4 pages centrales de quiz pour progresser en anglais

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N° 797 / Anglais Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 / 3,60 €

La presse internationale en V.O. pour progresser en anglais

THE REVOLT
AGAINST PLASTIC
THE ANTI-PLASTIC MOVEMENT, AND THE
MILLENNIAL PUSH FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
AND SUSTAINABLE FASHION

POLITICS
RENT CONTROLS
ARE BACK IN VOGUE
THE ECONOMIST

CINEMA
THE STAN & OLLIE
MOVIE
THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER

SCIENCE
CAN YOU TRUST
YOUR MEMORIES?
THE INDEPENDENT

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édito sommaire N° 797 / Du 7 au 20 mars 2019
NIVEAU DE DIFFICULTÉ ET ÉQUIVALENCE CECRL
(Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les langues) :
 facile A2-B1  moyen B2-C1  difficile C1-C2
Pour faciliter le repérage et la compréhension, les mots traduits sont surlignés dans tous les
articles du magazine.

AMÉLIE ARA
RÉDACTRICE EN CHEF Grand angle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
On parle d'eux .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Bientôt tous écolos ? À la une

Si l’invention de la bakélite en 1907 a inauguré l’ère  B2-C1 The plastic backlash THE GUARDIAN (UK) ................................................................................. 6
du plastique, c’est à partir de la Seconde Guerre La lutte mondiale contre le plastique.
Mondiale que cette industrie a véritablement pris
son essor... Un essor qui s’est révélé incontrôlable.  C1-C2 Fast fashion fueling push for sustainable apparel
Aux États-Unis, la production a plus que triplé entre THE BALTIMORE SUN (US) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
1939 et 1945. Dans les années 1950, le film étirable La fin de la fast fashion ?
a fait son apparition dans nos cuisines et, sans
que l’on s’en aperçoive, le plastique a progressive-  A2-B1 Sur le vif ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
ment envahi tous les aspects de notre quotidien.
Chaque année, nous produisons environ 348
millions de tonnes de plastique – dont une partie Société
non négligeable finit sa course dans nos océans.  B2-C1 Death of the private self THE GUARDIAN (UK) ............................................................................ 14
Fort heureusement, depuis peu, les initiatives Comment quinze ans de Facebook ont transformé la société.
gouvernementales visant à limiter cette pollution
se multiplient dans le monde entier, de l’Inde à  B2-C1 Maiden lanes THE ECONOMIST (UK) ......................................................................................................................... 16
l’Union Européenne. Comment le plastique est-il Rue « Madame... », une rareté.

devenu notre ennemi numéro un ? Réponse dans
un fascinant reportage du Guardian.
La « fast fashion » a également contribué à ré-
PRATIC’ABLE ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17

volutionner nos habitudes de consommation. Vocabulaire, expressions et astuces pour parler

Aujourd’hui, des enseignes telles que H&M ou Zara comme un anglophone
présentent jusqu’à vingt nouvelles collections par Les assurances / Les comparaisons : comparatif, superlatif / Soignez votre
an, avec les conséquences environnementales que orthographe / Jeux de mots
l’on peut imaginer. La filière textile est la deuxième
industrie la plus polluante au monde. Face à ce
constat, une partie de la génération milléniale a dé-  A2-B1 À 360° ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
cidé de se tourner vers les magasins de vêtements
d’occasion, forçant de cette façon les marques de
prêt-à-porter à revoir leur manière de fonctionner. Enjeux
 B2-C1 Rent controls are back in vogue THE ECONOMIST (UK) .......................................... 23
La mobilisation de la jeunesse pour la planète et
L’encadrement des loyers, le nouveau combat du maire de Londres.

l’action climatique est désormais incontestable, et
ce n’est peut-être pas un hasard si c’est une jeune
activiste de 16 ans, la Suédoise Greta Thunberg, qui
 A2-B1 Zoom sur .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
est devenue l’icône de la lutte contre le réchauffe-
ment climatique...
 B2-C1 Apple and the smartphone malaise THE ECONOMIST (UK) ........................ 26
Les ventes d’iPhones en baisse chez Apple.

Bonne lecture !

Rejoignez-nous sur et suivez-nous sur et sur Culture

 B2-C1 John C. Reilly and Steve Coogan on Stan & Ollie
THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER (US) ..................................................................................................................................... 28
Les « nouveaux Laurel et Hardy » se confient.
BONUS
 A2-B1 Les échos ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31

L’article est repris sur le CD ou les MP3

de conversation : Des interviews en V.O.
pour améliorer votre compréhension
Découverte
 B2-C1 Can you trust your own memories? THE INDEPENDENT (UK) .................... 32.
Tous les articles du magazine sont lus par des Pourquoi nos souvenirs ne sont pas totalement fiables.
anglophones sur le CD (ou les MP3) de lecture

Retrouvez le reportage vidéo

Les sorties ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
lié à l’ article sur vocable.fr Le dessin .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 35

Photo de couverture : CATERS/SIPA

 Grand L’actualité en images

angle

(Tom Nicholson/LNP/REX/Shutterstock/SIPA)
ROYAUME-UNI

SCHOOLS 4 CLIMATE ACTION

Les écoliers agissent pour le climat
Londres
On March 15, with the support of some of the world’s biggest environmental groups, tens of
thousands of schoolchildren, in at least two dozen European countries and nearly 30 U.S. states,
plan to skip school to demand their governments take action on climate change. They want
nations to commit to cutting fossil-fuel emissions in half in the next 10 years to avoid catastrophic
global warming. This climate movement was started by Greta Thunberg, a 16-year-old student from Sweden, who has
been skipping school to demonstrate in front of her country’s parliament building every Friday since September. She
has inspired tens of thousands of students in the United Kingdom (where this photo was taken), Sweden, Australia,
Germany and Belgium, among others, who have begun protesting in their own cities as a result. March 15 is expected to
be a global strike, called for by Greta Thunberg.

support soutien / to skip ici, "sécher" / to demand exiger / to commit to s'engager à / to cut, cut, cut ici, réduire / fossil fuel combustible fossile / to avoid
éviter / global mondial / to demonstrate (syn. to protest) manifester / to be expected to devoir (selon les prévisions) / strike grève (ici, des écoliers).

4 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019

 On parle d'eux… Retrouvez le fil d’infos sur www.vocable.fr

Ceux qui font l'actu

Amy Klobuchar
Minnesota Senator Amy Klobuchar
has officially joined the 2020 presiden-
tial race. The Democrat made the an-
nouncement from Minneapolis, in
front of a crowd of supporters gathered
there despite the heavy snow. She be-
came the fifth Democratic senator to
join a growing roster of candidates
running for the nomination for 2020.
The first woman from Minnesota to be

(Jenn Ackerman/The New York Times)

elected to the U.S. Senate in 2006, she
has never lost an election. Her cam-
paign will focus on removing money
from politics, addressing climate
change and expanding voting rights.
Immediately after her speech, Trump
tweeted: “By the end of her speech she
looked like a Snowman (woman)!”
race course (à la présidence) / to gather réunir, rassembler / heavy ici, abondant / roster liste / to run, ran, run (for) ici, être candidat à / nomination investiture /
to focus on se concentrer/être axé sur / to remove retirer, éliminer / to address ici, lutter contre / to expand étendre / speech discours.
(Ken McKay/ITV/REX/Shutter/SIPA)

(Doug Mills/The New York Times)

(SIPA)

Victoria Bateman Ralph Northam John Roberts

Cambridge economics academic and Ralph Northam, the Democratic governor of Last month, U.S. Chief Justice John Roberts
pro-Europe campaigner Victoria Bateman Virginia, has been caught up in a massive joined the four liberal Justices of the Supreme
has invited “Brexiteer” Tory MP Jacob scandal after a photograph of him wearing Court in blocking a law aimed at restricting
Rees-Mogg, to debate with her on live TV. blackface, during a dance contest for which he abortion in the state of Louisiana. The law
Appearing nude on ITV Good Morning Britain dressed up as Michael Jackson in the 1980s, could have left the state with just one
with an anti-Brexit message written on her was released by a right-wing news outlet. abortion clinic and provider in business to
body, she stated: “The key message that I Ralph Northam apologised but said he would serve an estimated 10,000 women. His vote
want to deliver is that Brexit is the emperor’s not be stepping down, despite numerous was unexpected and marks a turnaround, as
new clothes. What high-profile Brexiteers Virginia Democratic officials calling for him to his overall voting record has been
promised Brexit voters is just not possible to resign. conservative, and he had voted to sustain
deliver.” other laws restricting abortion in the past.
to be caught up in être impliqué dans / blackface
academic universitaire, chercheur / campaigner personne blanche maquillée pour jouer un chief justice juge président de la Cour suprême /
militant / Brexiteer (personne) en faveur du retrait personnage noir (souvent caricatural) / contest aimed at destiné, visant à / abortion avortement /
du Royaume-Uni de l’Union européenne / Tory concours / to release ici, publier / right-wing de provider prestataire / in business en activité / to
conservateur / MP = Member of Parliament, droite / news outlet media / to apologise serve ici, accueillir / unexpected inattendu /
membre du parlement, député / to state déclarer / présenter des excuses / to step down démissionner, turnaround revirement / overall général / record
to deliver ici, faire passer (aussi assurer) / quitter ses fonctions / official ici, élu / to resign bilan; ici, profil / to sustain soutenir, appuyer.
high-profile célèbre. démissionner.

VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 •5

 À la une I Environnement I ROYAUME-UNI I  B2-C1

Global plastic production has rocketed from some

160m tonnes in 1995 to 340m tonnes today.

Workers sort hundreds of

thousands of plastic bottles
by colour at a recycling
centre in Bangladesh.
(Abdul Momin/Solent News/SIPA)

THE GUARDIAN STEPHEN BURANYI

THE PLASTIC BACKLASH

Haro sur le plastique (backlash retour de balancier, réactions négatives)
Depuis le milieu du 20e siècle, l’industrie du plastique a connu une croissance inégalée. Jouets, emballages alimentaires, produits
cosmétiques, vêtements... Le plastique a progressivement envahi notre quotidien, et notre planète. Chaque année, environ 8
millions de tonnes de plastique se retrouvent dans les océans. Depuis peu, les politiques « anti-plastiques » se multiplient.
Comment expliquer cette récente prise de conscience collective ?

P lastic is everywhere, and suddenly

we have decided that is a very bad
thing. Until recently, plastic enjoyed a sort of
anonymity in ubiquity: we were so thor-
oughly surrounded that we hardly noticed it.
You might be surprised to learn, for instance,
that today’s cars and planes are, by volume,
about 50% plastic. More clothing is made out
1. thoroughly complètement / to be surrounded
être cerné, entouré / hardly ne ... guère, à peine / to
notice remarquer /
of polyester and nylon, both plastics, than
cotton or wool. Add this to the more obvious
expanse of toys, household bric-a-brac and
consumer packaging, and the extent of plas-
for decades, first passing the 100m tonne mark
in the early 1990s. But for some reason it is
only very recently that people have really
begun to care.
tic’s empire becomes clear. Humankind has
produced unfathomable quantities of plastic A WORLDWIDE REVOLT
2. The result is a worldwide revolt against
plastic, one that crosses both borders and tra-
obvious manifeste, évident / expanse étendue ici,
volume / household foyer, ici à usage domestique, que
nous avons chez nous / packaging emballage / extent
ampleur, importance / humankind humanité / mark barre, seuil.
unfathomable ici, abyssal, incalculable / 2. border frontière /

6 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  difficile C1-C2
 Améliorez votre prononciation en écoutant tous les articles sur le supplément audio de lecture

Less than 10% of all plastic in the United States is

recycled each year.

ditional political divides. In 2016, a Greenpeace
petition for a UK-wide plastic microbead ban
hit 365,000 signatures in just four months,
eventually becoming the largest environmen-
tal petition ever presented to government.
Protest groups from the US to South Korea
have dumped piles of what they say is un-
wanted and excessive plastic packaging at
supermarkets. Prince Charles has given
speeches about the dangers of plastic, while
Kim Kardashian has posted on Instagram
about the “plastic crisis”, and claims to have
given up straws.
3. At the highest levels of government the
plastic panic can resemble a scrambled
response to a natural disaster, or a public
health crisis. The United Nations has de-
clared a “war” on single-use plastic. In
Britain, Theresa May has called it a
“scourge”, and committed the government
to a 25-year plan that would phase out
disposable packaging by 2042. India
claimed it would do the same, but by 2022.
All this has added up to a feeling that we
might be on the verge of a great environ-
mental victory.
justify throwing away. Customers found this
convenient, and businesses were happy to sell
them a new plastic container for every soda or
sandwich they bought. In the same way steel
enabled new frontiers in building, plastic made
possible the cheap and disposable consumer
culture that we have come to take for granted.
To take on plastic is in some way to take on
consumerism itself.
SCIENTISTS’ WARNINGS
5. The most astounding thing about the anti-
plastic movement is just how fast it has
grown. To travel back even to 2015 is to enter
to a world in which almost all of the things
we currently know about plastic are already
known, but people aren’t very angry about it.
This wasn’t for lack of effort by scientists. The
to throw, threw, thrown away jeter / convenient
pratique / container récipient / steel acier / to
enable rendre possible / to take, took, taken for
granted considérer comme allant de soi / to take,
took, taken on s'attaquer à.
5. warning avertissement, mise en garde /
astounding extraordinaire / lack manque, absence /
case against plastic had been building for al-
most three decades. In the early 1990s, re-
searchers noticed that some 60-80% of the
waste in the ocean was non-biodegradable
plastic. Then came the revelation that plastic
was accumulating in the calm regions be-
tween ocean currents, forming what the
oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer called
“great garbage patches”.
6. In 2004, the scale of the problem became
even more apparent when the University of
Plymouth oceanographer Richard Thompson
coined the term “microplastic” to describe the
billions of minuscule bits of plastic that have
either resulted from the breakdown of larger
plastics or been deliberately made for use in >>>
to build, built, built a case against sth monter un
dossier contre qqch, réunir des éléments à l'encontre
de qqch / researcher chercheur / waste déchets /
great garbage patch gigantesque décharge
(flottante).
6. scale ampleur / to coin forger, inventer / billion
milliard / bit fragment, particule / breakdown
désintégration /

DISPOSABLE CONSUMER A history of the plastics industry

CULTURE
4. But getting rid of plastic would require more
than a packaging-free aisle at the supermarket
and soggy cardboard drinking straws at the
pub. Plastic is everywhere not because it was
always better than the natural materials it re-
placed, but because it was lighter and cheaper
– so much cheaper, in fact, that it was easier to
divide clivage / UK-wide dans tout le Royaume-Uni /
microbead microbille / ban interdiction / to hit, hit,
hit atteindre, totaliser / eventually finalement /
ever ici, jamais auparavant / to dump déposer,
décharger / pile ici, tas / unwanted non souhaité ici,
mis au rebut / to claim affirmer, prétendre / straw
paille.
3. scrambled ici, précipité / response réaction,
riposte / natural disaster catastrophe naturelle /
single-use à usage unique / scourge fléau / to
commit to s'engager dans / to phase out éliminer
progressivement / disposable jetable, à usage
unique / to add up to ici, donner, contribuer / on the
verge of au bord de, très proche de.
4. to get, got, got rid of se débarrasser de /
packaging-free sans emballage / aisle allée, rayon /
soggy imbibé d'eau / cardboard (en) carton /
1907 I nvention of Bakelite, the first plastic made from synthetic components, in
the US, by the Belgian-American chemist Leo Baekeland, who also coins the
term ‘plastics.’
1933 I nvention of polyethylene, the most common plastic today, by Reginald
Gibson and Eric Fawcett.
1939 
World War II makes plastic indispensable. US plastic production more than triples
between 1939 and 1945, from 97,000 tonnes to 371,000 tonnes.
1941 I nvention of Styrofoam by Ray McIntire. This polystyrene foam is perfectly suited for
insulating homes and offices.
1950s Introduction of thin plastic wrapping to protect consumer goods and dry cleaning.
1965 
The Society of the Plastics Industry trade body report that plastics has entered their 13th
straight year of record growth.
1970 
Coke and Pepsi begin replacing their glass bottles with plastic versions
manufactured by Monsanto Chemical and Standard Oil.
1971 
New York City institutes a tax on plastic bottles.
1977 
The state of Hawaii bans plastic bottles entirely. The ban is struck down
two years later after a lawsuit from a drinks company.
1988 
The Society of the Plastics Industry trade association founds the Council for
Solid Waste Solutions to promote plastic recycling in cities.
component composant / to coin inventer / Styrofoam polystyrène extrudé (marque générique) / Co = company
/ foam mousse / to suit convenir / to insulate isoler (du chaud, froid) / wrapping emballage / trade body ici,
association professionnelle / straight ici, consécutif / growth croissance / to manufacture fabriquer / to ban
interdire / to strike, struck, struck down invalider, annuler / lawsuit procès (intenté par) / to found fonder, créer.

VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 •7

 À la une I Environnement I ROYAUME-UNI I  B2-C1
NIVEAU BASIQUE DU SUPPLÉMENT SONORE
Notre animatrice Shelly De Vito revient sur l’histoire de l’industrie du
plastique et sur les avertissements donnés par les scientifiques au fil
des ans concernant la pollution plastique.
CD audio ou téléchargement MP3 (sur abonnement)

A black-footed albatross with plastic debris in its guts, found in the Plastic beads found on Wright Park Beach in Dunkirk, N.Y., December 2013.
Midway Atoll. (Dan Clark/USFWS/AP/SIPA) (Brendan Bannon/The New York Times)

>>> commercial products. Researchers all over the face scrubs, to supposedly eco-friendly weeks, you learn that Tottenham Hotspur are
world began cataloguing how these microplas-
tics were finding their way into the organs of
organisms, from tiny krill to enormous fish
such as tuna. In 2015, a group led by the Uni-
versity of Georgia environmental engineer
Jenna Jambeck estimated that somewhere
between 4.8m and 12.7m tonnes of plastic was
entering the ocean each year, a number they
expected to double by 2025. The plastic problem
was mind-bogglingly big, only getting bigger,
and it was tough to get people to care.
THE SHIFT
7.What exactly caused this change is a
question of great debate. The most plausi-
ble answer is that the whole way we think
about plastic has been transformed. We
used to see it as litter – a nuisance but not
a menace. The shift in thinking started
with the public outcry over microbeads,
the small, abrasive grains of plastic that
companies began pouring into cosmetic
and cleaning products in the mid-1990s to
add grit. Scientists began raising the alarm
about potential dangers posed to sea life in
2010, and people were shocked to learn that
microbeads were in thousands of products,
from Johnson & Johnson’s spot-clearing
to catalogue recenser / krill krill (plancton des mers
froides, constitué de petits crustacés) / tuna thon /
mind-bogglingly extraordinairement,
prodigieusement / tough difficile / to care accorder
de l’importance, se soucier.
7. shift changement, virage / litter déchets,
détritus / nuisance gêne, source de tracas / outcry
tollé, indignation générale / to pour (dé)verser / grit
abrasivité / to raise the alarm tirer la sonnette
d'alarme / spot-clearing ici, purifiant (spot
bouton) /
brands like the Body Shop.
8. In 2015, when the US Congress considered a
limited ban on cosmetics containing microbe-
ads, it passed with broad bipartisan support.
Microbeads were only the beginning. The
public would soon learn that synthetic fabrics
such as nylon and polyester shed thousands of
microscopic fibres with each wash cycle.
A TANGIBLE THREAT
9. The public turn against plastic was not fore-
seen by scientists or environmental activists. In
fact, today some scientists seem vaguely embar-
rassed by the scale of the backlash. “I scratch my
head about it every day,” says the Imperial Col-
lege oceanographer Erik van Sebille. “How is
plastic public enemy No 1? That should be climate
change.” But unlike climate change, which
seems vague, vast, and apocalyptic, plastic is
smaller, more tangible, it is in your life right now.
10. We have entered a phase where every
brand, organisation and politician strains to
be seen to be doing something. Monitoring
this firehose of press releases for even a few
scrub exfoliant / supposedly soi-disant / eco-
friendly écologique, respectueux de l'environnement
/ brand marque, enseigne.
8. to consider envisager de, réfléchir à / to pass ici,
être adopté, voté / bipartisan bipartite (Républicains
et Démocrates) / fabric tissu, matière / to shed,
shed, shed ici, libérer / wash cycle cycle de lavage.
9. turn virage / to foresee, saw, seen prévoir / to
scratch one's head se gratter la tête ici, s'interroger
(à ce sujet) / right now en ce moment.
10. to strain s’efforcer / to monitor observer, suivre
l'évolution de / firehose lance d'incendie ici,
déferlement / press release communiqué de presse /
planning to phase out all single-use plastic from
their new stadium, Seattle has banned plastic
straws within city limits, while its most famous
coffee chain, Starbucks, has promised to remove
an estimated 1bn straws a year across its 28,000
global locations, and Lego, which doesn’t make
any non-plastic products, is looking into plant-
based plastics for its production lines. The
public backlash has undoubtedly brought a
serious environmental problem to the attention
of the highest level of government and business,
and convinced them it is a winning issue. l
Tottenham Hotspur = Tottenham Hotspur
Football Club club anglais de football basé à Londres /
bn = billion / location ici, établissement / to look
into étudier de plus près / production line chaîne de
production / undoubtedly certainement / winning
issue ici, enjeu incontournable.
SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
Deux sens pour le mot
"hardly" :
(1) hardly = à peine, presque pas
Exemples :
We hardly noticed it (§ 1) on l'a à
peine remarqué
I hardly did any work today je n'ai
pas beaucoup travaillé aujourd'hui
(2) hardly = durement
to treat someone hardly être sévère
avec quelqu'un
Mais attention !
 I worked hard before my exams
(et non pas "hardly") j'ai beaucoup
travaillé avant mes examens

8 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  difficile C1-C2
À la une I Environnement I ÉTATS-UNIS I  C2
SUPPLÉMENT VIDÉO
Qu’est ce que la « fast fashion » et comment
quantifier le gaspillage qu’elle engendre ? Découvrez
le reportage vidéo et testez votre compréhension sur
www.vocable.fr/videos-anglais

A 26 foot-tall installation
comprised of used clothing
in the Oculus of Westfield
World Trade Center,
February 2018. (SIPA)

THE BALTIMORE SUN LORRAINE MIRABELLA

FAST FASHION FUELING PUSH

FOR SUSTAINABLE APPAREL
De la fast fashion à la mode durable (to fuel push for encourager la demande de)
La « fast-fashion », ou « mode rapide », apparue dans les années 1990, a révolutionné nos habitudes de consommation. La
production effrénée de nouveaux modèles que l’on peut acheter à petit prix puis oublier au fond de nos placards a pourtant un coût :
son impact écologique sur la planète, de plus en plus visible et décrié. La fast-fashion commencerait-elle à passer de mode ?

B rowsing clothing racks at Savers in

Parkville, Md., Mariah Lamm stum-
bled upon some good deals: a Tahari suit for
work and a skirt, vest and accent scarf for
going out, all for about $30. The 22-year-old
Towson woman makes frequent trips to the
thrift superstore — and not just for the steep
discounts. Buying used clothing, she says,
lets her do her part to curb fashion’s growing
impact on the environment.

2. While others her age look for the latest

1. to browse passer en revue / clothing rack portant,
présentoir à vêtements / Md. = Maryland / to
stumble upon tomber sur / good deal bonne affaire /
Tahari = Elie Tahari, créateur de mode / suit
costume, tailleur / vest (US) gilet / accent ici,
décorative, fantaisie / scarf écharpe, étole /
trip visite, passage / thrift superstore ici, grand
magasin de vêtements d'occasion / steep
considérable, très important / discount réduction,
rabais /
styles from H&M or websites ASOS or Miss-
guided, Lamm is part of a growing move- >>>
to do one's part contribuer, faire sa part / to curb
limiter, réduire.

VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 •9

 À la une I Environnement I
Global clothing sales came to $1.8trn in 2015,
up from $1trn in 2002.
>>> ment to embrace sustainable fashion — keep-
ing apparel in use as long as possible, and
then recycling it. She shops almost exclu-
sively at secondhand stores. Traditional
brands such as Under Armour, Gap, H&M,
and Levi Strauss & Co. have begun to join in,
too, taking steps to boost sustainability.
3. “It takes so many natural resources to cre-
ate the clothes, and they end up in landfills,”
said Lamm, who graduated this year from
Goucher College with a major in environ-
mental sciences. “And we are producing
much more clothing than we need. When
you’re buying secondhand clothing, it’s a
closed-loop system.”
THE RISE OF FAST FASHION
4. The push toward a circular economy has
been fueled in no small part by the rise of
“fast fashion,” a term borrowed from the
fast-food industry, in which brands and on-
line sellers respond to trends and make chic
2. to embrace adopter (avec enthousiasme) /
sustainable durable, écologique / apparel vêtements
/ secondhand d’occasion / to join in participer,
adhérer (ici, à cette tendance) / to take, took, taken
steps prendre des mesures / to boost développer,
promouvoir.
3. landfill décharge / to graduate obtenir son diplôme
(de fin d’études) / major matière principale, spécialité /
closed-loop (en) circuit fermé (loop boucle).
4. push mouvement, pression / to fuel alimenter,
favoriser / in no small part en grande partie / online
seller site de commerce en ligne / trend tendance,
mode /
SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
Notez dans cet article
la variété de
vocabulaire pour parler
des vêtements :
apparel, clothing, clothes, garments
vêtements
wardrobe garde-robe
an outfit un ensemble
gear (ex. outdoor gear) vêtements
de sport
wear (ex. swimwear) maillot de bain
10 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019
ÉTATS-UNIS I  C2
A clothes recycling bin in London, September 2018. Love Not Landfill is a behaviour change campaign that
seeks to encourage 16-24 year old Londoners to recycle unwanted clothes. (Lucy Young/REX/Shutterstock/SIPA)
and affordable items more quickly and more
cheaply than ever before. Consumers are
being hooked into expanding and quickly
refreshing wardrobes, treating low-priced
items as disposable. At one extreme, ASOS,
a global fashion hub for 20-somethings, can
add up to 4,500 items daily to its website, said
Deborah Weinswig, CEO of retail think tank
Coresight Research.
5. The take-make-dispose model has not only
environmental but also economic and social
costs, new research shows. About 80 billion
pieces of new clothing are purchased glob-
ally each year, and 26 billion pounds are sent
to landfills, Savers said in its “State of Reuse
Report” for 2018. The 300-store, “purpose-
driven” thrift chain, based in Bellevue, Wash.,
noted that it takes 700 gallons of water to
produce a single T-shirt, and 1,800 gallons to
affordable peu coûteux, abordable / item article ici,
vêtement / to be hooked into être accro à / to
refresh ici, se renouveler / wardrobe garde-robe /
low-priced à bas prix / disposable jetable / hub
plateforme ici, grand site de commerce en ligne /
20-something vingtenaire / CEO = Chief Executive
Officer, PDG / retail commerce de détail, distribution /
think tank groupe de réflexion.
5. piece of clothing vêtement / globally dans le
monde / purpose-driven qui a un but ici, éthique /
chain ici, chaîne de magasins / Wash. = État de
Washington / gallon 3,785 litres (US), 4,55 litres (GB) /
produce a pair of jeans. Researchers for the
Ellen MacArthur Foundation and McKinsey
& Co. found more than $500 billion of value
lost every year because customers throw
away clothes they still could wear.
SPEEDING UP THE CYCLE
6. Elizabeth L. Cline didn’t realize she’d de-
veloped “fast-fashion” habits until the day
she looked in her closet and realized it was
out of control. “All of a sudden, I had a closet
full of hundreds of items of clothes, and they
were cheaply made. I didn’t know anything
about how or where they’d been made,” Cline
said. She decided to find out. Curiosity led to
a book, Overdressed: The Shockingly High
Cost of Cheap Fashion. She describes the new
“fast” model as a departure from the long-
established tradition of designers offering
clothes once every season, and explains how
the cycle was sped up: Clothing manufactur-
ers moved into low-wage countries in the
1990s, allowing them to make and sell cloth-
ing at lower costs, while social media exposed
consumers to trends and styles more quick-
ly, adding pressure to appear in new outfits.
researcher chercheur.
6. closet penderie / all of a sudden tout à coup /
departure rupture / to speed, sped, sped up s'accélérer
/ manufacturer fabricant / low-wage country pays à
faible coût de main-d'œuvre / outfit tenue.
 facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  difficile C1-C2
 Retrouvez plus d’infos dans la newsletter Vocable www.vocable.fr/newsletter

Making 1kg of fabric generates 23kg of

greenhouse gases on average.

made by Unifi from recycled plastic bottles.

The fiber, which the North Carolina-based
textile firm spins into yarn for fabric, has
made its way into about 2.5 million shirts
over about three years — the equivalent of 10
million plastic bottles.

LOWERING THE ENVIRONMEN-

TAL IMPACT
11. It’s part of an overall approach of lowering
the environmental impact of product design.
Patagonia, which touts its lifetime-guaran-
teed outdoor clothing as sustainable, encour-
ages customers to trade in used Patagonia
gear, which the brand resells, in exchange
for credit toward new or used garments. It
also offers garment repair services, both in
stores and at a large center in Nevada. “We’d
prefer people buy used clothing than new
World Recycle Week at H&M, London, April 2016. (Matthew Chattle/REX/Shutterstock/SIPA) clothing simply because of the environmen-
tal impact,” said Corey Simpson, Patagonia’s
7. Analysts say the shift has contributed to swimwear collection made from recycled communication manager for product.
the decline of traditional retail. Even fast- polyesters, produced garments out of recy-
fashion pioneers such as H&M and Zara have cled shoreline waste and gathered nearly 12. Savers launched a campaign about the im-
stumbled in competition with 18,000 tons of textiles, the pact of textile waste three years ago. Now the
digital brands such as ASOS, equivalent of 89 million T- chain publishes an annual impact report “to
Boohoo.com and Missguided, All that shirts, through a garment- open consumers’ eyes to the potential of reuse,”
which operate no physical collecting initiative. said Tony Shumpert, the chain’s vice president
stores and can take products
production of recycling and reuse. The retailer accepts
from design to sale in as little and disposal is 9. Levi Strauss urges shoppers donations at its stores and through neighbor-
as a week. straining to bring their old clothes and hood truck collections. At the Parkville store,
natural shoes to any Levi’s store in the workers sort clothing, putting the best items
SUPPLY CHAIN resources as U.S. for repurposing or recy- on the sales floor and sending the rest to recy-
SUSTAINABILITY cling through a partnership cling plants or markets in other countries.
8. All that production and dis- never before. with I:Collect. I:Collect reuses Items turn over fast, many within 24 hours,
posal is straining natural re- items or recycles them into said Barbara Smith, a cashier. “Most of the
sources as never before, Core- yarn for denim or insulation. customers that come in here, they say they don’t
sight’s Weinswig said, and for many, supply Levi Strauss also pioneered a technique that even go to malls anymore,” Smith said. l
chain sustainability has become a strategic reduces the amount of water used in the
priority. H&M has laid out steps toward a finishing process, expanding the technique
2030 goal of using only recycled or other to 70 percent of its collections. 10. to spin, spun, spun filer / to make, made, made
one's way into ici, entrer dans la composition de.
sustainably sourced materials. Those inputs
now account for 35 percent of the retailer’s 10. Baltimore-based Under Armour makes 11. to lower réduire / overall global / to tout
présenter fièrement, vanter / lifetime-guaranteed
total material use. The retailer created a some shirts using Repreve, a brand of fiber garanti à vie / outdoor clothing vêtements (pour
activités) d'extérieur, de plein air / to trade in échanger
/ gear équipement, vêtements.
7. shift évolution / to stumble achopper, buter ici, swimwear (de) maillots de bain / garment vêtement 12. Savers chaîne de magasins de seconde main
rencontrer des difficultés / digital brand ici, site de / shoreline waste déchets échoués sur les côtes / to implantée aux É.-U., au Canada et en Australie /
commerce en ligne / to operate exploiter. gather collecter. donation don / neighborhood (US) =
8. supply chain chaîne d'approvisionnement / 9. to urge encourager (vivement) / shopper neighbourhood (GB) (de) quartier, local / truck (US)
disposal mise au rebut / to strain ici, mettre à dure consommateur, acheteur / to repurpose transformer, = lorry (GB) camion(nette) / collection collecte (ici, de
épreuve / to lay, laid, laid out présenter / goal réutiliser / partnership partenariat / yarn fil / denim vêtements) / to sort trier / sales floor espace de vente
objectif / sustainably sourced issu de sources gérées (tissu de coton sergé dont on fait les) jeans / (on the sales floor en magasin) / recycling plant
de façon durable / input ici, matière première / to insulation ici, isolant / to pioneer lancer, inventer / usine, centre de recyclage / to turn over "tourner" /
account for représenter / finishing process traitement, processus de finition. cashier caissier(e) / mall centre commercial.

VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 • 11

 Retrouvez plus d’infos sur www.vocable.fr
e
Brèves d
société

le chiffre de la quinzaine

(Pixabay)
Hawaii could raise the legal smoking age
to 100, if a new bill, proposed by
Democratic state representative Richard
Creagan, is adopted. Currently Hawaiians
must be 21 in order to buy cigarettes.
Under the proposal, the age would rise to
30 in 2020, 40 in 2021, 50 in 2022, 60 in

(SIPA)
2023, and then jump to 100 in 2024.
Creagan was an emergency room
physician before he was elected as state

New emoji representative in 2014.

to raise augmenter; ici, repousser / bill projet
de loi / currently actuellement / in order to
The Unicode Consortium, which sets the standards for emoji compatibility, afin de / to rise, rose, risen augmenter; ici,
allowing the symbols to translate across the Internet, has just unveiled 230 passer à / emergency room urgences; ici,
urgentiste / physician médecin.
new texting symbols for 2019. Among the new emoji, which will be available
from April onwards, the one featuring a drop of blood stole the show. It
comes after a campaign led by Plan International UK, where more than

(Ryan Enn Hughes/The New York Times)

55,000 people called for a woman’s period emoji to be added to the global
emoji keyboard. The charity hopes that the emoji will help to break down
the stigma surrounding periods. The update also adds more than a dozen
symbols that represent people with disabilities.
to set, set, set fixer, établir / standard norme / to allow permettre / to translate traduire; ici, être reconnu
de manière universelle / to unveil dévoiler, présenter / available disponible / from... onwards à partir de... /
to feature inclure; ici, featuring avec / drop goutte / to steal, stole, stolen the show voler la vedette,
avoir le plus de succès / to lead, led, led mener / period règles, menstruations / global mondial / keyboard
clavier / charity ici, organisation non gouvernementale (internationale) / to surround entourer / update
nouvelle version / disability handicap.
‘City of sanctuary’
The Los Angeles City Council has voted to
Mindfulness courses declare L.A. a “city of sanctuary, protecting the
human rights of all [its] residents.” The
The British government resolution was first proposed by elected officials
has announced that in September 2017 to stand against the Trump
children will start to administration’s policies toward immigrants who
practise mindfulness in up lack legal status. It doesn’t provide any new
to 370 English schools, as legal protections for immigrants but instead
part of a program to reaffirms existing policies, including Special
improve young people’s Order 40, which forbids Los Angeles police
mental health. Mental officers to initiate contact with someone to
health experts will teach determine whether that person is in the country
students to “regulate their legally.
emotions” thanks to
relaxation techniques, city council conseil municipal / official (haut)
(Istock)

breathing exercises and fonctionnaire / to stand, stood, stood against

other methods. s’opposer à / policy politique, mesure / to lack legal
status être en situation irrégulière (to lack manquer, ne
mindfulness pleine conscience (conscience vigilante de ses propres pensées, actions et motivations) / pas avoir) / to provide offrir, donner / order
course cours / to improve améliorer / health santé. ordonnance, arrêté.

12 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019

 Salon Mondial
du
tourisme v e r t e
A la
décroouchaine
Paris p n
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n a t i
desti
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14 > 17 MARS 2019
PORTE DE VERSAILLES

Conception : Fidback

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Ou présentez-vous aux bornes d’accueil du salon munis de ce coupon pour obtenir votre entrée.
* Ceci n’est pas un titre d’accès. Vos invitations sont à télécharger sur invitationtourisme.com ou à retirer aux bornes d’accueil
du salon Mondial du tourisme 2019. COMEXPOSIUM, 70 avenue du Général de Gaulle - 92058 Paris La Défense cedex -
France - S.A.S. au capital de 60 000 000 € - 316 780 519 RCS NANTERRE - N°TVA FR 74 316 780 519.

salons-du-tourisme.com
#salonstourisme
#Paris
VOCABLE Du 10 au 24 décembre 2015 • 13
Société I Réseaux sociaux I ETATS-UNIS I  B2-C1
NIVEAU AVANCÉ DU SUPPLÉMENT SONORE SUPPLÉMENT VIDÉO
Notre animatrice Shelly De Vito s’entretient avec Rudi James Les présentateurs de CNBC reviennent sur le
Jephcott, un “streamer” de 21 ans. Pas d’inquiétude si, comme lancement de Facebook il y a quinze ans, et
Shelly, vous ne savez pas ce qu’est un streamer, un VPN ou une s’interrogent sur les futures stratégies de
adresse IP, Rudi James Jephcott nous explique tout ! croissance de l’entreprise.
CD audio ou téléchargement MP3 (sur abonnement) www.vocable.fr/videos-anglais

THE GUARDIAN JOHN HARRIS

DEATH OF THE PRIVATE SELF

Disparition de la vie privée
Le mois dernier, Facebook a fêté ses quinze ans. Si le réseau social en ligne créé en 2004 par Mark Zuckerberg s’est récemment
retrouvé sous les feux de la critique, il peut toujours se vanter de compter plus de 2,2 milliards d’utilisateurs dans le monde entier.
Premier réseau social à être devenu un phénomène de société, Facebook a radicalement changé notre manière d’appréhender le
monde et nos rapports avec les autres...

T hefacebook is an online directory that

connects people through social net-
works at colleges. We have opened up Thefacebook
for popular consumption at Harvard University.
provement on the so-called face books that US
universities traditionally used to collect photos
and basic information about their students. From
the vantage point of 2019, Thefacebook – as it
was campus dating and a feature whereby users
could send each other “pokes.”

You can use Thefacebook to: search for people at
your school; find out who are [sic] in your classes;
look up your friends’ friends; see a visualization
of your social network.”
2. On 4 February 2004, this rather clunky an-
nouncement launched an invention conceived
in the dorm room of a Harvard student called
Mark Zuckerberg, and intended to be an im-
was then known – looks familiar, but also
strange. Everything on offer was centred on the
lives of students: first at Harvard, then at Colum-
bia, Stanford and Yale. On the face of it, the focus
improvement amélioration; ici, avancée / so-called
baptisé / vantage point perspective (avantageuse); ici,
recul / then à cette époque, alors / to look paraître / on offer
proposé / on the face of it en apparence, à première vue /
focus intérêt, fonction principale /
SOCIAL COMPETITIVENESS
3. Very quickly, though, something else happened.
By the autumn of 2005, 85% of US college students
were using the site with 60% of students visiting
dating rencontres (amoureuses) / feature ici,
fonction(nalité) / whereby ici, grâce à laquelle / poke
fonctionnalité permettant d'attirer l'attention d'un autre
utilisateur (to poke pousser du doigt).
3. though cependant / to happen se produire / by ici, à /

1. directory annuaire / network réseau / college université /

consumption consommation; ici, utilisation / to look up (re)
chercher.
2. rather plutôt / clunky lourd (fig.), maladroit / to launch
lancer / dorm room (= dormitory) dortoir / to intend to
avoir pour vocation de /

SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE

"a feature whereby

users could send each
other pokes" (§ 2)
whereby par lequel
Notez comment on peut transformer
le sens de "where" en ajoutant des
suffixes :
whereafter après quoi
whereas tandis que, bien que
wherefore et donc, et pour cette
raison
whereon sur quoi, sur lequel
(Istock)

wherewith avec quoi, avec lequel

14 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  difficile C1-C2

it daily. As they immersed themselves, Theface-
book tapped into the fierce social competitiveness
that the US education system seems to be built
on. As David Kirkpatrick’s definitive history The
Facebook Effect explains, users of the new site
began to fixate on perfecting the details of their
profile, not just to date, but to make themselves
more attractive as potential friends.
4. In fact, says Kirkpatrick, being a successful
Facebooker soon became such a necessity that it
began to affect choices people made in the real
world: “Since everyone’s classes were listed, some
students even began selecting what they studied
in order to project a certain image of themselves.
And many definitely selected classes based on
who Thefacebook indicated would be joining them
there.” At the end of 2004, Thefacebook reached a
million users; in September 2006, having renamed
itself Facebook, it moved beyond campuses and
high schools, and opened itself up to anyone over
13 with an email address. But a core tenet of its
Harvard beginnings remained: the imperative for
as ici, au fur et à mesure que / to tap into exploiter / fierce
féroce, acharné, dur / to seem sembler / definitive complet /
to make, made, made oneself se rendre.
4. such a... un(e) tel(le) / since ici, étant donné que / even
même / in order to afin/dans le but de / definitely sans
aucun doute / to join rejoindre, s'associer à; ici, s'inscrire
(comme) / to reach atteindre / to move beyond sortir du
cadre de / high school lycée / to open itself up to accepter /
core de base, fondamental / tenet principe / to remain
rester, demeurer.
Téléchargez l’appli Vocable offerte à nos abonnés ! www.vocable.fr/applimobile
users to present the world with the most flatter-
ing impression of themselves.
LIES
5. Fifteen years after Facebook’s birth, it has 2.2
billion users, Zuckerberg sits on a fortune of about
$55bn (£42bn), and in January the company
posted a record profit of $6.88bn for the
final three months of 2018. And we
know one other thing for sure:
tangled up in its success is the fact
that people lie about themselves
on Facebook, as they do on other
social media platforms. In 2016,
when the market research firm
Custard surveyed 2,000 people in the
UK, it found that only 18% of them said their
Facebook profile accurately represented them,
31% said the face they presented on Facebook
boiled down to “pretty much my life but without
the boring bits”, and 14% said Facebook made them
look “much more” socially active than they were.
6. It is, perhaps, in the nature of our relationships
with other human beings that we work desper-
ately hard on our outward presentation, and
sometimes fall into a kind of performance that
leads inexorably towards fibs. However, the Fa-
cebook age marks a break from traditional human
behaviour in key aspect. In the past, we could
regularly take a break from acting, and revert to
some sense of our private, authentic selves. Now,
as we constantly prod at our smartphones and
feel the pull of their addictive apps, when does
the performing ever stop?
TEENAGERS
7. This demise of the barrier between our public
and private selves is particularly relevant to
people going through that stage of life when the
very idea of “self” is still in flux: the often dif-
5. lie mensonge / billion milliard / to sit, sat, sat on ici, être
à la tête de / about environ / to post ici, enregistrer / profit
bénéfice (commercial) / tangled up enchevêtré; ici, mêlé/lié /
to survey enquêter sur, interroger / to find, found, found ici,
révéler / accurately avec exactitude; ici, sans mensonge / to
boil down to se résumer à; ici, représenter / pretty much en
gros / boring ennuyeux, sans intérêt / bit ici, aspect.
6. hard dur, beaucoup / outward extérieur; ici, outward
presentation apparence / kind sorte / performance rôle,
figuration / fib mensonge / age ère / break césure, rupture /
behaviour comportement / to take, took, taken a break
from cesser de, interrompre (afin de se reposer/relâcher) / to
revert to revenir à / sense sensation; ici, degré, mesure / to
prod at donner un petit coup avec le doigt; ici, faire usage de /
pull force d’attraction, attrait.
7. teenager adolescent / demise disparition / relevant ici,
important / to go, went, gone through traverser / stage ici,
étape, stade / very ici, même / to be in (a state of) flux
changer sans cesse; ici, être en construction /
ficult period from the stirrings of adolescence
to the mid-20s. At that point, sensitivity to your
peer group is at its height and an obsession with
what some people call “social comparison” tends
to run deep.
8. According to a new report published by the
media regulator Ofcom, 70% of
those aged 12 to 15 have at least
one social media profile.
Among those aged eight to 11,
the figure is 18%. Ofcom says
that children’s most visible ac-
counts tend to “be more highly
A)
curated, showing a ‘picture-per-
IP
(S
fect’ self”. A substantial body of opinion links
depression and anxiety to social media use.
According to the Millennium Cohort Study led
by the Institute of Education, London (which
follows the life experiences of 19,000 people born
at the start of the 21st century), almost 40% of girls
who spend more than five hours a day on social
media show symptoms of depression.
9. There is also a sense in which Facebook has led
the way in breaking down some of the behav-
ioural distinctions between children, youths and
adults, to the point that all social media users are
acting like teenagers, and experiencing the same
downsides of excessive use, whichever platform
they favour. And in that context, the 15th anni-
versary of Mark Zuckerberg’s invention might
be a good time to take a step back, and consider
whether we are suffering from a huge outbreak
of collective arrested development, with all the
pain and dysfunction that entails. l
stirrings premiers signes, (tout) début / the mid-20s l'âge de
25 ans environ / point ici, période / sensitivity sensibilité,
susceptibilité / peer group pairs, jeunes de la même tranche
d'âge / height apogée, comble / to tend to avoir tendance à /
to run, ran, run deep être exacerbé (idée d'être pris très à
cœur).
8. according to d'après / report rapport, étude / at least au
moins / among parmi, chez / figure chiffre, pourcentage /
account compte / more highly davantage / curated ici, mis
en scène, travaillé / picture-perfect parfait, idéal / a
substantial body of opinion beaucoup de personnes / to
link établir un lien (entre) / century siècle / almost près de /
to spend, spent, spent passer (temps).
9. to lead, led, led the way ouvrir la voie / to break, broke,
broken down ici, faire disparaître / youth jeune, adolescent /
to act agir, se comporter / to experience faire l’expérience de,
connaître / downside revers / whichever peu importe,
quel(le) que soit / time moment, occasion / to take, took,
taken a step back prendre du recul / to consider réfléchir à /
whether si (oui ou non) / huge gigantesque / outbreak
épidémie, explosion, flambée / arrested development
évolution interrompue/freinée/retardée, immaturité / pain
douleur, souffrance / to entail impliquer; ici, engendrer.
VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 • 15
Société I Odonymie I EUROPE I  B2-C1
THE ECONOMIST
MAIDEN LANES
Où sont les rues aux noms de femmes ? (le titre en VO est un jeu de mots entre maiden name
nom de jeune fille et lane rue)
Si Charles de Gaulle, Louis Pasteur et Victor Hugo sont les stars des rues françaises, rares sont les voies auxquelles on a attribué
des noms de femmes au cours des siècles, que ce soit en France ou dans le reste de l’Europe. Des activistes qui ne manquent pas
d’imagination cherchent aujourd’hui à réparer cette inégalité historique.
Activists install a sign celebrating
Suze Groeneweg, a Dutch politician,
in Amsterdam. (DeBovengrondse/Twitter)
S ome cities are symbolised by their
monuments, such as the Eiffel Tower,
the Colosseum and the Brandenburg Gate.
But streets can do the job, too. Many are
named after national heroes—nearly all of
them male. Dozens of streets in Hungary are
named after Petofi Sandor, the national poet.
A visitor to any Italian city is likely to tread
on Via Dante, Mazzini, Garibaldi or Verdi.
Women remain conspicuously absent, apart
from a certain Middle Easterner famed for
her virginity. Even so, tens
of lesser-known gents come
ahead of Jesus’s mother. In
Paris, 31% of streets are
Vigilante sign-
named after men, just 2.6% stickers from
after women. Paris to Tbilisi
IN BRUSSELS are taking
2. The invisibility of women matters into
in Europe’s street names is
mainly a historical hango-
their own
ver. This summer, residents hands.
of Brussels had the chance
to name 28 new streets.
None are named after individual men—the
new Place des Grands Hommes instead gives
them collective recognition. Two streets will
be named after women: a doctor, Isala van
Diest, and a film director, Chantal Akerman.
But the achievements of these ladies appears
on a par with local fondness for delicacies
1. gate porte / to be named after porter le nom de,
être baptisé en l'honneur de / to be likely to avoir des
chances de / to tread, trod, trod or trodden marcher,
arpenter / to remain rester / conspicuously
ostensiblement / Middle Easterner (ici, femme) du
Moyen-Orient / famed célèbre / gent homme.
2. mainly principalement, surtout / hangover ici,
reliquat / recognition reconnaissance, hommage /
director ici, réalisateur(-trice) / achievement
réalisation, œuvre, réussite / on a par with (être) au
même niveau que / fondness attachement / delicacy
spécialité gastronomique /
16 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019
like kriek (cherry beer) and speculoos (gin-
gerbread biscuits), which will also give their
name to new streets. The ingenious naming
of Ceci n’est pas une rue (“This is not a street”)
will pay homage to the Belgian surrealist
artist René Magritte—a deserving choice, but
some may rue the missed opportunity to
highlight other worthy women.
EUROPEAN PUSH
3. Meanwhile, vigilante sign-stickers from
Paris to Tbilisi are taking
matters into their own
hands. A Parisian group has
unofficially renamed the
Pont au Change after the
entertainer and resistance
fighter Josephine Baker;
and the Boulevard du Palais
after the 18th-century phi-
losopher Emilie du Châtelet.
Beyoncé Boulevard ap-
peared in place of Rokin
Boulevard in Amsterdam in
August. Some local govern-
ments have joined the cause. La-Ville-aux-
Dames, a town in France, has aptly named
most of its roads after women. Brussels and
a town in Burgundy have officially paid re-
spect to Jo Cox, a British MP who was mur-
dered in 2016 by a pro-Brexit conspiracy
theorist. More such recognition would sure-
ly improve cities’ street cred. l
gingerbread pain d'épice / deserving louable / to
rue regretter / to highlight mettre en avant / worthy
méritant.
3. sign-sticker ici, personne qui place des autocollants
sur les plaques de rues pour en modifier les noms / to
take, took, taken matters into one's own hands
prendre les choses en mains / entertainer artiste /
aptly judicieusement / to pay, paid, paid respect
rendre hommage / MP = Member of Parliament,
membre du parlement, député / to improve
améliorer / street cred image de marque, réputation.
 facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  difficile C1-C2
 www.vocable.fr

