.113∗∗∗ 0
.142 0
.148 -0
.232
(5.59) (6
.61) (6
.39) (
-8.39)
Observa
tions 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710
Log-Lik
elihood -107568.3 -10 7552.7 -107574.2 -107552.3 -107596.2 -107575.8 -107609
.2 -107573
.9
AIC 215248.6 215 219.4 215260.3 215218.7 215304.4 215265.6 215330
.4 215261.9
BIC 215833.7 21 5815.0 215845.4 215814.2 215889.5 215861.2 215915
.5 215857.4
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
73
 1
74

T
abl
e3.
63 o
:Lgi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rtheeffec
tofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rityonth
ep r
obabi
li
tytha
tth
epape
rbelong
stoth
etop5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(pap
erswi
thatleas
t4r e
fer
ence
s,1-
35dis
cipl
ine
s,CWTSnomen
clatu
re)

(1a
) (1b) (2a
) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.196 -0.233
(-11
.93 ) (
-12.42)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0.124 -0
.161
(
-11.31) (-12
.18 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0856 -0
.125
(-9
.29
) (-10
.3 1)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0258 0
.0840
(4
.60) (9
.79)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000683∗∗∗ 0
.000675 0
.000690 0
.000682 0
.000698 0
.000695 0
.000657 0
.000637
(16
.71) (16.50
) (16.88
) (16.67
) (17.06
) (16.98
) (15
.97) (15
.44)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.703 0
.703 0
.703 0
.703 0
.703 0
.703 0
.703 0
.703
(46
.68 ) (46
.67 ) (46
.67 ) (46
.65 ) (46
.68 ) (46
.6 6) (46
.7 1) (46
.6 9)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0496 0
.0497 0
.0496 0
.0496 0
.0496 0
.0497 0
.0500 0
.0498
(51.26) (51.30) (51.22) (51.24) (51.30) (51.30) (51
.71) (51
.45)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0.109∗∗∗ 0.141 0.152 -0
.318
(4.15) (5.08) (5.04) (
-8.81)
IGHERC

Observa
tions 254708 254708 254708 254708 254708 254708 254708 25470 8
Log-Lik
elihood -71119.7 -71111.2 -71127.6 -71114.7 -71149.4 -71136.7 -71182
.9 -71143.9
ITAT

AIC 142349
.5 142334.3 142365.2 142341.5 142408.7 142385.4 142475
.8 142399.7
BIC 142924
.1 142919.4 142939.9 142926.6 142983.4 142970.5 143050
.4 142984.8
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
64 o
:Lgite
stim
ate
sforth
eeffec
tofthenumberofdi
scip
lin
es(
cat
ego
ric
alvar
iab
le)ontheprobab
il
ityth
atthepape
rbelon
gst
oth
e
top10%andtop5% m
ostci
tedpap
ers(pape
rsw i
thatl
eas
t4refe
ren
ces
,1-35di
scip
lin
es,CWTSn om
enc
latu
re)
. APPEND

T
op90 Top90 T
op95 T
op95
IX

1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0 0 0
(.
) (.) (
.) (
.)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.0695 -0.0397 -0
.0964 -0
.0667
(-4
.29
) (-1.79) (-4
.62
) (
-2.32
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.0708 -0.0265 -0
.118 -0
.0741
(-4
.08
) (-0.93) (
-5.26) (
-2.01
)
∗∗
4and mo
red
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0379∗ 0
.0942 -0
.00503 0.0508
(2.11
) (2
.78
) (
-0.22
) (1.16
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000598∗∗∗ 0
.000594 0
.000661 0
.000657
(14
.90) (14.78
) (16.04
) (15.93
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tion
alCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.627 0
.627 0
.703 0
.703
(54
.84 ) (54
.83 ) (46
.68 ) (46
.6 8)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0451 0
.0450 0
.0500 0
.0499
(56
.89) (56.76) (51.69) (51.58)

Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0674 -0.0673
(-1.96) (-1.50
)
Observa
tions 254710 254710 254708 254708
Log-Lik
elihood -107596.
0 -107594.1 -71167.7 -7116 6
.6
AIC 215308.0 215306.2 142449.5 142449.3
BIC 215914.0 215922.6 143045.0 143055.2
tstatis
ticsinpar
entheses
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
75
 1
76

T
abl
e3.
65 s
: OLSetim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
ejourn
alimpa
ct(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-3
5di
scip
lin
es,CWTS
nomen
cla
ture
)

(1a) (1b) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.285 -
0.296
(-10.63) (
-9.62)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0.209 -0
.240
(
-11.58) (-10
.73 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0.166 -0
.209
(
-10.67) (
-9.94)
∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0110 0
.107
(0
.97) (6.01)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00241∗∗∗ 0
.00240 0
.00242 0
.00241 0
.00244 0
.00244 0
.00238 0
.00234
(24.24
) (24
.17) (24
.35) (24
.26) (24
.49) (24
.44) (23
.80) (23
.40)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 1
.639 1
.639 1
.638 1
.638 1
.638 1
.638 1
.640 1
.640
(61
.16 ) (61
.15 ) (61
.13 ) (61
.14 ) (61
.14 ) (61
.14 ) (61
.1 8) (61
.1 3)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.119 0
.119 0
.119 0
.119 0
.119 0
.119 0
.120 0
.120
(43.02) (43
.02 ) (42
.94 ) (42
.95 ) (42
.97 ) (42
.98 ) (43
.3 5) (43
.1 6)
∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0.0362 0
.126∗ 0.179 -0
.518
(0
.72) (2
.32) (3.02
) (-7
.48)
IGHERC

Observa
tions 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710 254710
Log-Lik
elihood -841036
.7 -841036
.4 -841026
.1 -841023
.1 -841034.8 -841029.6 -841089
.3 -841058
.0
ITAT

AIC 1682185
.3 1682186
.8 1682164
.3 1682160
. 2 1682181
.6 1682173.3 1682290
.6 1682230
.1
BIC 1682770
.4 1682782
.3 1682749
.3 1682755
.8 1682766.7 1682768.8 1682875
.7 1682825
.6
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.
001
IONIMPACT
?
1
0. APPEND
IX 1
77

T
able3
.66
: OLSes
tim
ate
sfo
rtheeff
ectofthenumb e
rofd
isc
ipl
ines(
categ
ori
cal
v
ari
able
)onthejou
rna
limpa
ctf
act
or(p
ap e
rswithatlea
st4r
efe
rence
s,1-3
5disc
ipl
ine
s,
CWTSn omen
clatu
re)

(1
) (2
)
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0
∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.0765 1
.537
∗∗∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.0104 2
.125

4d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0349 .490∗∗∗
2
∗∗ ∗∗∗
5d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.270 2
.931
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
6d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.318 3
.105
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
7d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.385 3
.264

8
-9d
isc
ipl
ine
s .464∗∗∗
0 3 ∗∗∗
.444

9and mo
red
isc
ipl
ine
s .736∗∗∗
0 3 ∗∗∗
.861

Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs .00238∗∗∗ 0
0 ∗∗∗
.00260
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 1
.641 1
.621
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.119 0
.115
∗∗∗
Max
ima ld i
stance -3.123
Observa
tions 255203 255203
Log-Lik
elihood -842458.6 -841851
.2
AIC 1685043
.1 1683830.4
BIC 1685701
.5 1684499.1
tstatis
ticsinparen
theses
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01,∗∗∗ p<0.001

10
.5 W
oSsub
jec
tca
tego
rie
s
 1
78

Ke
rne
ldens
ityes
tima
te Ke
rne
ldens
ityes
tima
te Ke
rne
ldens
i
tyes
t
ima
te

.5
.4
.2

y
y

y
t
t

t
5

i
i

i
3
s
s

s
1

.
.n

Den
De

Den
.2
.1
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

.1
.05
IGHERC

0
0 .05 .1 .15 .2 .25
0
ITAT

12345678 12345678910 13579

1113
Be
rge
r-Pa
rke
r Simpson Shannon
ke
rne
l=epanechn
ikov
,bandw
idth=0
.0801 ke
rne
l=epanechn
ikov
,bandw
idth=0
.1347 ke
rne
l=epane
chn
iko
v,bandw
idth=0
.1664
IONIMPACT

F
igu
re3
.13
:Di
str
ibu
ti fIn
ono terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yac
cord
ingtoth
eBerg
er-Pa
rke
r,theSimp
sonandth
eSh
ann
onind
exe
s(W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e,
?

pap
erswi
tha
tleast4re
fer
ence
s)
 1
0. APPEND
IX

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 Numbe ro fcitations 1
2 Pape rsinth etop10% 0.44 1
3 Pape rsinth etop5% 0.47 0.70 1
4 Impa ctF acto r 0.35 0.30 0.29 1
5 Numbe ro freferen c
es 0
.29 0.16 0.15 0.17 1
6 Berger
-Pa rker -0 .030 -0.037 -0.034 -0.028 0.063 1
7 Simp son -0 .022 -0.031 -0.030 -0.016 0.14 0.94 1
8 Shannon -0.0054 -0.019 -0.019 0.0017 0.23 0.86 0.97 1
9 Numbe ro fdi s
ciplines 0.049 0.024 0
.021 0.049 0.46 0.63 0.79 0.90 1
10 Numbe ro fau thors 0.085 0.053 0
.054 0.042 -0
.0046 -0.020 -0
.021 -0.019 -0
.0094 1
11 Numbe ro fdiff erentorgani
sat
ion
s 0
.16 0
.11 0.11 0.096 0
.056 -0 .039 -0
.038 -0.033 -0.010 0.91 1
12 International Collaborat
ion 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.13 0
.052 -0 .042 -0
.041 -0.037 -0.019 0
.088 0
.20 1
13 Max imumh -index 0
.12 0.088 0
.085 0.13 0.26 0.0077 0.037 0.068 0.14 0
.081 0
.16 0
.11 1
14 M inimald istance -0.024 -0.019 -0
.0056 -0.088 -0.16 -0.23 -0 .29 -0.33 -0.35 0
.041 0
.063 -0
.042 -0
.026 1
15 M eand istan ce -0.021 -0.023 -0.013 -0.088 0.087 0.29 0.34 0.37 0.40 0
.040 0
.053 -0
.054 0.020 0
.49 1
16 Max ima ldistan ce -0.011 -0.020 -0.015 -0.047 0.17 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.62 0
.024 0
.023 -0
.047 0.047 0
.15 0
.89 1

T
abl
e3.
67:C
orr
ela
tion m
atr
ix(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
astf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e)
1
79
 1
80

T
abl
e3.
68 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ectofint
erdis
cipl
ina
rit
yonthenumb e
rofc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
25
2d i
scip
lines
,W oSn om
enc
latu
re)

(1a) (1b) (1c) (1d) (2a

) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.0379 -0
.0205 -0
.0355 -0
.0282
(
-11.45) (-7
.65) (
-10.10) (-9
.66)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0190 -0
.00915 -0
.0174 -0
.0146
(-9
.30
) (-5.61
) (-7
.61
) (-7
.77
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00132∗∗∗ 0
.000809 0
.00133 0
.000787 0
.00132 0
.000809 0
.00133 0
.000786
(10.50
) (10.47
) (10
.54) (10.30
) (10
.54) (10.48
) (10
.60) (10
.31)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.402 0
.273 0
.402 0
.273 0
.402 0
.273 0
.402 0
.273
(54
.73 ) (44
.63 ) (54
.65 ) (44
.75 ) (54
.78 ) (44
.66 ) (54
.7 0) (44
.7 9)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0280 0
.0188 0
.0279 0
.0188 0
.0280 0
.0188 0
.0280 0
.0188
(49
.12) (38.32) (49.08) (38.65) (49.15) (38.31) (49
.12) (38
.68)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0306 0
.0995 -0
.0304 0
.102
(-1.61) (6
.14
) (
-1.53
) (5.97)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0812∗∗∗ 0.0814 0.0812 0
.0815
( 89.09
) (89 .00) (89.21
) (89
.09)
Observa
tions 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -609379.2 -588319.5 -609376
.0 -588277 .9 -609407
.2 -588336
.0 -609404
.2 -588294
.8
AIC 1218870
.4 117 6753
.0 1218866
.0 1176673 .8 1218926
.4 1176785
.9 1218922
.5 1176705
.6
ITAT

BIC 1219438
.7 11 77331
.4 1219444
.4 1177272 .5 1219494
.7 1177364
.4 1219500
.9 1177294
.2
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
69 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ectofint
erdis
cipl
ina
rit
yonthenumb e
rofc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
25
2d i
scip
lines
,W oSn om
enc
latu
re)
. APPEND
IX

(3a) (3b) (3c) (3d) (4a

) (4b
) (4
c) (4d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗
Shannon -0
.00717 -
0.000661 -0
.00369 -0
.00462
(
-3.91) (
-0.46) (
-1.72) (-2
.67)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0179 0
.0171 0
.0307 0
.0213
(11.11) (12.13) (16
.60) (12
.76)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00133 0
.000811 0
.00135 0
.000794 0
.00131 0
.000802 0
.00139 0
.000821
(10.55
) (10.48
) (10
.62) (10.38
) (10
.80) (10.52
) (10
.97) (10
.71)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.403 0
.274 0
.403 0
.274 0
.405 0
.274 0
.403 0
.274
(54
.76 ) (44
.67 ) (54
.67 ) (44
.77 ) (54
.90 ) (45
.2 4) (55
.0 6) (45
.2 7)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0281 0
.0189 0
.0281 0
.0189 0
.0280 0
.0188 0
.0276 0
.0186
(49.24) (38.40) (49.14) (38.72) (50.03) (39.55) (49
.36) (39
.37)
∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0
.0680 0
.0767 -0
.317 -0
.104
(
-3.26
) (4
.29) (-15
.0 1) (-5.74)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0813 0.0815 0.0813 0
.0810
(89 .19) (88 .92) (89.36
) (88
.97)
Observa
tions 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792
Log-Lik
elihood -609471
.2 -5 88358.6 -609457
.2 -588336 .8 -609250
.0 -588099
.5 -608976
.6 -588063
.6
AIC 1219056.3 1176833 .2 1219030
.5 1176789 .6 1218611
.9 1176312
.9 1218067
.2 1176245
.1
BIC 1219634.8 1177421 .8 1219619
.1 1177378 .2 1219180
.2 1176891
.4 1218645
.7 1176843
.9
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
81
1
82 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

Tab
le3.70
:N eg
ativ
ebinomia
lest
im a
tesf
ortheeffecto
fth enumbe
rofdis
cip
line
s
(
cat
e g
ori
calvar
iab
le)onth
enumb erofci
tat
ion
s(paperswithatl
eas
t6ref
erenc
es,1-2
52
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W oSnomenc
latur
e)

(4a) (4b) (4c

) (4d)
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0 0 0
(
.) (
.) (
.) (
.)
∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0.0371 -0.0240 0
.138 -0.0394
(-1.15) (-1.00) (3.86) (-1.45)
∗∗∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0.0338 -0.0248 0
.190 -0.0445
(-1.05) (-1.02) (5.09) (-1.52)
∗∗∗
4d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0.0371 -0.0265 0
.218 -0.0491
(-1.16) (-1.09) (5.59) (-1.61)
∗∗∗ ∗
5d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0.0481 -0.0369 0
.229 -0
.0615
(-1.52) (-1.54) (5.75) (
-1.97
)
∗∗∗
6d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0.0480 -0.0303 0
.244 -0.0561
(-1.51) (-1.27) (6.01) (-1.76)
∗∗∗
7d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0.0438 -0.0278 0
.257 -0.0544
(-1.36) (-1.14) (6.27) (-1.67)
∗∗∗
8
-9d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0.0280 -0
.00600 0
.284 -0.0336
(-0.87) (
-0.25
) (6.93) (-1.04)

9and mo
red
isc
ipl
ine
s .101∗∗
0 0
.113∗∗∗
0
.429∗∗∗
0
.0842∗

(3.06
) (4.44) (9.98) (2.46
)

Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs .00135∗∗∗ 0
0 .000822∗∗∗
0 ∗∗∗
.00139 0
.000819∗∗∗

(10.69
) (10.61
) (10
.76) (10.61
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.404 0
.274 0
.404 0
.274
(54
.98 ) (45
.07 ) (54
.82 ) (45
.13 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0280 0
.0187 0
.0278 0
.0188
(49.60) (38.87) (48.97) (39.06)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.317 0
.0280
(
-12.93) (1
.29)

Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0813∗∗∗ 0.0814∗∗∗

(89 .40
) (88.34)
Observa
tions 188792 188792 188792 188792
Log-Lik
elihood -609297.4 -588133.3 -609147
.6 -588131.9
AIC 1218720
.8 1176396.5 1218423
.2 1176395.7
BIC 1219360
.1 1177056.2 1219072
.7 1177065.5
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0. ,∗∗∗ p<0
01 .001
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
71 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omia
lest
imate
sfo
rth
eeff e
ctofth
eloga
rithmofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
ym ea
sur
edwi
ththenumbero
fdi
scip
lin
esonth
e
numbero
fci
tat
ion
s(pap
erswi
thatle
ast6r e
fer
enc
es,1
-252dis
cip
lin
es,WoSn
om en
cla
tur
e)
. APPEND
IX

(1a
) (1b) (1c) (1d) (2a
) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
logB
erg
er-P
a e
rkr -0
.101 -0
.0553 -0
.0974 -0
.0831
(-11
.08 ) (-7
.60) (-9.89) (
-10.30)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
logS
imp
son -0
.0765 -0
.0394 -0
.0751 -0
.0713
(-9
.75
) (-6
.42
) (-8
.30
) (-9
.65
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00133∗∗∗ 0
.000811 0
.00134 0
.000787 0
.00133 0
.000811 0
.00133 0
.000784
(10.50
) (10.50
) (10
.54) (10.31
) (10
.54) (10.50
) (10
.60) (10
.30)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.402 0
.273 0
.402 0
.273 0
.402 0
.273 0
.402 0
.273
(54
.73 ) (44
.61 ) (54
.66 ) (44
.74 ) (54
.81 ) (44
.63 ) (54
.7 5) (44
.8 0)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0279 0
.0188 0
.0279 0
.0188 0
.0280 0
.0188 0
.0280 0
.0188
(49
.06) (38.27) (49.05) (38.60) (49.06) (38.24) (49
.10) (38
.63)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0165 0
.115 -0
.00591 0
.132
(-0.86) (6.97) (-0
.29) (7.40)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0812∗∗∗ 0.0814 0.0812 0
.0815
(89 .07
) (89 .02) (89.24
) (89
.16)
Observa
tions 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792
Log-Lik
elihood -609372.4 -588316.4 -609371
.5 -588264 .1 -609389
.8 -588326
.9 -609389
.7 -588265
.5
AIC 1218856
.8 117 6746
.9 1218857
.0 1176644 .2 1218893
.7 1176769
.7 1218893
.4 1176647
.0
BIC 1219425
.1 11 77325
.3 1219435
.5 1177232 .8 1219472
.1 1177358
.3 1219471
.9 1177235
.6
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
83
 1

T
abl
e3.
72:N
ega
tiv
ebin
omia
lest
imate
sfo
rth
eeff e
ctofth
eloga
rithmofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
ym ea
sur
edwi
ththenumbero
fdi
scip
lin
esonth
e
84

numbero
fci
tat
ion
s(pap
erswi
thatle
ast6r e
fer
enc
es,1
-252dis
cip
lin
es,WoSn
om en
cla
tur
e)

(3a) (3b) (3c) (3d)

∗∗∗ ∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
logShannon -0
.0444 -0
.0148 -0
.0323 -0
.0480
(-5
.42) (
-2.33) (
-3.15) (-5
.74)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00133∗∗∗ 0
.000812 0
.00135 0
.000789
(10.55
) (10.49
) (10
.63) (10.34
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tion
alCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.403 0
.273 0
.403 0
.273
(54
.81 ) (44
.63 ) (54
.74 ) (44
.79 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0281 0
.0189 0
.0281 0
.0189
(49
.18) (38.33) (49.17) (38.73)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0433 0
.118
(-1.94) (6.05)
∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0813∗∗∗ 0.0815
(89 .25
) (89 .01
)
Observa
tions 188792 188792 188792 188792
Log-Lik
elihood -609453.6 -588354.1 -609448
.9 -58831 1
.7
AIC 1219021
.2 1176824.1 1219013
.9 117673 9
.4
BIC 1219599
.7 1177412.7 1219602
.5 117732 8
.0
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
73 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff ec
tofin
terd
isc
ipl
inar
ity(
squ
aret
erm)onthenumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
ref
erence
s,1
-252di
scip
lin
es,WoSnomen
cla
tur
e)

(1a) (1b) (1c) (1d) (2a

) (2b
) (2
c) (2d
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
. APPEND

B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.0754 -0
.0420 -0
.0707 -0
.0696
(-5
.92) (-4
.08) (-5
.42) (-6
.55)
IX

∗∗ ∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er2 0
.00601 0
.00345 0
.00550 0
.00649
(3.21
) (2
.24) (2.92
) (4.20
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0547 -0
.0334 -0
.0541 -0
.0543
(-8
.14
) (-5
.95
) (-7
.58
) (-8
.96
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son2 0
.00381 0
.00261 0
.00377 0
.00409
(5
.82
) (4.60
) (5
.65) (7
.05)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00133∗∗∗ 0
.000810 0
.00133 0
.000787 0
.00133 0
.000812 0
.00133 0
.000784
(10.50
) (10.49
) (10
.53) (10.31
) (10
.54) (10.51
) (10
.60) (10
.31)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.402 0
.273 0
.402 0
.273 0
.402 0
.273 0
.402 0
.273
(54
.73 ) (44
.62 ) (54
.66 ) (44
.75 ) (54
.83 ) (44
.66 ) (54
.7 6) (44
.8 2)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0279 0
.0188 0
.0279 0
.0188 0
.0280 0
.0188 0
.0280 0
.0188
(49
.08) (38.28) (49.07) (38.61) (49.09) (38.25) (49
.15) (38
.68)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0200 0
.112 -0
.00431 0
.131
(-1.05) (6.84) (-0
.21) (7.45)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0812∗∗∗ 0.0814 0.0812 0
.0815
( 89.07
) (89 .01) (89.23
) (89
.17)
Observa
tions 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792
Log-Lik
elihood -609369.8 -588315.9 -609368
.5 -588265 .8 -609376
.1 -588319
.2 -609376
.0 -588257
.1
AIC 1218853
.6 117 6747
.7 1218853
.0 1176649 .5 1218866
.2 1176754
.5 1218868
.0 1176632
.3
BIC 1219432
.1 11 77336
.3 1219441
.6 1177248 .3 1219444
.6 1177343
.1 1219456
.7 1177231
.0
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
85
 1
86

T
abl
e3.
74 e
:Nga
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff ec
tofin
terd
isc
ipl
inar
ity(
squ
aret
erm)onthenumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
ref
erence
s,1
-252di
scip
lin
es,WoSnomen
cla
tur
e)

(3a) (3b) (3c) (3d)

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0447 -0
.0277 -0
.0409 -0
.0474
(-7
.84) (-5
.85) (-6
.49) (-8
.68)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shann
on2 0
.00332 0
.00241 0
.00309 0
.00358
(7
.00
) (6.07
) (6.31
) (8.45
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00134∗∗∗ 0
.000816 0
.00135 0
.000791
(10.57
) (10.54
) (10
.65) (10.36
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tion
alCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.403 0
.273 0
.403 0
.273
(54
.85 ) (44
.63 ) (54
.77 ) (44
.78 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0281 0
.0189 0
.0281 0
.0189
(49
.18) (38.31) (49.25) (38.78)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0257 0
.126
(-1.18) (6.66)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0813∗∗∗ 0.0815
(89 .24
) (89 .07
)
Observa
tions 188792 188792 188792 188792
IGHERC

Log-Lik
elihood -609418.2 -588326.5 -609416
.4 -58827 5
.6
AIC 1218950
.3 1176769.1 1218948
.8 117666 9
.1
ITAT

BIC 1219528
.8 1177357.7 1219537
.4 117726 7
.9
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
75 o
:Lgi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeffecto
finte
rdi
scip
lin
ari
tyontheprobab
il
itythatth
epape
rbelongstoth
etop1
0% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(pap
erswithatl
east6ref
eren
ces
,1-
25 2di
scip
lin
es,WoSnomen
clatu
re)
. APPEND

(1a) (1b) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
IX

B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.0510 -
0.0566
(-7
.73) (-7
.97)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0222 -0
.0296
(-5
.75
) (-6
.93
)
∗
Shannon -0
.0000920 -0
.00874
(-0
.03) (
-2.41
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0404 0
.0398
(19
.47) (15
.68)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000638∗∗∗ 0
.000663 0
.000639 0
.000662 0
.000642 0
.000673 0
.000640 0
.000714
(12
.45) (12.80
) (12.47
) (12.79
) (12.54
) (12.98
) (12
.50) (13
.72)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.592 0
.623 0
.593 0
.623 0
.594 0
.624 0
.600 0
.626
(46
.58 ) (48
.47 ) (46
.58 ) (48
.46 ) (46
.70 ) (48
.5 1) (47
.1 7) (48
.64 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.04
13 0
.0412 0
.0414 0
.0412 0
.0416 0
.0413 0
.0414 0
.0408
(49
.00) (48.47) (49.10) (48.54) (49.32) (48.68) (49
.08) (48
.01)
∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0637 -0.0590 -0.111 -0
.435
(-2.17
) (-1.95) (-3.52
) (-13
.0 9)
Observa
tions 188791 188791 188791 188791 188791 188791 188791 18879 1
Log-Lik
elihood -85497.2 -8 4374
.8 -85510.8 -84382 .8 -85527.5 -8440 4
.1 -85341
.9 -84285.7
AIC 171100
.4 168 861
.7 171127.7 168877.6 171161.0 168920.3 170789
.7 168683.4
BIC 171638
.3 1694 30
.0 171665.5 169445.9 171698.9 169488.6 171327
.6 169251.7
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
1
87
 1
88

T
abl
e3.
76 o
:Lgi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rtheeff
ecto
fint
erd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth ep
rob
abil
itythatthep
ape
rbelon
gstoth
etop5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(pap
ersw
ithatl
east6re
feren
ces
,1-2
52dis
cip
line
s,W oSnom
enc
latur
e)

(1a) (1b) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.0639 -
0.0794
(-7
.41) (-8
.54)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0298 -0
.0457
(-5
.90
) (-8
.20
)
∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.00345 -0
.0222
(
-0.84
) (-4
.72
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0480 0
.0383
(18
.24) (12
.03)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000676∗∗∗ 0
.000690 0
.000677 0
.000687 0
.000681 0
.000696 0
.000681 0
.000742
(13
.07) (13.23
) (13.08
) (13.18
) (13.17
) (13.35
) (13
.16) (14
.20)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.658 0
.701 0
.658 0
.701 0
.659 0
.701 0
.668 0
.704
(39
.68 ) (41
.75 ) (39
.68 ) (41
.73 ) (39
.79 ) (41
.7 8) (40
.2 9) (41
.9 3)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0464 0
.0464 0
.0465 0
.0465 0
.0466 0
.0466 0
.0465 0
.0461
(45.46) (45.08) (45.56) (45.15) (45.76) (45.30) (45
.57) (44
.77)
∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0.0117 0.0303 -0.0115 -0
.380
(0 .31
) (0.78) (-0.29
) (
-8.97)
IGHERC

Observa
tions 188791 188791 188791 188791 188791 188791 188791 18879 1
Log-Lik
elihood -57850.3 -5 6734
.6 -57860.7 -56737.6 -57878.0 -5676 0
.7 -57717
.7 -56701.1
ITAT

AIC 115806
.7 113 581
.2 115827.4 113587.3 115862.0 113633.3 115541
.5 113514.2
BIC 116344
.6 1141 49
.5 116365.3 114155.6 116399.8 114201.6 116079
.4 114082.5
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.001
IONIMPACT
?
1
0. APPEND
IX 1
89

Tabl
e3 .
77:Logi
te s
timatesfo
rtheeffec
tofthenumberofdis
cip
line
s(cat
ego
rica
l
v
ariab
le)onthep robab
il
itythatth
ep ap
erbe
longst
oth etop10%andt op5% most
c
itedp ape
rs(p
apersw i
tha tl
east6re
fer
enc
es,1-
252di
scip
line
s,W oSnomenc
latu
re)

T
op90 T
op90 T
op95 T
op95
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0 0 0
(.
) (.
) (.
) (.
)
∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.179 -0.0349 -0
.102 -0
.00667
(
-4.22) (-0.70) (
-1.90
) (
-0.11
)
∗∗∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.161 0
.0151 -0.0533 0
.0546
(
-3.94) (0
.29) (
-1.03) (0
.82)
∗∗∗
4d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.174 0
.0235 -0.0804 0
.0361
(
-4.32) (0
.43) (
-1.58) (0
.52)
∗∗∗ ∗
5d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.193 0
.0158 -0.101 0
.0206
(
-4.83) (0
.28) (
-2.00
) (0
.28)
∗∗∗
6d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.168 0
.0485 -0.0679 0
.0540
(
-4.16) (0
.83) (
-1.33) (0
.72)
∗∗∗ ∗
7d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.181 0
.0304 -0.109 0
.000228
(
-4.38) (0
.50) (
-2.08
) (0
.00)
∗∗
8
-9d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.124 0
.0717 -0.0778 0
.00372
(
-3.07
) (1
.18) (
-1.52) (0.05
)

9and mo
red
isc
ipl
ine
s .147∗∗∗
0 0
.255∗∗∗
0
.286∗∗∗
0
.243∗∗

(3
.61) (4.06) (5.56) (3.03
)

Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs .000678∗∗∗ 0
0 .000707∗∗∗
0
.000711∗∗∗
0
.000731∗∗∗

(13
.13) (13.57
) (13.68
) (13.98
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.598 0
.625 0
.665 0
.703
(46
.99 ) (48
.62 ) (40
.10 ) (41
.89 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.0412 0
.0410 0
.0463 0
.0464
(48
.86) (48.25) (45.43) (45.02)
∗∗∗ ∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.275 -0.185
(-6.03) (-3
.14)
Observa
tions 188791 188791 188791 188791
Log-Lik
elihood -85365.8 -84340 .0 -57748.1 -56727.9
AIC 170851.7 168806 .1 115616.3 113581.7
BIC 171460.6 169445 .4 116225.2 114221.1
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0. ,∗∗∗ p<0
01 .001
 1
90

T
abl
e3.
78 s
: OLSetim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonthejourna
limpa
ct(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oS
n
om enc
latu
re)

(1a) (1b ) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.133 -0.0297
(
- 7
.85) (-1.66)
∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0707 0
.00526
(-6
.54
) (0.44
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0344 0
.0489
(-3
.55
) (4
.42)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es 0
.0480 0
.153
(6
.10) (15
.8 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.00244∗∗∗ 0
.00263 0
.00244 0
.00264 0
.00245 0
.00268 0
.00245 0
.00278
(18.01
) (18
.88) (18
.01) (18
.94) (18
.06) (19
.11) (18
.04) (19
.62)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 1
.661 1
.652 1
.661 1
.652 1
.662 1
.653 1
.668 1
.652
(50
.99 ) (50
.69 ) (50
.98 ) (50
.71 ) (51
.02 ) (50
.74 ) (51
.1 8) (50
.7 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.112 0
.110 0
.112 0
.111 0
.112 0
.111 0
.112 0
.108
(35.45) (35
.12 ) (35
.47 ) (35
.15 ) (35
.57 ) (35
.17 ) (35
.5 7) (34
.4 6)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -1.309 -1.372 -1.570 -2.475
(-14
.93 ) (-15
.10 ) (-16
.52 ) (
-23.81)
IGHERC

Observa
tions 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792 188792
Log-Lik
elihood -632958
.9 -632820.1 -632965
.0 -632821.4 -632982
.5 -632807.5 -632954
.8 -632563
.4
ITAT