PRATIC’ABLE
Vocabulaire, expressions et astuces pour parler comme un Anglais…

AUGUSTIN HABRAN

Les assurances
Que vous ayez décidé de traverser les grandes plaines des
États-Unis en voiture ou de vous installer pour une durée
plus longue dans le pays, un conseil : soyez prévoyant !

Vocabulaire clé
accident accident insurance rate taux d’assurance

agreement accord
assess évaluer, estimer
beneficiary bénéficiaire
broker courtier
cancellation insurance
assurance annulation
cancellation résiliation
car insurance assurance auto
claim réclamation, réclamer
comprehensive insurance
assurance tous risques
contents insurance assurance
du mobilier
contract contrat
cover couverture
damage dégat, dommage
death mort
disablement invalidité
excess, deductible franchise
expenditures dépenses, frais
fee, cost tarif, coût
fraud fraude
general conditions conditions
générales
health insurance assurance
maladie
home insurance assurance
habitation
injury blessure
insurance certificate attestation
d’assurance
insurer assureur
legal expenses insurance
protection juridique
liability responsabilité
life insurance assurance vie
litigation litige
loan emprunt
loss sinistre, perte
mutual society mutuelle
natural disaster catastrophe
naturelle
no claim discount bonus-malus
particulars conditions
particulières
policyholder assuré
policyholder’s number numéro
d’assuré
premium prime, cotisation
property biens immobiliers
protection protection
reimbursement remboursement
repatriation insurance
assurance rapatriement
report constat
third party tierce personne
travel insurance assurance
voyage
unemployment insurance
assurance chômage
waiting period période de
carence
(ISTOCK)
Retrouvez cette fiche de vocabulaire lue sur le CD
lecture et son commentaire sur la partie basique
du CD conversation.
CD audio ou téléchargement MP3
Bon à savoir
En dehors du Medicare, qui aide les personnes âgées et
handicapées, et du Medicaid, pour les familles avec enfants en
situation de forte précarité, il n’existe aucune couverture
sociale gratuite pour les Américains. La santé représente
pratiquement 20% des dépenses des foyers américains en
moyenne.
Les Américains doivent avoir recours à des assurances privées.
Les cotisations dépendent du niveau de couverture souhaité et
de votre état de santé général. Dans de nombreux cas, vos
conditions préexistantes (pre-existing conditions) telles que
des antécédents familiaux, imposeront une couverture limitée
ou un refus pur et simple des sociétés d’assurance. Le président
Trump dans son State of the Union du 5 février a affirmé
vouloir mettre un terme à l’injustice des conditions
préexistantes.
Sans assurance (la souscription n’est pas obligatoire), les
Américains doivent payer l’intégralité des soins. Certains se
retrouvent dans des situations dramatiques.
En tant que voyageur, souscrivez une assurance depuis
l’étranger car, en cas de pépin, l’addition sera salée…

Expressions à retenir Testez-vous

Home insurance is mandatory when you rent property. Une Trouvez l’intrus dans chacune des listes suivantes :
assurance habitation est obligatoire lorsqu’on loue un bien immobilier.
I’m calling because I’d like to insure a vehicle. Je vous appelle car je 1) a- crash b- make c- road d- burglary
souhaiterais assurer un véhicule. 2) a- disease b- hail c- storm d- landslide
Am I covered for this type of accident? Suis-je couvert pour ce type
3) a- fire b- flames c- flood d- arson
d’accident ?
There is a 14-day cooling-off period during which you can cancel your 4) a- loan b- deductible c- life expectancy d- questionnaire
insurance policy. Il y a une période de rétractation de 14 jours durant 5) a- injury b- liability c- third party d- lightning
laquelle vous pouvez annuler votre contrat d’assurance.
My insurance claim was denied. La réclamation que j’ai effectuée a été
rejetée. SOLUTIONS : 1-d ; 2-a ; 3-c ; 4-b ; 5-d.

VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 • 17

PRATIC’ABLE / Grammaire

JOAN GREENWOOD

Les comparaisons :
comparatif, superlatif
Piqûre de rappel
Comparatif : pour comparer 2 choses
 Adjectifs et adverbes composés d’une syllabe :
Adjectif + -er  This restaurant is cheaper than the one over the road.
Adverbe + -er  She runs faster than he does.
 Adjectifs et adverbes composés de plusieurs syllabes :
Adjectif précédé de “more” ou “less”
 This restaurant is more expensive/less expensive than the one
over the road.
Adverbe précédé de “more” ou “less”
 She runs more/less frequently than he does.
Superlatif : pour comparer plusieurs choses
 Adjectifs et adverbes d’une syllabe :
Adjectif + -est  These are my wildest dreams.
Adverbe + the + -est  She’s the one who runs the fastest.
 Adjectifs et adverbes de plusieurs syllabes :
Adjectif précédé de “the most”/”the least”
 They are the most ridiculous remarks I have ever heard.
 That’s the least feasible solution of all your proposals.
Adverbe précédé de “the most”/”the least”
 These are the most frequently asked questions.
 That is the least likely option.
1 Remplissez les blancs avec des adjectifs ou
adverbes à la forme comparative ou
superlative.
Plastic pollution is a ........................................................ problem than
climate change. (tangible)
Paper is ...................................... than plastic. (polluting)
They progressed ...................................... than the rest of the team.
(slow)
John is ........................................................ person I have ever worked
with. (reliable)
People are ........................................................ in his life than in his
artwork. (interested)
This is ...................................... than the one I bought last week. (large)
The town is ...................................... than it is during the winter
months. (crowded)
This seems to be ........................................................ viable solution.
(sustainable)
interested, larger, more crowded, the most sustainably
SOLUTIONS : more tangible, less polluting, more slowly, the most reliable, more