AIC 1266029
.7 1265754.3 1266040
.1 1265754.9 1266074
.9 1265729.0 1266019
.6 1265240
.8
BIC 1266598
.0 1266332.7 1266598
.2 1266323.2 1266633
.1 1266307.4 1266577
.7 1265819
.3
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.
001
IONIMPACT
?
1
0. APPEND
IX 1
91

T
abl
e3.79
: OLSest
imat
esforth eeffec
tofthenumb ero
fdisc
ipl
ines(
categ
orica
l
var
iab
le)onthej
ourn
alimp a
c tfac
tor(pape
rswithatlea
st4refe
rence
s,1-2
52
di
scip
lines
,W oSn omen
clatu
re)

(1
) (2
)
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0
∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.0765 1
.537
∗∗∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
s -0
.0104 2
.125

4d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0349 .490∗∗∗
2
∗∗ ∗∗∗
5d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.270 2
.931
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
6d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.318 3
.105
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
7d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.385 3
.264

8
-9d
isc
ipl
ine
s .464∗∗∗
0 3 ∗∗∗
.444

9and mo
red
isc
ipl
ine
s .736∗∗∗
0 3 ∗∗∗
.861

Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs .00238∗∗∗ 0
0 ∗∗∗
.00260
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 1
.641 1
.621
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
imumh
-ind
ex 0
.119 0
.115
∗∗∗
Max
ima ld i
stance -3.123
Observa
tions 255203 255203
Log-Lik
elihood -842458.6 -841851
.2
AIC 1685043
.1 1683830.4
BIC 1685701
.5 1684499.1
tstatis
ticsinparen
theses
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01,∗∗∗ p<0.001

10
.6 T
obi
tes
tima
tes
 1
92

T
abl
e3.
80 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erind
ex(
1-1
0di
scip
lin
es,
OSTnomenc
latu
re)

(1
) (2
) (3
) (4) (5) (6)
1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗
2000 0.0283 0
.0252 0
.0246 0.0246 0.0245 0
.0242
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2001 0.0514 0
.0449 0
.0460 0.0460 0.0457 0.0450
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2002 0.0663 0
.0570 0
.0605 0.0605 0.0600 0.0590
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2003 0.0732 0
.0630 0
.0689 0.0688 0.0687 0.0674
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2004 0.0889 0
.0778 0
.0874 0.0874 0.0873 0.0861
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 0.0918 0
.0798 0
.0929 0.0929 0.0928 0.0914
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0.105 0
.0922 0.107 0.107 0.107 0.106
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0.111 0
.0983 0.116 0.116 0.116 0.115
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0.124 0.110 0.131 0.131 0.131 0.130
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0.130 0.117 0.142 0.142 0.142 0.141
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0.132 0.119 0.148 0.148 0.148 0.147
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0.146 0.132 0.165 0.166 0.166 0.165
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0.146 0.134 0.171 0.172 0.172 0.171
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0.158 0.133 0.176 0.177 0.177 0.178
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb ero freferenc e
s) 0.0369 0
.0451 0
.0526 0.0521 0.0522 0.0528
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Impa ctF ac
to r -0
.00378 -0
.00295 -0.00286 -0.0027 7 -0
.0025 3
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0
.00451 -0.00440 -0.0043 5 -0
.0040 8
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors -0.0000829 -0.00007 9 1 0
.00024 1
∗∗∗ ∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo rat
ion -0 .0109 -0.003 0 0
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0
.0036 6
IGHERC

Observa
tions 395191 395191 390008 390008 38914 0 38914 0
Log-Lik
elihood -205481 .1 -204992.4 -201663.7 -201575 .7 -20115 5 .6 -20093 8 .2
ITAT

AIC 4 10996.2 410020.8 403365.4 403191.4 402353. 2 401920. 4

BIC 4 11181.3 410216.8 403572.0 403408.8 402581. 5 402159. 6
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0 .05, p<0 .
01 , p<0. 0
01
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
81 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
eSimp
sonind
ex(
1-1
0di
scip
lin
es,OST
n
omencl
atur
e)
. APPEND
IX

(1
) (2
) (3
) (4) (5) (6)
1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗
2000 0.0383 0
.0333 0
.0348 0.0348 0.0346 0
.0342
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2001 0.0705 0
.0601 0
.0648 0.0647 0.0643 0.0632
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2002 0.0913 0
.0764 0
.0847 0.0847 0.0840 0.0825
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2003 0.102 0
.0857 0
.0976 0.0975 0.0973 0.0953
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2004 0.125 0.107 0.124 0.124 0.124 0.122
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 0.131 0.112 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.133
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0.152 0.131 0.157 0.157 0.157 0.155
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0.163 0.143 0.173 0.173 0.173 0.172
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0.183 0.161 0.196 0.196 0.196 0.194
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0.194 0.173 0.215 0.214 0.214 0.213
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0.200 0.180 0.227 0.227 0.226 0.226
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0.222 0.201 0.255 0.256 0.256 0.254
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0.226 0.207 0.267 0.268 0.268 0.267
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0.245 0.205 0.276 0.277 0.278 0.278
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb ero freferenc e
s) 0.0930 0.106 0.118 0.117 0.118 0.118
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa ctF ac
to r -0
.00608 -0
.00477 -0.00467 -0.0045 2 -0
.0041 6
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0
.00708 -0.00696 -0.0068 8 -0
.0064 7
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors -0.0000942 -0.00008 8 2 0
.00039 6
∗∗∗ ∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo rat
ion -0 .0170 -0.0050 9
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0
.0055 4
Observa
tions 395191 395191 390008 390008 38914 0 38914 0
Log-Lik
elihood -331978 .9 -331313.4 -326502.9 -326443 .0 -32573 9 .8 -32547 7 . 4
AIC 6 63991.8 662662.8 653043.9 652926.0 651521. 6 650998. 8
BIC 6 64176.8 662858.8 653250.5 653143.5 651749. 9 651238. 0
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0 .05, p<0 .
01 , p<0. 0
01
1
93
 1
94

T
abl
e3.
82 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
eSh
ann
onind
ex(
1-1
0di
scip
lin
es,OST
n
omencl
ature
)

(1
) (2
) (3
) (4) (5) (6)
1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
∗∗ ∗∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
2000 0.0376 0
.0317 0.0337 0
.0337 0
.0334 0.0329
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2001 0.0708 0
.0584 0
.0642 0.0642 0.0636 0.0623
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2002 0.0930 0
.0751 0
.0854 0.0854 0.0846 0.0828
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2003 0.105 0
.0855 0.100 0.1000 0.0996 0.0973
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2004 0.131 0.109 0.130 0.130 0.130 0.128
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 0.140 0.117 0.145 0.145 0.145 0.142
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0.166 0.142 0.173 0.173 0.172 0.170
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0.180 0.156 0.192 0.192 0.192 0.190
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0.206 0.180 0.222 0.222 0.222 0.220
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0.220 0.195 0.245 0.244 0.244 0.242
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0.231 0.206 0.262 0.262 0.262 0.261
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0.260 0.235 0.299 0.300 0.299 0.298
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0.269 0.246 0.318 0.318 0.318 0.317
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0.294 0.246 0.331 0.332 0.332 0.333
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb ero freferenc e
s) 0.152 0.168 0.182 0.181 0.182 0.183
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Impa ctF ac
to r -0
.00729 -0
.00573 -0.00565 -0.0054 7 -0
.0050 5
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0
.00843 -0.00833 -0.0082 3 -0
.0077 6
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors -0.0000703 -0.00006 27 0
.00049 9
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo rat
ion -0 .0214 -0
.0076 1
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0
.0064 2
IGHERC

Observa
tions 395191 395191 390008 390008 38914 0 38914 0
Log-Lik
elihood -383305 .2 -382568.4 -377130.4 -377104 .7 -37 6278.1 -37600 6.1
ITAT

AIC 7 66644.4 765172.8 754298.9 754249.4 752598. 2 752056. 2

BIC 7 66829.5 765368.7 754505.5 754466.9 752826. 5 752295. 4
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0 .05, p<0 .
01 , p<0. 0
01
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
83 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“yea
r”onin
terdi
scip
lin
ari
tym
easu
redw
ithth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
1-1
0
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTnom enc
l a
tur
e)
. APPEND
IX

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
2000 0.000315 -0 .00680 -0.00396 -0.00401 -0.004 7 3 -0
.005 1 8
2001 0.00818 -0.00663 0.00114 0.00116 -0.0000 3 4 8 -0
.001 3 5
2002 0.0179 -0.00347 0.0103 0.0103 0.0090 2 0.0072 4
2003 0.0247 0.00109 0.0207 0.0208 0.0197 0
.017 3
∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗
2004 0
.0510∗∗ 0.0255 0.0525∗∗ 0.0524 0.0512 0
.0490
∗∗∗ ∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 0.0677 0.0401 0
.0759 0.0759 0.0748 0.0722
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0
.108 0
.0787 0.118 0.118 0.117 0.115
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0
.125∗∗∗ 0
.0962 0.143 0.143 0.142 0.140
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0
.172∗∗∗ 0.142 0.195 0.196 0.195 0.193
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0
.196 0.166 0.230 0.230 0.229 0.227
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0
.221 0.191 0.263 0.263 0.262 0.261
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0
.275 0.244 0.326 0.326 0.325 0.324
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0
.303 0.275 0.366 0.365 0.364 0.364
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0
.346 0.289 0.396 0.396 0.396 0.396
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb e
ro freferen ce
s) 0.420 0.439 0.457 0.458 0.459 0.460
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa ctF ac
tor -0.00870 -0
.00676 -0.00683 -0.0065 0 -0
.0060 7
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0.0105 -0.0106 -0.0104 -0
.0099 4
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors 0
.0000662 0
.000 079 3 0
.00065 5
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo ra
tion -0.0369 -0.0228
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0
.0065 9
Observa
tions 395191 395191 390008 390008 38914 0 38914 0
Log-Lik
elihood -51 3296.1 -512751 .9 -506275 .9 -506264 .2 -50 5142 . 1 -50499 4 .4
AIC 102 6626.1 1025539 .8 1012589 .9 1012568 .4 101032 6. 1 101003 2. 8
BIC 10 26811.2 1025735 .7 1012796 .5 1012785 .9 101055 4. 4 101027 1. 9
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0 .05, p<0. 01 , p<0. 001
1
95
 1
96

T
abl
e3.
84 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le"y
ear
"onin
terd
isc
ipl
inar
itym
easu
redw
ithth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erind
ex(
1-3
5di
scip
lin
es,
CWTSnomenc
latur
e)

(1
) (2
) (3
) (4) (5
) (6)
1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
2000 0.0221 0.0192 0
.0272 0.0272 0
.0268 0.0265
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2001 0.0463 0.0404 0
.0494 0
.0494 0
.0486 0.0478
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2002 0.0606 0.0518 0
.0636 0
.0636 0
.0625 0.0614
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2003 0.0709 0.0613 0
.0758 0
.0758 0
.0749 0.0735
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2004 0.0909 0.0806 0
.0994 0
.0994 0
.0985 0.0972
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 0.0962 0.0854 0.109 0.109 0.108 0
.106
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0 .111 0.0997 0.125 0.125 0.124 0
.123
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0 .123 0.111 0.141 0.141 0.140 0
.138
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0 .136 0.124 0.157 0.157 0.156 0
.155
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0 .144 0.132 0.170 0.170 0.169 0
.168
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0 .149 0.137 0.180 0.180 0.179 0
.178
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0 .169 0.157 0.205 0.205 0.204 0
.203
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0 .177 0.166 0.219 0.219 0.218 0
.218
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0 .191 0.168 0.230 0.230 0.230 0
.230
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb ero freferenc e
s) 0.0642 0.0719 0
.0822 0
.0822 0
.0828 0.0834
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Impa ctF ac
to r -0.00346 -0
.00262 -0
.00263 -0
.0023 8 -0
.00219
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0
.00573 -0
.00574 -0
.0056 0 -0
.00533
Numb erofau thors 0.00000540 0 .00001 52 0.000327∗∗∗
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo rat
ion -0.0278 -0.0201
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0
.00357
IGHERC

Observa
tions 400983 400983 395750 395750 39488 0 39488 0
Log-Lik
elihood -309943 .3 -309593 .9 -304846 .6 -304846 .4 -304 048.5 - 303920.3
ITAT

AIC 6 19920. 6 619223 .8 609731.3 609732 .8 608139. 0 607884

. 6
BIC 6 20106.0 619420 .0 609938.2 609950 .6 608367. 6 608124
. 1
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0. 01 ,∗∗∗ p<0.00
1
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
85 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le"y
ear
"onin
terd
isc
ipl
inar
itym
easu
redw
ithth
eSimp
sonind
ex(
1-3
5di
scip
lin
es,
CWTSnomenc
latu
re)
. APPEND
IX

(1) (2
) (3
) (4) (5) (6)
1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
∗ ∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗
2000 0.0338 0.0289 0
.0405 0.0404 0.0397 0.0393
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2001 0.0706 0
.0605 0
.0745 0.0746 0.0733 0
.0721
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2002 0.0900 0
.0750 0
.0941 0.0941 0.0923 0
.0908
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2003 0.105 0
.0889 0.113 0
.113 0.111 0.109
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2004 0.134 0.116 0.147 0
.147 0.146 0.144
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 0.146 0.128 0.166 0
.166 0.165 0.163
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0.169 0.150 0.192 0
.192 0.190 0.188
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0.188 0.168 0.216 0
.217 0.215 0.213
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0.213 0.192 0.247 0
.247 0.245 0.244
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0.226 0.205 0.269 0
.270 0.268 0.267
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0.236 0.215 0.287 0
.287 0.286 0.285
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0.270 0.250 0.331 0
.331 0.330 0.328
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0.286 0.267 0.357 0
.356 0.355 0.355
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0.313 0.274 0.378 0
.377 0.378 0.378
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb ero freferenc e
s) 0.161 0.174 0.191 0
.192 0.193 0.194
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa ctF ac
to r -0
.00587 -0
.00446 -0.00451 -0.0041 2 -0
.0038 4
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0
.00978 -0.00987 -0.0096 5 -0
.0092 5
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors 0
.0000638 0
.000 079 6 0
.00053 8
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo rat
ion -0.0445 -0.0332
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0
.0052 4
Observa
tions 400983 400983 395750 395750 39488 0 394880
Log-Lik
elihood -4 49534.6 -449031.
9 -442708.5 -442692 .8 -44159 3 . 1 -441455 .5
AIC 89 9103.3 898099.9 885455.1 885425 .6 883228. 1 882955. 1
BIC 899288 .6 898296.1 885661.9 885643 .3 883456. 8 883194. 5
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0. 05, p<0. 01 , p<0. 0
01
1
97
 1
98

T
abl
e3.
86 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le"y
ear
"onin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
eSh
ann
onind
ex(
1-3
5di
scip
lin
es,
CWTSnomenc
latu
re)

(1) (2) (3
) (4) (5) (6)
1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
2000 0.0298 0.0237 0
.0363 0
.0362 0
.0353 0.0348
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2001 0.0673∗∗∗ 0 .0549 0
.0709 0
.0711 0.0695 0.0684
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2002 0.0861∗∗∗ 0 .0676 0
.0902 0
.0903 0.0883 0.0867
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2003 0
.103∗∗∗ 0
.0825 0.111 0.111 0.110 0.108
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2004 0
.135∗∗∗ 0.113 0.150 0.150 0.149 0.147
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 0
.154∗∗∗ 0.131 0.178 0.178 0.176 0.174
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0
.182∗∗∗ 0.158 0.209 0.209 0.208 0.205
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0
.204∗∗∗ 0.179 0.239 0.239 0.237 0.235
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0
.239∗∗∗ 0.213 0.280 0.281 0.279 0.277
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0
.256 0.230 0.309 0.310 0.308 0.307
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0
.270 0.245 0.333 0.334 0.332 0.331
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0
.317 0.291 0.391 0.390 0.389 0.388
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0
.340 0.317 0.428 0.426 0.425 0.424
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0
.378 0.329 0.458 0.456 0.457 0.457
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb e
ro freferen ce
s) 0.255 0.271 0.293 0.295 0.296 0.297
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Impa ctF ac
tor -0
.00728 -0
.00552 -0
.00568 -0.0052 3 -0
.0049 3
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0.0122 -0.0125 -0.0122 -0.0118
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors 0
.000195 0
.000 21 3 0
.00068 1
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo ra
tion -0.0519 -0.0403
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0
.0053 5
IGHERC

Observa
tions 400983 400983 395750 395750 39488 0 39488 0
Log-Lik
elihood -505700 .7 -505117 .3 -498041 .7 -497930 .8 -496 72 4.2 - 49661 5.8
ITAT

AIC 1011435 .3 1010270 .6 996121.5 995901.6 993490. 4 993275. 6

BIC 1011620 .6 1010466 .8 996328.4 996119.3 993719. 0 993515. 1
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0 .05, p<0 .01 , p<0. 0
01
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
87 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le"y
ear
"onin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
1-3
5di
scip
lin
es,
CWTSnomencla
tur
e)
. APPEND
IX

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
2000 -0.0288 -0.0368 -0.0221 -0 .0224 -0.02 35 -0.02 36
∗
2001 -0.0274 -0 .0438 -0.0231 -0 .0226 -0.02 45 -0.02 48
∗∗
2002 -0.0320 -0.0564 -0.0258 -0 .0253 -0.02 75 -0.02 78
∗
2003 -0.0252 -0 .0518 -0.0122 -0 .0112 -0.01 33 -0.01 38
2004 0.00911 -0.0195 0.0313 0.0316 0.
029 4 0
.029 0
∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗
2005 0.0411 0
.0111 0
.0758∗∗∗ 0
.0762 0.0741 0
.0736
∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0.0839∗∗∗ 0.0519 0.123 0.123 0.121 0.121
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0
.113∗∗∗ 0
.0809 0.163 0.165 0.162 0.161
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0
.178∗∗∗ 0.144 0.237 0.239 0.237 0.236
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0
.208 0.174 0.283 0.286 0.284 0.284
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0
.241 0.207 0.330 0.332 0.329 0.329
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0
.315 0.281 0.419 0.417 0.416 0.415
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0
.369 0.338 0.492 0.484 0.483 0.483
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0
.434 0.368 0.546 0.541 0.541 0.541
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb e
ro freferen ce
s) 0.638 0.659 0.691 0.695 0.697 0.697
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa ctF ac
tor -0.00957 -0
.00714 -0
.00771 -0.0072 4 -0
.0071 7
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0.0169 -0.0179 -0.0176 -0.0175
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors 0
.000711 0
.000 73 2 0
.00083 6
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo ra
tion -0.0564 -0.0538
∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0.001 19
Observa
tions 400983 400983 395750 395750 39 488 0 394880
Log-Lik
elihood -633762 .1 -633229 .7 -624888 .2 -624108 .6 -622 735.4 - 62273 2.5
AIC 1267558 .2 1266495 .3 1249814 .4 1248257 .1 1245 51 2.7 1 24550 9.0
BIC 1267743 .6 1266691 .5 1250021 .3 1248474 .9 1245 74 1.3 1 24574 8.5
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0 .05, p<0 .01 , p<0. 0
01
1
99
 2
00

T
abl
e3.
88 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“yea
r”onin
terdi
scip
lin
ari
tym
easu
redw
ithth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erind
ex(
1-2
52
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,WoSnom enc
l a
tur
e)

(1) (2) (3
) (4) (5) (6)
1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗
2000 0.0330 0.0283 0
.0510 0
.0510 0
.0504 0.0495
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2001 0.0713∗∗∗ 0 .0616 0
.0855 0.0854 0.0839 0.0816
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2002 0.0971∗∗∗ 0 .0827 0.112 0
.112 0.110 0
.107
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2003 0.0997∗∗∗ 0 .0840 0.117 0
.117 0.116 0
.112
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2004 0
.143∗∗∗ 0
.126 0.166 0
.166 0.165 0
.161
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 0
.158∗∗∗ 0
.140 0.187 0
.187 0.186 0
.181
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0
.179∗∗∗ 0.160 0.210 0
.210 0.209 0
.205
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0
.196∗∗∗ 0.177 0.234 0
.234 0.232 0
.228
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0
.224∗∗∗ 0.203 0.266 0
.266 0.264 0
.261
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0
.242 0.222 0.294 0
.293 0.292 0
.289
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0
.255 0.235 0.313 0
.313 0.311 0
.310
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0
.291∗∗∗ 0.271 0.358 0
.358 0.357 0
.354
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0
.308 0.290 0.385 0
.386 0.385 0
.383
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0
.336 0.297 0.405 0
.406 0.408 0
.408
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb e
ro freferences
) 0.264 0.276 0.292 0
.292 0.294 0
.295
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Impa ctF ac
tor -0
.00564 -0
.00434 -0.00429 -0.00373 -0
.00316
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0
.00916 -0.00907 -0.00875 -0
.00797
∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors -0.0000626 -0.0 00039 5 0 .000860
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llaborat
ion -0.0656 -0.0434
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento r
ganisat
ion
s -0.0103
IGHERC

Observa
tions 401522 401522 396287 396287 39541 7 39541 7
Log-Lik
elihood -550880 .0 -550598 .8 -543320 .9 -543311 .7 -541926 .2 -541605.6
ITAT

AIC 1101794 .0 1101233 .7 1086679 . 7 1086663 .4 1083894. 3 1083255.2

BIC 1101979 .4 1101429 .9 1086886 .6 1086881 .2 1084123. 0 1083494.7
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0. 05, p<0. 01, p<0. 001
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
89 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear”onint
erd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
eSimp
sonind
ex(
1-2
52d
isc
ipl
ine
s,
WoSnomenc
latu
re)
. APPEND
IX

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
2000 0.0381 0.0303 0.0548 0
.0548 0
.053 1 0
.0515
∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗
2001 0
.0821∗∗ 0.0661 0
.0949 0
.0948 0
.0916 0
.0873
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2002 0
.110∗∗∗ 0
.0862 0.125 0
.125 0.120 0
.115
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2003 0
.113∗∗∗ 0
.0872 0.133 0
.133 0.130 0
.122
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2004 0
.168∗∗∗ 0.140 0.198 0
.198 0.195 0
.187
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 0
.197∗∗∗ 0.168 0.238 0
.238 0.234 0
.226
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0
.235∗∗∗ 0.204 0.280 0
.280 0.277 0
.269
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0
.264∗∗∗ 0.233 0.320 0
.320 0.315 0
.308
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0
.320∗∗∗ 0.286 0.384 0
.384 0.380 0
.373
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0
.352 0.320 0.432 0
.432 0.428 0
.422
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0
.381 0.348 0.473 0
.473 0.469 0
.466
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0
.450 0.417 0.557 0
.557 0.555 0
.549
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0
.495 0.464 0.619 0
.620 0.618 0
.615
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0
.556 0.492 0.670 0
.670 0.673 0
.674
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb e
ro freferen ce
s) 0
.700 0.721 0.750 0
.749 0.752 0
.755
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa ctF ac
tor -0
.00933 -0
.00706 -0.00698 -0.0059 5 -0
.00488
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0.0161 -0.0159 -0.0154 -0.0139
∗∗∗ ∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors -0.0000950 -0.0000 529 0
.00167
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo ra
tion -0.119 -0.0768
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0.0197
Observa
tions 401522 401522 396287 396287 395417 395417
Log-Lik
elihood -723976.8 -723652 .5 -714656 .5 -714647.7 -71285 5.2 -7 12359.7
AIC 1447987.6 1447341 .0 1429351 .1 1429335.3 142575 2.3 1 424763.5
BIC 1448173.0 1447537 .3 1429558 .0 1429553.1 142598 1.0 1 425003.0
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0 .05, p<0 .01 , p<0. 001
2
01
 2
02

T
abl
e3.
90 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear”onin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
eSh
ann
onind
ex(
1-2
52d
isc
ipl
ine
s,
WoSnomenc
latu
re)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5

) (6)
1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
2000 - 0.00562 -0 .0144 0
.0105 0.0105 0.0081 1 0.0060 6
2001 0.00955 -0.00846 0
. 0229 0.0228 0.0184 0
.012 8
2002 0 .0189 -0.00785 0
. 0354 0.0353 0.0295 0
.022 1
2003 0 .0153 -0.0139 0
. 0392 0.0390 0.0344 0
.024 4
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗
2004 0.0695 0.0381 0.105∗∗ 0.105 0.0 994 0
.0902
∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 0
.106∗∗∗ 0.0726 0
.154 0
.154 0.1 49 0
.138
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 0
.151∗∗∗ 0
.116 0
.204 0
.203 0.1 99 0
.189
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 0
.185∗∗∗ 0
.150 0
.251 0
.251 0.2 45 0
.236
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 0
.265∗∗∗ 0
.227 0
.340 0
.340 0.3 35 0
.326
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2009 0
.304∗∗∗ 0
.267 0
.398 0
.397 0.3 92 0
.385
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0
. 346∗∗∗ 0
.309 0
.455 0
.455 0.4 50 0
.445
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0
. 440∗∗∗ 0
.403 0
.567 0
.567 0.5 63 0
.556
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0
. 507∗∗∗ 0
.473 0
.654 0
.655 0.6 52 0
.649
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0
. 595∗∗∗ 0
.524 0
.731 0
.732 0.7 35 0
.736
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb e
ro freferen ce
s) 1
.075 1
.098 1
.133 1
.133 1.1 37 1
.141
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Impa ctF ac
tor -0.0105 -0
.00782-0.00775 -0 .0064 2 -0
.00504
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0.0190 -0.0189 -0 .0181 -0.0162
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors -0.0000865 -0 .0 0003 18 0.00217
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo ra
tion -0 .155 -0
.100
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0.0252
IGHERC

Observa
tions 401522 401522 396287 396287 39 5417 395417
Log-Lik
elihood -784806 .8 -784503
.0 -774875
.2 -774869 .8 -77 2881.0 - 77228 1.3
ITAT

AIC 1569647 .6 1569042

.0 1549788
.4 1549779 .5 154 5804.0 1 544606 .5
BIC 1569833 .0 1569238
.2 1549995
.3 1549997 .3 154 6032.6 1 544846 .0
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0 .05, p<0 .01 , p<0. 0
01
IONIMPACT
?
 1
0

T
abl
e3.
91 ob
:T i
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“year
”onin
terd
isc
ipl
inar
itym
easu
redw
ithth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
1-2
52
dis
cip
lin
es,WoSnomenc
latur
e)
. APPEND
IX

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1999 0 0 0 0 0 0
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2000 -0.186 -0.194 -0.168 -0.168 -0 .172 -0.174
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2001 -0.304 -0.320 -0.285 -0.285 -0 .292 -0.299
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2002 -0.374 -0.398 -0.348 -0.348 -0 .356 -0.365
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2003 -0.415 -0.442 -0.378 -0.378 -0 .386 -0.398
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2004 -0.376 -0.405 -0.327 -0.326 -0 .335 -0.347
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2005 -0.336 -0.366 -0.271 -0.271 -0 .279 -0.292
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2006 -0.287 -0.319 -0.216 -0.216 -0 .224 -0.236
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2007 -0.240 -0.272 -0.154 -0.154 -0 .164 -0.175
∗∗ ∗∗∗
2008 -0
.108 -0.143 -0.0107 -0 .0107 -0 .0193 -0.029 4
∗
2009 -0.0520 -0.0858 0
.0668 0.0668 0.0589 0
.050 0
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2010 0.0290 -0.00475 0.164∗∗∗ 0
.164 0.1 56 0
.151
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2011 0
.168 0.133 0.323 0
.323 0.3 16 0
.308
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2012 0
.288 0.257 0.466 0
.466 0.4 61 0
.457
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2013 0
.434 0.368 0.607 0
.607 0.6 12 0
.613
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
ln(Numb e
ro freferen ce
s) 2
.088 2.110 2.154 2
.154 2.1 60 2
.165
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa ctF ac
tor -0.00968 -0.00658 -0.00659 -0 .00 465 -0
.00296
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Maximumh -
ind ex -0.0217 -0.0217 -0 .0206 -0.0183
∗ ∗∗∗
Numb erofau thors 0.00000408 0 .000 082 7 0
.00277
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internat
ionalCo llabo ra
tion -0 .223 -0.156
∗∗∗
Numb erofd ifferento rganisat
ion
s -0.0308
Observa
tions 401522 401522 396287 396287 39 5417 39541 7
Log-Lik
elihood -892848 .6 -892697 .9 -882066 .8 -882066 .8 -879 787.0 - 87926 6.9
AIC 1785731 .2 1785431 .7 1764171 .6 1764173 .6 1759 616.1 1 758577 .8
BIC 1785916 .5 1785628 .0 1764378 .5 1764391 .4 1759 844.7 1 758817 .3
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p<0 .05, p<0. 01 , p<0. 00
1
2
03
2
04 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

10
.7 Ind
ividua
lFixed Effec
ts
 1

T
abl
e3.
92: OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finterd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonthelogar
ithmofth
enumberofc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,
0

Ind
ividu
aleffec
ts,1
-10di
scip
line
s,OSTnomen
cla
ture
)

(1a) (1b) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.0416 -
0.0372
(-3
.77) (-6
.02)
. APPEND
IX

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0387 -0
.0297
(-4
.08
) (-6
.13
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0406 -0
.0227
(-4
.10
) (-4
.82
)

1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0
(
.) (
.)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0436 0
.0349
(4
.05) (3
.80)
∗∗∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
sand mo
re 0
.0968
(6
.99)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000487∗∗∗ 0
.000448 0
.000486 0
.000447 0
.000486 0
.000448 0
.000489 0
.000505
(8.72) (9
.11) (8
.71) (9
.11) (8
.72) (9
.12) (8
.73) (9
.47)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.239 0
.222 0
.239 0
.222 0
.239 0
.222 0
.238 0
.247
(38
.83 ) (45
.38 ) (38
.84 ) (45
.37 ) (38
.84 ) (45
.3 6) (38
.7 6) (44
.9 7)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0860∗∗∗ 0
.120 0
.0932 0
.127 0
.103 0
.129 0
.00412 0
.0103
(7
.85) (15
.89 ) (8
.10) (15
.78 ) (8.12) (14
.4 7) (0.21
) (0
.66
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0
. 0764∗∗∗ 0.0714 0.0764 0.0714 0.0764 0.0715 0
.0763 0
.0544
(67 .57 ) (6 6.45) (67.56) (66.45) (67.55) (66.45) (67
.53) (33
.38)
Observa
tions 3 00 179 476747 300179 476747 300179 47674 7 300179 486393
Log-Lik
elihood -34 77 84.8 -55 5384.4 -347781 .8 -555380.9 -347781.2 -555397.5 -347781
.1 -579437
.4
AIC 695 63 5.6 1110834 .8 695629 .6 1110827.9 695628.3 1110861.1 695628
. 2 1158942
.7
BIC 695985 .8 1111200 .2 695979 .8 1111193.4 695978.5 1111226.5 695978
. 4 1159319
.9
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
2

∗
0

p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01

,∗∗∗ p<0
.001
5
 2
06

T
abl
e3.
93 s
: OLSetimate
sfo
rtheeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
ymeasu
redwi
ththenumbe
rofdis
cip
line
sonth
eloga
rithmofth
enumb
ero
f
cita
tion
s(pap
ersw
itha
tlea
st4refe
rence
s,N
oindiv
idu
aleff
ect
s,1
-10di
scip
lin
es,OSTnomen
cla
ture
)

(1
) (2
)
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0
(.
) (.
)
∗∗ ∗∗∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0221 0
.0278
(2
.76
) (3.82
)
∗∗∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
sand mo
re 0
.0868
(7.76
)
∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000401∗∗∗ 0
.000385
(12
.32) (16.19
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
tern
ationa
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.246 0
.265
(54
.01 ) (62
.35 )
∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0112 -0
.0297
(-0.77) (
-2.33
)
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗∗∗
Imp
actF
acto
r 0.0824∗∗∗ 0.0621
(94.83) (40.32)
Observat
ions 303175 488506
IGHERC

Log-Likel
ihood -376200.7 -618909.2
AIC 752467.3 1237886.3
ITAT

BIC 752817.9 1238263.7

tstatist
icsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.
001
IONIMPACT
?
 1

T
abl
e3.
94: OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
finte
rdis
cip
lin
ari
tyonth
elogar
ithmo
fth
enumbe
ro fc
ita
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,
0

Ind
ividu
aleffec
ts,1
-35d
isc
ipl
ines
,CWTSnom
enc
latur
e)

(1a) (1b) (2a

) (2b
) (3a
) (3b
) (4a
) (4b
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
B
erg
er-P
ark
er -0
.0430 -
0.0315
(-3
.29) (-6
.56)
. APPEND
IX

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
S
imp
son -0
.0421 -0
.0213
(-3
.76
) (-6
.01
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Shannon -0
.0451 -0
.0116
(-3
.92
) (-3
.48
)

1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0
(
.) (
.)
∗∗∗ ∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0456 0
.0173
(3
.91) (1.97
)
∗∗∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0505
(4
.49)
∗∗∗
4and mo
red
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.104
(7
.84)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000966∗∗∗ 0
.000477 0
.000966 0
.000478 0
.000966 0
.000479 0
.000969 0
.000469
(7.92) (9
.17) (7
.92) (9
.18) (7
.92) (9
.21) (7
.92) (8
.96)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
terna
tiona
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.288 0
.249 0
.288 0
.249 0
.288 0
.249 0
.288 0
.249
(33
.15 ) (45
.36 ) (33
.16 ) (45
.36 ) (33
.16 ) (45
.3 5) (33
.1 5) (45
.43 )
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗
Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce 0
.0806∗∗∗ 0
.133 0
.0888 0
.137 0
.0991 0
.132 -0
.00146 0
.0287
(6.30
) (16
.98 ) (6
.62) (16
.64 ) (6
.82) (14
.8 4) (-0
.07) (2
.17)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0
. 0529∗∗∗ 0.0540 0.0529 0.0540 0.0529 0.0540 0
.0529 0
.0540
(20 .95 ) (3 3.06) (20.94) (33.06) (20.94) (33.06) (20
.94) (33
.13)
Observa
tions 2 23 299 484472 223299 484472 223299 48447 2 223299 485367
Log-Lik
elihood -26 59 25.6 -57 6936.7 -265921 .9 -576942.8 -265920.3 -576969.5 -265918
.7 -577857
.2
2

AIC 531 96 5.1 1153989 .4 531957 .8 1154001.5 531954.6 1154055.1 531951

. 3 1155834
.3
07

BIC 532553 .2 1154632 .7 532545 .8 1154644.8 532542.6 1154698.3 532539

. 4 1156499
.9
tstatis
ticsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0
.001
 2
08

T
abl
e3.
95 s
: OLSetimat
esf
ortheeff
ectofin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
ym e
asu
redw i
ththenumbe
rofdi
s c
ipl
ine
sonth
eloga
rithmofth
enumb
ero
f
c
itat
ion
s(pap
erswi
thatlea
st4r e
fer
ence
s,Noind
ividu
aleffe
cts
,1-
35dis
cip
line
s,CWTSn om
enclatu
re)

(1
) (2
)
1d
isc
ipl
ine 0 0
(.
) (.
)
∗
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0208 0
.00260
(2.31
) (0.37)
∗∗∗
3d
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0413
(4.45
)
∗∗∗
4and mo
red
isc
ipl
ine
s 0
.0910
(8
.23)
∗∗∗
Numb
ero
fau
tho
rs 0
.000622∗∗∗ 0
.000294
(9.74) (12.76
)
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
In
tern
ationa
lCo
llabo
rat
ion 0
.270 0
.245
(42
.50 ) (60
.07 )
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

Max
ima
ldi
stan
ce -0.0103 0
.00136
(-0.63) (0
.12)
∗∗∗
Impa
ctF
acto
r 0.0588∗∗∗ 0.0595
(25.10) (39.32)
IGHERC

Observat
ions 226569 487452
Log-Likel
ihood -289140.2 -612440.8
ITAT

AIC 578394.3 1225001.5

BIC 578983.2 1225667.3
tstatist
icsinpar
enthese
s
∗
p<0. 05,∗∗ p<0.01
,∗∗∗ p<0.
001
IONIMPACT
?
1
0. APPEND
IX 2
09

T
able3
.96
: OLSes
timat
esfortheeffecto
fint
erd
isc
ipl
inar
ityonthel
oga
rithmofthe
numbe
rofci
tat
ion
s(p ap
erswithatlea
st6re
fer
ences
,Indiv
idu
aleffe
cts,1
-252
d
isc
ipl
ines
,W oSnomenc
latu
re)

(1) (2
) (3
) (4)
Berger-P arker -0 .00154
Simp son 0.00457∗∗
∗∗∗
Shannon 0
.0119
1disciplin e 0
∗∗
2disciplin es 0.0520
∗∗
3disciplin es 0.0521
∗∗∗
4disciplin es 0
.0733
∗∗∗
5disciplin es 0
.0780
∗∗∗
6disciplin es 0
.0952
∗∗∗
7disciplin es 0.112
8-9di sc
iplin e
s 0.141∗∗∗
∗∗∗
9and mo r edisc
ipl
ines 0.233
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb e
ro fau thors 0
.000586 0
.000586 0
.000585 0
.000581
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internationa lCol
laborat
ion 0 .247 0.247 0.248 0.248
Impa c
tF actor 0.0513∗∗∗ 0.0513 ∗∗∗
0.0513 ∗∗∗
0.0512 ∗∗∗

Observation s 364863 364863 364863 364876

Log-Likelihood -432898 .5 -432888 .4 -432796 .0 -432307 .5
AIC 865907 .0 865886.8 865701.9 864739.0
BIC 866501 .4 866481.2 866296.3 865409.1
∗
p<0. 05 ,∗∗ p<0 .
01,∗∗∗ p<0 .001
 2

T
abl
e3.
97: OLSe
stimate
sfo
rtheeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ritym
e a
sur
edw ithth
enumb e
rofdis
cip
lin
esonth
eloga
rithmofth
enumb
ero
f
10

cita
tion
s(pap
ersw
itha
tlea
st6refe
rence
s,Noind
ividu
aleffect
,1-
252di
scip
lin
es,WoSnomen
cla
ture
)

(1
) (2
) (3
) (4)
∗∗∗
Berger-P arker -0.0122
∗
Simp son -0.00348
∗∗
Shannon 0.00377
1d i
sciplin e 0
2d i
sciplin e
s -0.0246
3d i
sciplin e
s -0.0297
4d i
sciplin e
s -0.0221
5d i
sciplin e
s -0.0270
6d i
sciplin e
s -0.010 00
7d i
sciplin e
s -0.001 08
8-9di sc
iplin e
s 0.0255
∗∗∗
9and mo r edi s
cip
lines 0.117
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Numb e
ro fau thor
s 0
.000399 0
.000399 0
.000400 0
.0004 07
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Internationa lC ol
laborat
ion 0 .264 0.264 0.264 0.265
Maxima ld istance
∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗
Impa c
tF actor 0.0574∗∗∗ 0.0575 0.0575 0.057 4
Observation s 367148 367148 367148 36716 0
Log-Likelihood -464699 .7 -464726 .0 -464720 .4 -4642 54.6
AIC 929509.4 929562.0 929550.8 928633. 2
BIC 930104.2 930156.8 930145.5 929303. 6
DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH

∗
p<0 .05,∗∗ p<0. 01,∗∗∗ p<0. 001
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?
1
0. APPEND
IX 2
11

Ca
tcode Sub
jec
t Ca
tegory D
isc
ipl
ine
(s)
AA A
cou
sti
cs Phy
sica
lSc
ien
ces M
echan
ica
l Eng
ine
ering and
A
ero
spa
ce
AC Au
toma
tion & Con
tro
l Sy
s- Eng
ine
eringS
cien
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lec
tri
cal Eng
ine
ering and
t
ems T
ele
commun
ica
tion
AD Ag
ricu
ltu
re, Da
iry & An
ima
l App
lied B
iology-E
cology Ag
ricu
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reandF
oodS
cien
ce
S
cien
ce
AE Ag
ricu
ltu
ralEng
ine
ering App
lied B
iology-E
cology Ag
ricu
ltu
reandF
oodS
cien
ce
AF Ag
ricu
ltu
ralE
conom
ics &Po
l- App
lied B
iology-E
cology E
conom
icsand Bu
sin
ess
i
cy
AH Ag
ricu
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re, Mu
ltid
isc
ipl
ina
ry App
lied B
iology-E
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ricu
ltu
reandF
oodS
cien
ce
A
I Eng
ine
ering
,Ae
rospa
ce Eng
ine
eringS
cien
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echan
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ering and
A
ero
spa
ce
AM Ag
ronomy App
lied B
iology-E
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ricu
ltu
reandF
oodS
cien
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AQ A
lle
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edi
calR
esea
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lin
ica
lMed
icin
e
AY Ana
tomy & Mo
rpho
logy Ba
sicB
iology B
iom
edi
calS
cien
ces
AZ And
rology M
edi
calR
esea
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lin
ica
lMed
icin
e
BA An
esth
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logy M
edi
calR
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e
BD B
iod
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rsi
ty Con
serv
ation App
lied B
iology-E
cology Env
ironm
enta
l S
cien
ces and
T
echno
logy
BF An
thropo
logy HumanS
cien
ces Soc
iologyand An
thropo
logy
B
I A
rcha
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cien
ces H
isto
ry, Ph
ilo
sophyand R
eli
-
g
ion
BK A
rch
ite
ctu
re HumanS
cien
ces C
rea
tiv
e A
rts
, Cu
ltu
re and
Mu
sic
BM A
reaS
tud
ies HumanS
cien
ces Manag
emen
tandP
lann
ing
BP A
rt HumanS
cien
ces C
rea
tiv
e A
rts
, Cu
ltu
re and
Mu
sic
BQ Human
iti
es, Mu
ltid
isc
ipl
ina
ry HumanS
cien
ces C
rea
tiv
e A
rts
, Cu
ltu
re and
Mu
sic
BU A
stronomy & A
strophy
sic
s S
cien
ceso
fth
e Un
ive
rse A
stronomyand A
strophy
sic
s
BV P
sycho
logy
,Bio
log
ica
l HumanS
cien
ces P
sycho
logy
CL Aud
iology &Spe
ech
-Languag
e M
edi
calR
esea
rch C
lin
ica
lMed
icin
e
Pa
tho
logy
CN B
ehav
iora
lSc
ien
ces Ba
sicB
iology Ba
sicL
ifeS
cien
ces
CO B
ioch
emi
calR
esea
rch M
ethod
s Ba
sicB
iology Ba
sicL
ifeS
cien
ces
CQ B
ioch
emi
stry & Mo
lecu
larB
i- Ba
sicB
iology Ba
sicL
ifeS
cien
ces
o
logy
CT C
ell &T
issu
eEng
ine
ering Ba
sicB
iology Ba
sicL
ifeS
cien
ces
CU B
iology App
lied B
iology-E
cology Ba
sicL
ifeS
cien
ces
CX B
iology
,Mi
sce
llan
eou
s App
lied B
iology-E
cology B
iolog
ica
lSc
ien
ces
DA B
iophy
sic
s Ba
sicB
iology Ba
sicL
ifeS
cien
ces
DB B
iot
echno
logy & App
lied M
i- Ba
sicB
iology Ba
sicL
ifeS
cien
ces
c
rob
iology
DE P
lan
tSc
ien
ces App
lied B
iology-E
cology Ba
sicL
ifeS
cien
ces
D
I Bu
sin
ess Soc
ialS
cien
ces E
conom
icsand Bu
sin
ess
DK Bu
sin
ess
,Finan
ce Soc
ialS
cien
ces E
conom
icsand Bu
sin
ess
DM On
cology M
edi
calR
esea
rch C
lin
ica
lMed
icin
e
DQ Ca
rdia
c & Ca
rdiov
ascu
larSy
s- M
edi
calR
esea
rch C
lin
ica
lMed
icin
e
t
ems
2
12 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

T
able3
.98con
tinuedfromprev
iou
spage
Ca
tcode Sub
jec
t Ca
tegory D
isc
ipl
ine OST D
isc
ipl
ine NO WT
DR C
ellB
iology Ba
sicB
iology Ba
sicL
ifeS
cien
ces
DS C
rit
ica
l Ca
reM
edi
cin
e M
edi
calR
esea
rch C
lin
ica
lMed
icin
e
DT Th
ermodynam
ics Eng
ine
eringS
cien
ces M
echan
ica
l Eng
ine
ering and
A
ero
spa
ce
DW Ch
emi
stry
, App
lied Ch
emi
stry Ch
emi
stryandCh
emi
calEng
i-
n
eer
ing
DX Ch
emi
stry
,Med
icina
l M
edi
calR
esea
rch Ba
sicM
edi
calS
cien
ces
DY Ch
emi
stry
, Mu
ltid
isc
ipl
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ry Ch
emi
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emi
stryandCh
emi
calEng
i-
n
eer
ing
EA Ch
emi
stry
, Ana
lyt
ica
l Ch
emi
stry Ch
emi
stryandCh
emi
calEng
i-
n
eer
ing
EC Ch
emi
stry
, Ino
rgan
ic & Nu
- Ch
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emi
calEng
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c
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EE Ch
emi
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calEng
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EN Cu
ltu
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tud
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ialS
cien
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iologyand An
thropo
logy
EO C
las
sic
s HumanS
cien
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rea
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rts
, Cu
ltu
re and
Mu
sic
EP Compu
ter S
cien
ce, A
rtifi
cia
l Eng
ine
eringS
cien
ces Compu
terS
cien
ces
In
tel
lig
enc
e
EQ P
sycho
logy
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ini
cal HumanS
cien
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sycho
logy
ER Compu
terS
cien
ce, Cybe
rne
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ine
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cien
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terS
cien
ces
i
cs
ES Compu
terS
cien
ce, Ha
rdwa
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ine
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cien
ces Compu
terS
cien
ces
&A
rch
ite
ctu
re
ET Compu
ter S
cien
ce, In
forma
- Eng
ine
eringS
cien
ces Compu
terS
cien
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t
ionSy
stem
s
EU Commun
ica
tion HumanS
cien
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forma
tion and Commun
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cien
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EV Compu
terS
cien
ce,In
terd
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ine
eringS
cien
ces Compu
terS
cien
ces
p
lina
ry App
lica
tion
s
EW Compu
ter S
cien
ce, So
ftwa
re Eng
ine
eringS
cien
ces Compu
terS
cien
ces
Eng
ine
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EX Compu
terS
cien
ce, Th
eory & Eng
ine
eringS
cien
ces Compu
terS
cien
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M
ethod
s
FA Con
stru
ction &Bu
ild
ingT
ech
- Eng
ine
eringS
cien
ces C
ivi
l Eng
ine
ering and Con
-
no
logy s
tru
ction
FE C
rim
ino
logy &P
eno
logy Soc
ialS
cien
ces Lawand C
rim
ino
logy
FF Em
erg
ency M
edi
cin
e M
edi
calR
esea
rch C
lin
ica
lMed
icin
e
F
I C
rys
tal
log
raphy Ch
emi
stry Phy
sic
sand Ma
ter
ial
sSc
ien
ce
FS Dan
ce HumanS
cien
ces C
rea
tiv
e A
rts
, Cu
ltu
re and
Mu
sic
FU D
emog
raphy HumanS
cien
ces Soc
ialandB
ehav
iora
lSc
ien
ces
,
In
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ry
FY D
ent
ist
ry, O
ral Su
rge
ry & M
edi
calR
esea
rch C
lin
ica
lMed
icin
e
M
edi
cin
e
1
0. APPEND
IX 2
13

T
able3
.98con
tinuedfromprev
iou
spage
Ca
tcode Sub
jec
t Ca
tegory D
isc
ipl
ine OST D
isc
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ine NO WT
GA D
erma
tology M
edi
calR
esea
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lin
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lMed
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GC G
eoch
emi
stry & G
eophy
sic
s S
cien
ceso
fth
e Un
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rse Ea
rthS
cien
cesandT
echno
logy
M
edi
calR
esea
rch
GM Sub
stan
ce Abu
se H
eal
thS
cien
ces
Soc
ialS
cien
ces
GU E
cology App
lied B
iology-E
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ironm
enta
l S
cien
ces and
T
echno
logy
GY E
conom
ics Soc
ialS
cien
ces E
conom
icsand Bu
sin
ess
HA Edu
cat
ion & Edu
cat
iona
lRe
- Soc
ialS
cien
ces Edu
cat
iona
lSc
ien
ces
s
ear
ch
HB Edu
cat
ion
, S
cien
tifi
c D
isc
i- Mu
ltid
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ry Ca
tego
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cat
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lSc
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p
lin
es
HE Edu
cat
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,Spe
cia
l Soc
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cien
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cat
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lSc
ien
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HF E
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cs HumanS
cien
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isto
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sophyand R
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-
g
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I P
sycho
logy
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cat
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er- M
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etabo
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els Eng
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cien
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ergy and S
cien
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echno
l-
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cien
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str
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i-
n
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IG Eng
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cal Ba
sicB
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sicM
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logy
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cien
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ine
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chan
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cien
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echan
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ine
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A
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IX Eng
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log
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cien
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fth
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echno
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tomo
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cology Ba
sicL
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2
14 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

T
able3
.98con
tinuedfromprev
iou
spage
Ca
tcode Sub
jec
t Ca
tegory D
isc
ipl
ine OST D
isc
ipl
ine NO WT
JA Env
ironm
enta
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cien
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erv
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MA H
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MC Ma
thema
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ialS
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T
our
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MY P
sycho
logy
,Dev
elopm
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cien
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sycho
logy
Med
icalR es
earch
NE Pub
lic
,Env
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enta
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ccupa
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lth C
lin
ica
lmed
icin
e
Soc
ialS c
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I Immuno
logy M
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NM Indu
str
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s &Labo
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sin
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NN In
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lin
ica
lMed
icin
e
NQ P
sycho
logy
, App
lied HumanS
cien
ces P
sycho
logy
1
0. APPEND
IX 2
15

T
able3
.98con
tinuedfromprev
iou
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Ca
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t Ca
tegory D
isc
ipl
ine OST D
isc
ipl
ine NO WT
NS Nano
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S
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strum
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strum
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sandIn
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ion t
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terna
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lit
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Adm
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teg
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cien
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M
edi
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ialS
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logy S
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OX L
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thema
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A
ero
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2
16 DOCOMPLEXPROJECTSLEADTOH
IGHERC
ITAT
IONIMPACT
?

T
able3
.98con
tinuedfromprev
iou
spage
Ca
tcode Sub
jec
t Ca
tegory D
isc
ipl
ine OST D
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ipl
ine NO WT
PW M
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ext
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s App
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sic HumanS
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, Cu
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sic
RQ My
cology App
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cology Ba
sicL
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cien
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RT C
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TC O
rthoped
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edi
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icin
e
1
0. APPEND
IX 2
17

T
able3
.98con
tinuedfromprev
iou
spage
Ca
tcode Sub
jec
t Ca
tegory D
isc
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ine OST D
isc
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TD O
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Th
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satund
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tand
ingth
ein
cre
asin
gcomp
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ityo
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sea
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orth
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W
eth
eor
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cal
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sea
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sandsh
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r
esu
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sre
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m
ode
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eron
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s,c
all
edin
terd
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rit
y,
wh
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equ
ire
stoc
omb
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il
lsandeff
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iffe
ren
tac
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s. G
iven
th
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eor
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e
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oth
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esh
ow
th
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oth
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lld
ive
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tand
ard m
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re
o
fin
terd
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y. W
ete
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rmod
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ren
chau
tho
rs
andfindth
atin
cre
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ase
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atin
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ere
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sid
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ided
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eth
atin
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i
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gov
ert
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alg
row
thr
atec
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ris
edb
etw
een1%and3
.5%
. W
e
l
inkth
isob
serv
ati
ont
oth
ees
tim
ate
softh
ede
cl
ineo
fre
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ityf
romB
loom
e
tal
.(2
017
)andp
rov
ides
omeexp
lan
ati
onsf
orth
ein
cre
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fin
terd
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rit
y.

Th
isth
esi
sal
soexp
lor
esh
owc
omp
eti
tionaff
ect
sth
ere
sea
rch
ers
’in
cen
tiv
est
oex
ert
eff
ort
,andh
owth
ist
ran
sla
test
osc
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tifi
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on.In
cre
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gth
enumb
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rth
eeffi
-
c
ien
cyo
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eti
tor
sen
cou
rag
esth
emo
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cien
tte
amst
oex
erteff
ortandr
ais
esth
eir
p
rodu
cti
on. Onth
econ
tra
ry,th
ele
sseffi
cien
ton
esd
ecr
eas
eth
eireff
ortandou
tpu
tor
ev
enn
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gerp
art
ic
ipa
tet
oth
ecomp
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tion
.Sin
ces
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ctiv
epr
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resh
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s
ide
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ce,andth
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ese
arch
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avet
ofa
ceun
cer
tain
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onc
ern
ing
th
epr
izes
tru
ctu
re,w
epr
opo
seath
eor
eti
calm
ode
ltoadd
res
sth
isqu
est
ion
. W
econ
sid
er
a mu
lt
ipl
epr
izec
ont
estwh
ereth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
stob
eaw
ard
edi
sun
cer
tain
. W
efind
th
atwh
atev
erth
eme
chan
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lec
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,comp
let
ein
form
ati
on m
axim
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eeff
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t
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il
ibr
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.

Th
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ive
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e

2
19
2
20 GENERALCONCLUS
ION

as
tron
gde
cl
ineinr
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ity
. W
esu
gge
stt
oca
rryou
tca
ses
tud
iest
ose
eif
f
orin
stan
cein
ven
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stoin
cre
aseth
enumb
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ftr
ans
ist
orsin m
icr
opr
oce
sso
rsr
equ
ire
sp
end
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oreand m
oreeff
ort
sind
iffe
ren
tdi
scip
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es.Inar
ecen
tpap
erd
eal
ingw
ith
th
eMoo
re’
sL ,Th
aw eisand W
ong(
201
7)ind
ica
teth
atth
eNa
tion
alS
cien
ceF
ound
ati
on
(NSF
)andth
eSem
icondu
cto
rRe
sea
rchC
orpo
rat
ionh
aveann
oun
cedan
ew mu
lt
idi
sci
-
p
lin
aryr
ese
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rog
ram
,ca
ll
ed“En
erg
yEffi
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tin
g:f
romD
evi
cestoA
rch
ite
c-
tu
res
”(p
age4
8). Th
esyn
opsy
softh
isp
rog
rami
sth
efo
llow
ing
:

Th
erei
sac
ons
ensu
sac
ros
sth
eman
yindu
str
iest
ouch
edb
you
rub
iqu
itou
s
c
ompu
tin
gin
fra
stru
ctu
reth
atfu
tur
epe
rfo
rman
ceimp
rov
emen
tsa
cro
ssth
e
bo
arda
ren
ows
eve
relyl
imi
tedb
yth
eam
oun
tofen
ergyi
ttak
est
oman
ipu
lat
e,
s
tor
e,andc
rit
ica
lly
,tr
anspo
rtd
ata
. Wh
il
eth
elim
itsandt
rad
eoff
sfo
rth
is
p
erf
orm
anc
e-en
ergyc
ris
isv
arya
cro
ssth
efu
llr
ang
eofapp
li
cat
ionp
lat
form
s,
th
eyh
avea
llr
each
edapo
inta
twh
ichev
olu
tion
aryapp
roa
che
stoadd
res
sin
g
th
isch
all
eng
ear
enol
ong
erad
equ
ate
.

T
rulyd
isrup
tiv
ebr
eak
thr
ough
sar
enowr
equ
ired
,andn
otju
stf
roman
yon
e
s
egm
ento
fth
ete
chn
olo
gys
tac
k.R
ath
er,du
etoth
ecomp
lex
ityo
fth
ech
al-
l
eng
es,r
evo
lut
ion
aryn
ewapp
roa
che
sar
ene
ededa
tea
chl
eve
linth
ehi
era
rch
y.
F
urth
erm
ore
,simu
ltan
eou
sco
-op
tim
iza
tiona
cro
ssa
lll
eve
lsi
ses
sen
tia
lfo
rth
e
c
rea
tiono
fnew
,su
sta
inab
lec
ompu
tin
gpl
atf
orm
s.

Th
eses
imu
ltan
eou
ste
chn
ica
lando
rgan
iza
tion
alch
all
eng
esh
aven
eve
rbe
en
a
scomp
lexo
rasc
rit
ica
llyimpo
rtan
tasth
eya
ren
ow. Th
eur
gen
cyo
fso
lvin
g
th
e mu
lt
i-d
isc
ipl
ina
ryt
echn
ica
lch
all
eng
esw
il
lrequ
iren
ew m
eth
odso
fco
llab
-
o
rat
ionando
rgan
iza
tionam
ongr
ese
arch
ers
.

Th
ere
for
e,ac
omp
reh
ens
iveandc
oll
abo
rat
iveapp
roa
ch mu
stb
eund
ert
aken
t
omax
imi
zeth
epo
ten
tia
lfo
rsu
cce
ssfu
llyid
ent
ify
ingandimp
lem
ent
ingr
ev-
o
lut
ion
arys
olu
tion
stob
reakth
rou
ghth
ebo
ttl
ene
cko
fen
ergy
-con
str
ain
ed
c
ompu
tat
ion
alp
erf
orm
anc
e.P
rog
ramm
ers
,sy
stema
rch
ite
cts
,ci
rcu
itd
esi
gn-
e
rs,ch
ipp
roc
ess
ingen
gin
eer
s,m
ate
ria
lsc
ien
tis
ts,andc
ompu
tat
ion
alch
emi
sts
mu
sta
llexp
lor
eth
esen
ewp
ath
sto
geth
ert
oco
-de
signanop
tim
als
olu
tion
p
ath
.

C
lea
rly
,re
sea
rchp
roj
ect
stoimp
rov
eth
ecompu
ter
s’p
erf
orm
anc
ess
eemt
obe
com
e
m
oreand m
orec
omp
lexo
vert
ime
. W
ewou
ldl
iket
ove
ri
fyi
fou
rind
exo
fcomp
lex
ityi
s
 2
21

r
ais
ingandt
owh
ichex
ten
tth
isc
ouldexp
lainth
ede
cl
ineo
fre
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ityinth
is
s
ect
or.

An
oth
erex
ten
siono
fth
isth
esi
sist
ose
eifth
esam
ere
lat
ionh
old
sfo
roth
erf
orm
sof
r
ese
archou
tpu
t,l
ikep
aten
tsf
orin
stan
ce.Inth
eaffi
rma
tiv
e,w
ewou
ldl
iket
oca
lcu
lat
eth
e
d
iffe
ren
tind
exe
sandth
eirg
row
thr
ateo
vert
ime
,andt
ose
eifth
ere
sul
tsa
rec
omp
arab
le
t
oth
eon
esw
ithth
esc
ien
tifi
cpub
li
cat
ion
s.

Inth
isth
esi
sweh
aved
edu
cedanind
exo
fcomp
lex
ityf
romap
art
icu
larc
las
sof
p
rodu
cti
onfun
cti
ons(
con
stan
tel
ast
ic
ityo
fsub
sti
tut
ion
). W
ewou
ldl
iket
ocon
sid
ero
the
r
p
rodu
cti
onfun
cti
onsino
rde
rtofindpo
ten
tia
llyo
the
rcomp
lex
ityind
exe
s.M
ore
ove
rwe
h
avef
ocu
sedonon
epa
rti
cul
arf
ormo
fcomp
lex
ityc
all
edin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y,bu
tth
ere
p
rob
ablyex
ist
sman
yoth
ert
ype
sofc
omp
lex
ity
.

F
ina
lly
,ifth
ein
cre
aseo
fcomp
lex
itys
eem
sin
evi
tab
le
,wen
eedt
ostudyh
owt
ocon
-
t
erb
alan
ceth
ene
gat
iveeff
ectonr
ese
archp
rodu
ctiv
ity
. Th
isp
rob
ablyimp
li
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rov
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th
ein
ter
act
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sbe
twe
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arch
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omin
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iffe
ren
tac
adem
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isc
ipl
ine
s,andt
o
imp
rov
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agem
entm
eth
odst
oav
oidf
ree
-r
idin
gandc
oord
ina
tionc
ost
sint
eam
s.
2
22 GENERALCONCLUS
ION
 B
ibl
iog
raphy

M
il
tonAb
ram
owi
tzandI
ren
eAS
tegun
. Hand
boo
kof ma
thema
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ithfo
r-
mu
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,gr
aph
s,and ma
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alta
ble
s,v
olum
e55
.Cou
rie
rCo
rpo
rat
ion
,19
64.

J
ame
s D Ad
ams
,Gr
ant CB
lac
k,J R
oge
rCl
emm
ons
,andP
aul
aES
teph
an.S
cien
tifi
c
t
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sandin
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alc
oll
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s: Ev
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romu
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ive
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tie
s,1
981
–19
99.R
e-
s
ear
chp
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cy,3
4(3
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59–
285
,20
05.

J
ona
than Ad
ams
. C
oll
abo
rat
ion
s: Th
efou
rtha
geo
fre
sea
rch
. Na
tur
e,4
97(
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557
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2
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U
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ley
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reauo
fEc
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arch
p
ath
,20
04.

EJ R
ini
a, Th N V
anL
eeuw
en, HG V
an V
uren
,and AFJ V
an R
aan
.Influ
enc
eofin
ter
-
d
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonp
eer
-rev
iewandb
ibl
iom
etr
icev
alu
ati
onsinph
ysi
csr
ese
arch
.Re
sea
rch
Po
lic
y,3
0(3
):3
57–
361
,20
01.
2
28 B
IBL
IOGRAPHY

P
aul MR
ome
r. End
ogen
oust
echn
olo
gic
alch
ang
e. Jou
rna
lofp
ol
it
ica
lEc
onom
y,9
8(5
,
P
art2
):S
71–S
102
,19
90.

M
ich
aelR
oth
sch
ildandJ
osephES
tig
li
tz.In
cre
asin
gri
ski
i:I
tse
con
omi
ccon
sequ
enc
es.
Jou
rna
lofE
conom
icth
eor
y,3
(1)
:66
–84
,19
71.

C
res
o MS
á.‘
int
erd
isc
ipl
ina
rys
tra
teg
ies
’inu
sre
sea
rchun
ive
rsi
tie
s.H
igh
erEdu
cat
ion,
5
5(5
):5
37–
552
,20
08.

P
aulSS
ege
rst
rom
.End
ogen
ousg
row
thw
ith
outs
cal
eeff
ect
s.Am
eri
canE
conom
icR
evi
ew,
p
age
s12
90–
131
0,1
998
.

P
er OS
egl
en.C
ita
tion
sandj
ourn
alimp
actf
act
ors
:qu
est
ion
abl
eind
ica
tor
sofr
ese
arch
qu
ali
ty.A
ll
erg
y,5
2(1
1):
105
0–1
056
,19
97.

L
oui
se GSh
ewanand And
rewJS C
oat
s. E
thi
csinth
eau
tho
rsh
ipandpub
li
shin
gof
s
cien
tifi
car
tic
les
,20
10.

D
anaS
isak
. Mu
lt
ipl
e-p
riz
econ
tes
ts–
theop
tim
ala
llo
cat
iono
fpr
ize
s.Jou
rna
lofE
conom
ic
Su
rve
ys,2
3(1
):8
2–1
14,2
009
.

S
ter
gio
sSk
ape
rda
s.C
ont
estsu
cce
ssfun
cti
ons
.Ec
onom
icth
eor
y,7
(2)
:28
3–2
90,1
996
.

Rud
iSt
rac
ke,W
ol
fgan
gHö
cht
l,Rud
olfK
ers
chb
ame
r,andUw
eSund
e. Op
tim
alp
riz
esin
dyn
ami
cel
imin
ati
onc
ont
est
s: Th
eoryandexp
erim
ent
alev
iden
ce.Jou
rna
lofE
conom
ic
B
eha
vio
r&O
rgan
iza
tion,1
02:
43–
58,2
014
.

S
tef
anS
zym
ansk
iandT
omm
aso MV
al
let
ti
.In
cen
tiv
eeff
ect
sofs
econdp
riz
es.Eu
rop
ean
Jou
rna
lofPo
li
tic
alE
conom
y,2
1(2
):4
67–
481
,20
05.

Th
oma
s NTh
eisand H
-SPh
il
ip W
ong
. Th
eendo
fmoo
re’
slaw
: An
ewb
eginn
ingf
or
in
form
ati
ont
echn
olo
gy.Compu
tin
ginS
cien
ce&En
gin
eer
ing,1
9(2
):4
1–5
0,2
017
.

J
ohnP W
alshandY
ou-N
aLe
e.Th
ebu
reau
cra
tiz
ati
ono
fsc
ien
ce.R
ese
archPo
li
cy,4
4(8
):
1
584
–16
00,2
015
.

J
ian W
ang
,Ba
rtTh
ij
s,and W
ol
fgan
gGl
änz
el
.In
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yandimp
act
:Di
stin
ct
eff
ect
sofv
ari
ety
,ba
lan
ce,andd
isp
ari
ty.P
loSon
e,1
0(5
):e
012
729
8,2
015
.

J
ian W
ang
,Re
inh
ild
eVeu
gel
ers
,andP
aul
aSt
eph
an.B
iasa
gain
stn
ove
ltyins
cien
ce:A
c
aut
ion
aryt
alef
oru
ser
sofb
ibl
iom
etr
icind
ica
tor
s.R
ese
archPo
li
cy,4
6(8
):1
416
–14
36,
2
017
.
B
IBL
IOGRAPHY 2
29

A
lf
red
oYe
gro
s-Y
egr
os,I
sma
elR
afo
ls
,andP
abl
oD’E
ste
.Do
esin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryr
ese
arch
l
eadt
ohi
ghe
rci
tat
ionimp
act
?th
ediff
eren
teff
ecto
fpr
oxim
alandd
ist
alin
terd
isc
i-
p
lin
ari
ty.P
loSon
e,1
0(8
):e
013
509
5,2
015
.
2
30 B
IBL
IOGRAPHY
L
isto
fTab
les

T
abl
eau2
.1 Ex
amp
leo
fac
ont
estw
ith6p
roj
ect
sinc
omp
eti
tion ....... 6
1

T
abl
eau3
.1 T
abl
eofc
orr
espond
anc
ebe
twe
enσiandth
ediv
ers
ityind
exe
sofωi 8
9

T
abl
eau3
.2 C
ont
ribu
tion
sofe
achd
isc
ipl
ineλijt
opr
oje
cti.......... 9
2

T
abl
eau3
.3 Numb
ero
fci
tat
ion
spe
rpap
era
cco
rdin
gtoth
ema
ind
isc
ipl
ine
(
allth
eda
tab
ase
) .......................... 9
8

T
abl
eau3
.4 Cumu
lat
ivef
requ
encyd
ist
ribu
tion(%
)ofth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s
p
erp
ape
rac
cord
ingt
oth
ema
ind
isc
ipl
ine(
allth
eda
tab
ase
) .. 9
8

T
abl
eau3
.5 Numb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esp
erp
ape
r(OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) ...... 9
9

T
abl
eau3
.6 Numb
ero
fre
fer
enc
esp
erp
ape
r(a
llth
eda
tab
ase
) ........1
01

T
abl
eau3
.7 T
ypeo
fre
sea
rchd
ocum
ent(
allth
eda
tab
ase
) ...........1
01

T
abl
eau3
.8 Numb
ero
fre
fer
enc
esp
erp
ape
r(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
)10
1

T
abl
eau3
.9 T
ypeo
fre
sea
rchd
ocum
ent(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
) ..1
02

T
abl
eau3
.10 Numb
ero
fau
tho
rsp
erp
ape
r ....................1
06

T
abl
eau3
.11 Ex
amp
leo
fa m
atr
ixo
fci
tat
ionfl
owsb
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
s ....1
08

T
abl
eau3
.12 Ex
amp
leo
fa m
atr
ixo
fdi
stan
ceb
etw
eend
isc
ipl
ine
s .......1
08

T
abl
eau3
.13 C
orr
ela
tion m
atix11(p
r ape
rsw
itha
tle
astf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)...................1
09

T
abl
eau3
.14 C
orr
ela
tion m
atix12(p
r ape
rsw
itha
tle
astf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10
d
isc
ipl
ine
s) ..............................1
09

T
abl
eau3
.15 P
ear
sonc
orr
ela
tion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast2d
isc
ipl
ine
s) .....1
11

T
abl
eau3
.16 Sp
earm
an’
srank
-ord
eredc
orr
ela
tion
sfo
rpap
ersw
itha
tmo
st2
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e ...................1
11

T
abl
eau3
.17 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)...................1
13

2
31
2
32 L
ISTOFTABLES

T
abl
eau3
.18 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)...................1
14
th th
T
abl
eau3
.19 T
urn
ingpo
intc
alcu
lat
ion
sfo
rre
gre
ssi
ons(
a)t
o(d
)and9
0 ,95
th
and9
9 pe
rcen
ti
les .........................1
16
T
abl
eau3
.20 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,
1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) ................1
19
T
abl
eau3
.21 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,
1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) ................1
20
T
abl
eau3
.22 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
s-
c
ipl
ine
s(c
ate
gor
ica
lva
riab
le)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rs
w
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) .1
21
T
abl
eau3
.23 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
elo
gar
ithmo
f
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
t
l
eas
t4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)......1
22
T
abl
eau3
.24 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
elo
gar
ithmo
f
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
t
l
eas
t4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)......1
23
T
abl
eau3
.25 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
(
squ
aret
erm
)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)..........1
24
T
abl
eau3
.26 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
(
squ
aret
erm
)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)..........1
25
T
abl
eau3
.27 L
ogi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
epr
oba
-
b
il
ityth
atth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
etop1
0% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
-
c
latu
re)................................1
26
T
abl
eau3
.28 L
ogi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
epr
ob-
ab
il
ityth
atth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
etop5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
-
c
latu
re)................................1
27
L
ISTOFTABLES 2
33

T
abl
eau3
.29 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
s-
c
ipl
ine
s(c
ate
gor
ica
lva
riab
le)onth
epr
obab
il
ityth
atth
epap
er
b
elon
gst
oth
etop1
0%andt
op5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs(p
ape
rs
w
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) .1
28
T
abl
eau3
.30 Sp
earm
an’
srank
-ord
eredc
orr
ela
tion
sfo
rpap
ersw
itha
tle
ast2
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tue ..................1
r 29
T
abl
eau3
.31 Annu
ala
ver
ageg
row
thr
ateo
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y,W
ebo
fSc
ien
ce
d
atab
ase(
8,0
00,
000ob
serv
ati
ons
,20
13-
201
7) ...........1
32
T
abl
eau3
.32 D
isc
ipl
ina
ryd
ive
rsi
tyo
fsc
ien
tifi
cpr
odu
cti
on, W
ebo
fSc
ien
ce
d
atab
ase(
8,0
00,
000ob
serv
ati
ons
,20
13-
201
7) ...........1
38
T
abl
eau3
.33 Numb
ero
fid
ent
ifiedr
efe
ren
cesp
erp
ape
rpe
rye
ar ........1
39
T
abl
eau3
.34 A
ver
ageannu
alg
row
thr
ateo
fre
sea
rchp
rodu
ctiv
ity .......1
40
T
abl
eau3
.35 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)...................1
46
T
abl
eau3
.36 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)...................1
47
T
abl
eau3
.37 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,
1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) ................1
48
T
abl
eau3
.38 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,
1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) ................1
49
T
abl
eau3
.39 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
s-
c
ipl
ine
s(c
ate
gor
ica
lva
riab
le)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rs
w
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) .1
50
T
abl
eau3
.40 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
elo
gar
ithmo
f
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
t
l
eas
t6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)......1
51
T
abl
eau3
.41 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
elo
gar
ithmo
f
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
t
l
eas
t6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)......1
52
2
34 L
ISTOFTABLES

T
abl
eau3
.42 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
(
squ
aret
erm
)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)..........1
53
T
abl
eau3
.43 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
(
squ
aret
erm
)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)..........1
54
T
abl
eau3
.44 L
ogi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
epr
oba
-
b
il
ityth
atth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
etop1
0% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
-
c
latu
re)................................1
55
T
abl
eau3
.45 L
ogi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
epr
ob-
ab
il
ityth
atth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
etop5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
-
c
latu
re)................................1
56
T
abl
eau3
.46 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
s-
c
ipl
ine
s(c
ate
gor
ica
lva
riab
le)onth
epr
obab
il
ityth
atth
epap
er
b
elon
gst
oth
etop5%andt
op1
0% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs(p
ape
rs
w
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) .1
57
T
abl
eau3
.47 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yon
th
e5-y
earnumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,
1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)................1
58
T
abl
eau3
.48 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yon
th
e5-y
earnumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,
1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)................1
59
T
abl
eau3
.49 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
ejou
rna
l
imp
act(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s, OST
n
omen
cla
tur
e) ............................1
60
T
abl
eau3
.50 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
cat
-
e
gor
ica
lva
riab
le)onth
ejou
rna
limp
actf
act
or(p
ape
rsw
itha
t
l
eas
t4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e)......1
61
T
abl
eau3
.51 C
orr
ela
tion m
atr
ix(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
astf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2di
s-
c
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e) ...................1
63
T
abl
eau3
.52 C
orr
ela
tion m
atr
ix(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
astf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e)..................1
63
L
ISTOFTABLES 2
35

T
abl
eau3
.53 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e) ................1
64

T
abl
eau3
.54 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e)..................1
65

T
abl
eau3
.55 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,
1
-35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e)...............1
66

T
abl
eau3
.56 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,
1
-35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e)...............1
67

T
abl
eau3
.57 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
s-
c
ipl
ine
s(c
ate
gor
ica
lva
riab
le)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rs
w
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e)1
68

T
abl
eau3
.58 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
elo
gar
ithmo
f
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
t
l
eas
t4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e).....1
69

T
abl
eau3
.59 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
elo
gar
ithmo
f
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
t
l
eas
t4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e).....1
70

T
abl
eau3
.60 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
(
squ
aret
erm
)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e).........1
71

T
abl
eau3
.61 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
(
squ
aret
erm
)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e).........1
72

T
abl
eau3
.62 L
ogi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
epr
oba
-
b
il
ityth
atth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
etop1
0% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
-
c
latu
re)................................1
73
2
36 L
ISTOFTABLES

T
abl
eau3
.63 L
ogi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
epr
ob-
ab
il
ityth
atth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
etop5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
-
c
latu
re)................................1
74

T
abl
eau3
.64 L
ogi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
cat
e-
g
ori
calv
ari
abl
e)onth
epr
obab
il
ityth
atth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
e
t
op1
0%andt
op5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4
r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e).........1
75

T
abl
eau3
.65 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
ejou
rna
l
imp
act(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-3
5di
scip
lin
es,CWTS
n
omen
cla
tur
e) ............................1
76

T
abl
eau3
.66 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
cat
-
e
gor
ica
lva
riab
le)onth
ejou
rna
limp
actf
act
or(p
ape
rsw
itha
t
l
eas
t4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e).....1
77

T
abl
eau3
.67 C
orr
ela
tion m
atr
ix(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
astf
ourr
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e)...................1
79

T
abl
eau3
.68 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
52d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) ................1
80

T
abl
eau3
.69 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
2
52d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) ................1
81

T
abl
eau3
.70 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
s-
c
ipl
ine
s(c
ate
gor
ica
lva
riab
le)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rs
w
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) .1
82

T
abl
eau3
.71 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
elo
gar
ithmo
f
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
red w
ithth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
eson
th
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e)...................1
83

T
abl
eau3
.72 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
elo
gar
ithmo
f
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
red w
ithth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
eson
th
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252
d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e)...................1
84
L
ISTOFTABLES 2
37

T
abl
eau3
.73 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
(
squ
aret
erm
)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) .........1
85

T
abl
eau3
.74 N
ega
tiv
ebin
omi
ale
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y
(
squ
aret
erm
)onth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) .........1
86

T
abl
eau3
.75 L
ogi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
epr
oba
-
b
il
ityth
atth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
etop1
0% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
-
c
latu
re)................................1
87

T
abl
eau3
.76 L
ogi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
epr
ob-
ab
il
ityth
atth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
etop5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs
(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
-
c
latu
re)................................1
88

T
abl
eau3
.77 L
ogi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
cat
e-
g
ori
calv
ari
abl
e)onth
epr
obab
il
ityth
atth
epap
erb
elon
gst
oth
e
t
op1
0%andt
op5% m
ostc
itedp
ape
rs(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6
r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) .........1
89

T
abl
eau3
.78 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
ejou
rna
l
imp
act(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oS
n
omen
cla
tur
e) ............................1
90

T
abl
eau3
.79 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
cat
-
e
gor
ica
lva
riab
le)onth
ejou
rna
limp
actf
act
or(p
ape
rsw
itha
t
l
eas
t4r
efe
ren
ces
,1-
252d
isc
ipl
ine
s,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e).....1
91

T
abl
eau3
.80 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
red w
ithth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erind
ex(
1-1
0di
sci
-
p
lin
es,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) .....................1
92

T
abl
eau3
.81 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
red w
ithth
eSimp
sonind
ex(
1-1
0di
scip
lin
es,
OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) .........................1
93

T
abl
eau3
.82 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
red w
ithth
eSh
ann
onind
ex(
1-1
0di
scip
lin
es,
OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) .........................1
94
2
38 L
ISTOFTABLES

T
abl
eau3
.83 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
1-1
0di
sci
-
p
lin
es,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) .....................1
95
T
abl
eau3
.84 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le"y
ear
"onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
red w
ithth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erind
ex(
1-3
5di
sci
-
p
lin
es,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e) ....................1
96
T
abl
eau3
.85 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le"y
ear
"onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
red w
ithth
eSimp
sonind
ex(
1-3
5di
scip
lin
es,
CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e) ........................1
97
T
abl
eau3
.86 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le"y
ear
"onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
red w
ithth
eSh
ann
onind
ex(
1-3
5di
scip
lin
es,
CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e) ........................1
98
T
abl
eau3
.87 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le"y
ear
"onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
1-3
5di
sci
-
p
lin
es,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e) ....................1
99
T
abl
eau3
.88 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
erind
ex(
1-2
52d
isc
i-
p
lin
es,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) .....................2
00
T
abl
eau3
.89 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
eSimp
sonind
ex(
1-2
52d
isc
ipl
ine
s,
W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) .........................2
01
T
abl
eau3
.90 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
eSh
ann
onind
ex(
1-2
52d
isc
ipl
ine
s,
W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) .........................2
02
T
abl
eau3
.91 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fth
eva
riab
le“y
ear
”onin
terd
is
-
c
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ithth
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
es(
1-2
52d
isc
i-
p
lin
es,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) .....................2
03
T
abl
eau3
.92 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
elo
ga-
r
ithmo
fth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
r-
en
ces
,Ind
ividu
aleff
ect
s,1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) ..2
05
T
abl
eau3
.93 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ith
th
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esonth
elo
gar
ithmo
fth
enumb
ero
fci
-
t
ati
ons(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,Noind
ividu
aleff
ect
s,
1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s,OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e) ................2
06
L
ISTOFTABLES 2
39

T
abl
eau3
.94 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
elo
ga-
r
ithmo
fth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
r-
en
ces
,Ind
ividu
aleff
ect
s,1
-35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e 0
).27
T
abl
eau3
.95 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ith
th
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esonth
elo
gar
ithmo
fth
enumb
ero
fci
-
t
ati
ons(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
,Noind
ividu
aleff
ect
s,
1
-35d
isc
ipl
ine
s,CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e)...............2
08
T
abl
eau3
.96 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yonth
elo
ga-
r
ithmo
fth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
r-
en
ces
,Ind
ividu
aleff
ect
s,1
-25
2di
scip
lin
es,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e)..2
09
T
abl
eau3
.97 OLSe
stim
ate
sfo
rth
eeff
ecto
fin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yme
asu
redw
ith
th
enumb
ero
fdi
scip
lin
esonth
elo
gar
ithmo
fth
enumb
ero
fci
-
t
ati
ons(p
ape
rsw
itha
tle
ast6r
efe
ren
ces
,Noind
ividu
aleff
ect
,
1
-25
2di
scip
lin
es,W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e) ...............2
10
T
abl
eau3
.98 T
abl
eofc
orr
espond
anc
ebe
twe
end
isc
ipl
ine
sfr
omth
eWoS(
252
),
OST(
11)andNOWT(
35)c
las
sifi
cat
ion
s .............2
18
2
40 L
ISTOFTABLES
L
isto
fFigu
res

F
igu
re1 A
ggr
ega
teD
ataonG
row
thandR
ese
archEff
ort
.Sou
rce
:Bl
oom
e
tal
.(2
017
). ............................. 2
F
igu
re2 M
oor
e’sL
aw- Th
enumb
ero
ftr
ans
ist
orsonin
teg
rat
edc
ircu
it
ch
ips(
197
1-2
016
).S
our
ce: W
ikip
edi
a................ 2
F
igu
re3 Ev
olu
tiono
fth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofr
ese
archa
rti
cle
spub
li
shed
b
yatl
eas
taF
ren
chr
ese
arch
ero
verth
epe
riod1
999
-20
13,W
ebo
f
S
cien
ced
atab
ase(
400
,00
0ob
serv
ati
ons
),OSTd
isc
ipl
ina
ryn
omen
-
c
latu
re................................. 6
F
igu
re4 Ev
olu
tiono
fth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofr
ese
archa
rti
cle
sov
erth
e
p
eri
od2
013
-20
17, W
ebo
fSc
ien
ced
atab
ase(
8,0
00,
000ob
serv
a-
t
ion
s),OSTd
isc
ipl
ina
ryn
omen
cla
tur
e................ 7

F
igu
re1
.1 Influ
enc
eofth
epr
obab
il
ityd
ist
ribu
tiononth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
s
(fi
rst
-ord
erands
econd
-ord
ers
toch
ast
icd
omin
anc
e)oneff
ort .. 1
9

F
igu
re1
.2 P
rob
abi
li
tyd
ist
ribu
tiononth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
s ......... 2
3
F
igu
re1
.3 T
ota
leff
orta
safun
cti
ono
fk.................... 2
5

F
igu
re1
.4 T
ota
leff
orta
safun
cti
ono
fυ.................... 2
5
F
igu
re1
.5 M
ech
ani
smo
fCl
arkandR
ii
s(1
996
) ................ 3
0
F
igu
re1
.6 M
eanp
res
erv
ingsp
read ....................... 3
4

F
igu
re1
.7 I
llu
str
ati
ono
fth
eSe
cond
-Ord
erS
toch
ast
icD
omin
anc
eonth
e
numb
ero
fpr
ize
s ........................... 3
4

F
igu
re2
.1 Ex
amp
let
oil
lus
tra
teP
ropo
sit
ion
s12and1
3 ........... 6
6
F
igu
re2
.2 I
llu
str
ati
ono
fLo
ren
z-d
omin
anc
e .................. 7
2

F
igu
re3
.1 H
il
lind
exwh
enmi=2 ....................... 9
1
F
igu
re3
.2 N
ega
tiv
eco
rre
lat
ionb
etw
eenth
eSimp
sonandou
rcomp
lex
ity
ind
exe
s................................. 9
2

2
41
2
42 L
ISTOFF
IGURES

F
igu
re3
.3 D
ist
ribu
tiono
fIn
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yac
cord
ingt
oth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,
th
eSimp
sonandth
eSh
ann
onind
exe
s(OSTn
omen
cla
tur
e,p
a-
p
ersw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ce) ...................1
s 03
F
igu
re3
.4 D
isc
ipl
ina
ryp
rofi
leo
fap
ape
r....................1
04
F
igu
re3
.5 P
red
ict
ion
sonth
enumb
ero
fci
tat
ion
s(r
egr
ess
ion
s(1d
),(
2d)and
(
3d)
,Tab
les3
.25and3
.26
)andcumu
lat
ived
ist
ribu
tion
softh
e
in
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ryind
exe
s.......................1
18
F
igu
re3
.6 Ev
olu
tiono
fth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofr
ese
archa
rti
cle
spub
li
shed
b
yatl
eas
taF
ren
chr
ese
arch
erb
etw
een1
999and2
013(
400
,00
0
ob
serv
ati
ons
),OSTd
isc
ipl
ina
ryn
omen
cla
tur
e. ..........1
33
F
igu
re3
.7 Ev
olu
tiono
fth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofr
ese
archa
rti
cle
spub
li
shed
b
yatl
eas
taF
ren
chr
ese
arch
erb
etw
een1
999and2
013(
400
,00
0
ob
serv
ati
ons
),CWTSd
isc
ipl
ina
ryn
omen
cla
tur
e. .........1
33
F
igu
re3
.8 Ev
olu
tiono
fth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofr
ese
archa
rti
cle
spub
li
shed
b
yatl
eas
taF
ren
chr
ese
arch
erb
etw
een1
999and2
013(
400
,00
0
ob
serv
ati
ons
),W
oSd
isc
ipl
ina
ryn
omen
cla
tur
e. ..........1
34
F
igu
re3
.9 Ev
olu
tiono
fth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofr
ese
archa
rti
cle
sbe
twe
en
2
013and2
017
,Webo
fSc
ien
ced
atab
ase(
8,0
00,
000ob
serv
ati
ons
),
OSTd
isc
ipl
ina
ryn
omen
cla
tur
e....................1
34
F
igu
re3
.10 Ev
olu
tiono
fth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofr
ese
archa
rti
cle
sbe
twe
en
2
013and2
017
,Webo
fSc
ien
ced
atab
ase(
8,0
00,
000ob
serv
ati
ons
),
CWTSd
isc
ipl
ina
ryn
omen
cla
tur
e. .................1
35
F
igu
re3
.11 Ev
olu
tiono
fth
ein
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yofr
ese
archp
ape
rsb
etw
een
2
013and2
017
,Webo
fSc
ien
ced
atab
ase(
8,0
00,
000ob
serv
ati
ons
),
W
oSd
isc
ipl
ina
ryn
omen
cla
tur
e. ...................1
35
F
igu
re3
.12 D
ist
ribu
tiono
fIn
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yac
cord
ingt
oth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,
th
eSimp
sonandth
eSh
ann
onind
exe
s(CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e,p
a-
p
ersw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
) ...................1
62
F
igu
re3
.13 D
ist
ribu
tiono
fIn
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yac
cord
ingt
oth
eBe
rge
r-P
ark
er,
th
eSimp
sonandth
eSh
ann
onind
exe
s(W
oSn
omen
cla
tur
e,p
a-
p
ersw
itha
tle
ast4r
efe
ren
ces
) ...................1
78
Con
ten
ts

1 Tu
llockcon
tes
tsw
ithanunce
rta
innumbe
rofp
rize
s 9
1 In
trodu
cti
on. .................................. 9
2 Th
emod
el
. ................................... 1
1
3 P
riz
eal
loc
ati
on m
ech
ani
smsandequ
il
ibr
iumou
tcom
es ........... 1
3
3
.1 W
inn
erS
ele
cti
on M
ech
ani
sm(WSM
)................. 1
3
3
.2 L
oos
erE
lim
ina
tion M
ech
ani
sm(LEM
)................ 1
5
4 C
omp
ara
tiv
est
ati
cs............................... 1
8
4
.1 D
ist
ribu
tiono
fth
enumb
ero
fpr
ize
s.................. 1
8
4
.2 Numb
ero
fcon
tes
tan
ts ......................... 2
5
5 C
onc
lus
ion.................................... 2
8
6 App
end
ix .................................... 2
9
6
.1 W
inn
erS
ele
cti
on M
ech
ani
sm(C
larkandR
ii
s(1
996
),sub
sec
tion3
.1)2
9
6
.2 L
oos
erS
ele
cti
on M
ech
ani
sm(F
ueta
l.(
201
4),sub
sec
tion3
.2) ... 3
1
6
.3 F
irs
tOrd
erandS
econdO
rde
rSt
och
ast
icD
omin
anc
e ........ 3
3
6
.4 P
roo
fsa
sso
cia
tedt
oth
eWinn
erS
ele
cti
on M
ech
ani
sm(WSM
) ... 3
5
6
.5 P
roo
fsa
sso
cia
tedt
oth
eLo
serE
lim
ina
tion M
ech
ani
sm(LEM
) ... 4
6

2 T
eam P
roduc
tionFunc
tioninSc
ience 53
1 In
trodu
cti
on................................... 5
3
2 Th
emod
el ................................... 5
6
3 C
omp
lex
ityo
fth
epr
odu
cti
onfun
cti
on .................... 5
8
4 Equ
il
ibr
iumou
tcom
es ............................. 5
9
5 C
omp
ara
tiv
est
ati
cs .............................. 6
0
5
.1 P
roj
ectich
ara
cte
ris
tic
s ........................ 6
0
5
.2 C
omp
eti
tionin
ten
sit
y ......................... 6
2
6 Ex
ten
sion
s.................................... 6
6
7 C
onc
lus
ion.................................... 6
9

2
43
2
44 CONTENTS

8 App
end
ix .................................... 7
1
8
.1 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion8 ......................... 7
1
8
.2 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion9 ......................... 7
5
8
.3 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
0 ........................ 7
7
8
.4 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
1 ........................ 7
8
8
.5 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
2 ........................ 7
9
8
.6 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
3 ........................ 8
0
8
.7 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
4 ........................ 8
2
8
.8 P
rop
ert
ieso
fΥi ............................ 8
4

3 Docomp
lexp
rojec
tsleadtoh
ighe
rci
tat
ionimpac
t? 87
1 In
trodu
cti
on................................... 8
7
2 F
romth
emod
elt
oth
eda
ta .......................... 8
8
3 L
ite
ratu
rer
evi
ew ................................ 9
3
4 D
ataand M
eth
ods ............................... 9
5
4
.1 D
atas
et................................. 9
5
4
.2 V
ari
abl
es................................. 9
6
5 R
esu
lts......................................1
11
5
.1 1
-2d
isc
ipl
ine
s..............................1
11
5
.2 1
-10d
isc
ipl
ine
s .............................1
15
6 R
obu
stn
essch
eck
s................................1
29
7 I
sin
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
yin
cre
asin
gov
ert
ime
? ..................1
32
8 D
iscu
ssi
on....................................1
38
9 C
onc
lus
ion....................................1
41
1
0 App
end
ix ....................................1
43
1
0.1 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
6 ........................1
43
1
0.2 P
roo
fofP
ropo
sit
ion1
7 ........................1
44
1
0.3 M
oreth
an6r
efe
ren
ces.........................1
45
1
0.4 CWTSn
omen
cla
tur
e..........................1
61
1
0.5 W
oSsub
jec
tca
teg
ori
es.........................1
77
1
0.6 T
obi
tes
tim
ate
s .............................1
91
1
0.7 Ind
ividu
alF
ixedEff
ect
s ........................2
04

L
isto
ftab
les 231
CONTENTS 2
45

L
isteo
ffigu
res 241

T
ableo
fcon
ten
ts 243
2
46 CONTENTS
T
itre: Compé
tit
ion
,In
terd
isc
ipl
ina
ritée
t Équ
ipe
sdan
slaSc
ience

Résumé: C etteth èseapou rob jecti

fd ec omprend rel ac omp lexi
t éc roissanted esp ro
-
jetsd ereche rch ec omm eun ed esexp lic
ationspo ssiblesd el ab a
issed ep rodu ctivitéd e
s
chercheursob s ervéeaufi ld esd écennies
. N ou
sc on c eptualisonsunp rojetd er ech erche
comm euneid éee tun eéquip ed eche r
cheu r
s. Chaqu eid é
ee stassociéeàun ef onctiond e
produ c
tiond ec onn a
iss
ancesd onn éequ en oussuppo son sd el aformeCES .L esf acteu rsd e
produ c
tions ontl eseff o
rtsd ess ous-équipes,chacuned an sund om a
ined ’exp ertised istinct.
Nousm ont
ron sth éor
iquem entqu ’àl’équi
libreduj eu,l ap rodu c
tiond ’un eéqu ip ed ép end
négativementd ’unind icateursyn thétiquequ icar acté r
ises afonctiond ep rodu ctiond e
conn ai
ssancesqu en ousapp elon s"comp lexité
"(disciplin a
ire)dup rojetd erech e
r che.B ien
quec etindicat eure tsescompo santsn esoientpasd i rectem entob servab lesd ansl esd on-
nées
,n ousm on tronsqu’i
le s
tl iéàl ’indicateurdeH il
ld e sc ontr
ibu tion sd esf acteu rsà
lap roduction,un em e
sures tand a
rdd el
’interd
isc
ip lin ar
ité.C e
lan ou soff r
el ’occ as
i ond e
test
eremp i
riqu em entlacomp l exitéc ro
issantedel ar e che
r ch eauc ou r
sdut emp sc omm e
expl
i cat
iond el ab a
iss
ed ep rodu ct
ivitéd escherch eur s
.N ousc onfirm onsc esp révisions
surunj eud ed onnéesoriginald ep rèsd equ a
trec entm illep rojetsd er echerch esu rl a
pér
iod e1 9
99 -20 13.

Mot
sc lés :C
omp
éti
tion
,In
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
é,Équ
ipe
s,S
cien
ce,C
ont
est
,In
form
ati
onin
-
compl
è t
e.

T
itle
: Compe
tit
ion
,In
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rityand T
eam
sinSc
ience

Abstra ct: Th i sth esisa imsa tund erstandingth ein creas

in gcomp lexityofr esea
r ch
proj
e ctsason eo fth epo s
sibleexp lanationsf o
rth efal
linr es
e a
rchers’produ c
tivi
tyob -
servedo v
erd ecades
. W ec onceptu a
lizear e
searchp r o
jecta sanid eaandat eamo fr e-
searchers. E a
chid eai sa ssociatedt oag ivenkn owledgep roductionfun ct
ionth atw e
suppo seofth eCES -f orm.P roductionf ac
to r
sa resub -teameff orts
,e achon einad ist
in ct
fie
ldo fexp er
tise
. W eth eoreti
c a
llysh owth at
,a tequ i
libr
ium ,teamou tcom ed epends
negativelyonasyn th e
ticind ex wh ichch aracte
riz e
si tskn owledgep roductionfunction
thatw ec a
lldiscipl
in aryc omp lexityofth er es
ear chp roje
ct. Th oughth isindexandi ts
compon ent
sa ret yp
i callyn otob servableinth ed a ta
,w esh owth a
ti tistiedt otheH ill
indexo ff ac
torc ontribu t
ionst oth eou tput,as tand ardinterdisc
ipl
in ary measurementin
ourapp licat
ion. Thisoff er
sanoppo rtunitytot estemp iric
allythein crea
singd i
scipl
inary
comp lexityovert im eo fres e
a r
cha sanexp lanationo fitsd ecreas
in gprodu ct
ivity
. W e
confirmth oseprediction sonano rigina
ld at a
setofn e
arlyfou rhundredth ousandr es
earch
proj
e ctsoverthep e
ri od1 999-20 1
3.

Keyword
s :C
omp
eti
tion
,In
terd
isc
ipl
ina
rit
y,T
eam
s,S
cien
ce,C
ont
est
,In
comp
let
ein
for
-
mat
ion
.