2 A
 ttention !
Si l’adjectif se termine en “y”, il faut transformer le
“y” en “i” :
She’s ................................ girl in the class. (pretty)
John seems much ................................ in his new school. Retrouvez Yves Cotten sur et-compagnie.blogspot.fr
(happy)
He’s ................................ person I have ever met. (lucky)
The exam was ................................ than I had expected.
(easy)
The years I spent in England are ................................ years of
my life. (happy)
Et certains adjectif et adverbes sont irréguliers :
That’s ................................ film I’ve ever seen. (bad)
She’s much ................................ than she was this time last
year. (good)
It’s ................................ than I thought. (far)

the worst, better, farther/further

SOLUTIONS : the prettiest, happier, the luckiest, easier, the happiest

18 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019

/ Prononciation & Orthographe Retrouvez plus d’infos sur www.vocable.fr

Soignez votre orthographe

Le saviez-vous ?
1  riez les mots pour les mettre dans la catégorie A ou B selon leur
T
terminaison. Richard Thompson
preced...... consist...... correspond...... curr...... (fruit) coined the term
propell...... (adjective) depend...... (noun) independ...... propell...... (noun) “microplastic” ...
pend...... (noun) protest...... curr...... (flow of air) descend......
extravag...... deterr...... depend...... (adjective) resid...... (article page 7 § 6)

to coin a term
A B inventer un nouveau mot ou
se termine en “ant” se termine en “ent” une expression
………………………. ………………………. a coin
………………………. ………………………. une pièce de monnaie
………………………. ………………………. to coin
………………………. ………………………. frapper une pièce de
………………………. ………………………. monnaie
………………………. ………………………. Ce qui donne les
………………………. ………………………. expressions :
………………………. ………………………. he’s coining it in
il fait des affaires en or
(adjective), resident
B- correspondent, independent, precedent, deterrent, current (flow of air), dependent (adjective), propellent
descendant, extravagant
to coin a phrase
SOLUTIONS : A- consistant, currant (fruit), dependant (noun) , propellant (noun) , pendant (noun), protestant,
si je peux m’exprimer ainsi

2 Tendez l'oreille.
Surlignez l’accent tonique.

investigation development government

chromatography insular polemic
communal community escapism
infrastructure
sur www.vocable.fr
Retrouvez beaucoup plus d'exercices de
grammaire, d'orthographe et de culture
escapism, infrastructure
SOLUTIONS : investigation, development, government, chromatography, insular, polemic, communal, community, générale sur notre site internet !

VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 • 19

PRATIC’ABLE / Vocabulaire www.vocable.fr

Jeux de mots
A retenir
1 Finding somewhere to live. 5 mots à mémoriser
Complétez la grille à l’aide des définitions. dans ce numéro
Tous les mots se trouvent dans l’article page 23 “ Rent controls are back in vogue”
1 tangled up emmêlé
2
hangover hérité du passé
3
4
jittery nerveux, agité
gingerbread pain d’épices
5 6
clipboard écritoire à pince
7 8

9
10
L'expression idiomatique
Practice makes perfect
(page 33 § 8) c’est en forgeant
qu’on devient forgeron
(1) The owner of a flat or house that agrees for someone else to live in it.
(2) The person who pays (1) to live in his flat or house. It’s picture-perfect
(3) If you are (2) you will have to sign a .................... agreement. (page 15 § 8) c’est parfait, sans
(4) If you don’t have enough money, the government may give you this. (2 words)
(5) Another word for a place to live. défaut
(6) What you pay to live in someone else’s flat or house. En parlant de perfection :
(7) What (1) will periodically do to (6).
(8) A verb meaning to take possession of a flat or a house. (2 words) She’s perfect for the job
(9) An adjective to describe housing that is not too expensive. c’est la personne idéale pour le
(10) What you will have to do if you can’t afford to go to another flat or house. (2 words)
poste
9.affordable 10. stay put
SOLUTIONS : 1.landlord 2.tenant 3.tenancy 4.housing benefit 5.dwelling 6.rent 7.raise 8.move in It makes perfect sense to me
cela me paraît tout à fait évident
2 E
 n associant un mot de chaque colonne, retrouvez les mots To have perfect pitch
composés tirés de l’article page 9 “Fast fashion fueling push avoir l’oreille absolue
for sustainable apparel”.
Mais “perfect” n’est pas
shore loop
toujours positif :
land rack
thrift fit a perfect pest un véritable fléau
second wear a perfect fool un imbécile fini
clothing fill
a perfect stranger personne ne
ward door
out hand
le connaît
swim robe
out store
closed line
sur www.vocable.fr
Retrouvez beaucoup plus d'exercices de
grammaire, d'orthographe et de culture
closed loop
SOLUTIONS : shoreline, landfill, thriftstore, second-hand, clothing rack, wardrobe, outfit, swimwear, outdoor, générale sur notre site internet !

Ne manquez pas dans le prochain numéro la nouvelle page PRATIC’ABLE : La grossesse

20 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019

 À 360°
Le tour du monde en V.O.
Retrouvez plus d’infos sur www.vocable.fr

(SIPA)
Big Mac fun
After McDonald’s lost its Big Mac trademark
in the EU in January following a legal battle
with an Irish restaurant chain, Burger King’s
Swedish operation decided to revamp its
menus. Several menus, such as “Like a Big
Mac, But Actually Big” feature in the ‘Not
Big Mac’s’ new category. “McDonald’s just
lost its trademark for the Big Mac for suing a

(SIPA)
much smaller player… it’s too much fun for
us to stay away,” said Iwo Zakowski, CEO of
Burger King’s Swedish operation, in a news
Recycled medals release.
trademark marque déposée / legal juridique /
The organising committee for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics has announced that all operation entreprise / to revamp revisiter,
medals will be made from recycled electronic waste, such as discarded smart- modifier / actually vraiment / to feature figurer /
to sue poursuivre en justice / CEO = Chief
phones and digital cameras. Municipal authorities had already collected 47,488 Executive Officer (président-) directeur général /
tons of junked devices in November, roughly 19 months after the project was news release communiqué de presse.
launched. The required amount of bronze – 2,700kg – has already been collected,
as well as more than 90% of the gold and 85% of the silver required to manufac-
ture all the medals. This concept was partly implemented at Rio 2016, but this is
the first time that citizens have been proactively involved with donation of elec-
tronics.
waste déchets / discarded jeté, abandonné, mis au rebut / to junk jeter, mettre au rebut / device appareil,
objet / roughly environ / required nécessaire / amount quantité / to manufacture fabriquer / to implement
mettre en œuvre, appliquer / to involve (s’)impliquer.

Intelligence complex
Last month, the
world’s largest
intelligence service
headquarters was
inaugurated by
German Chancellor
Angela Merkel. The
$1.23 billion complex,
which stands on 26
hectares in the centre
of Berlin, houses 4,000
of the German
Intelligence Agency’s
(Caro/Muhs/SIPA)
(SIPA)
Controversial
house
Austria’s government has been ordered by a
court to pay €1.5 million to the former
owner of the building where Hitler was
born. The government had long tried to
purchase the three-story property, located
in the medieval town of Braunau am Inn, to
prevent its dark history from being glorified
by a new owner. It used a compulsory
purchase order in 2016 to buy it from
Gerlinde Pommer, a descendant of the
original owners, for 310,000 euros. The
court ruled that this price was unfairly low

staff. Since its

founding in 1956, the
service had been
based in Pullach, a
Munich suburb.
intelligence renseignement / headquarters (inv.) quartier général / billion milliard / to stand, stood, stood
ici, s’étendre / staff employés / founding fondation, création / suburb banlieue.
for a historic property of its size.
to order ici, condamner / former ancien / owner
propriétaire / to purchase acheter / story (US) =
storey (GB) étage / to prevent empêcher /
compulsory purchase order arrêté
d’expropriation / to rule juger / unfairly
injustement.

22 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019

Enjeux I Politique I
London
THE ECONOMIST
RENT CONTROLS ARE
BACK IN VOGUE
Vers un retour de l'encadrement des loyers ?
En 2018, Londres était la huitième ville la plus chère du monde. L’une des raisons est liée à ses loyers exorbitants. Entre 2005 et
2016, les loyers privés y ont augmenté de 38% en moyenne. Mais le maire Sadiq Khan est bien décidé à s’attaquer au problème. Il
s’apprête notamment à proposer une série de mesures pour encadrer les loyers. Une telle politique est-elle applicable à la
capitale britannique ?
W ith an election to win in 2020
Sadiq Khan, London’s mayor, is
sniffing around for popular policies. He has
chosen to woo renters. On January 23rd he
announced that he would develop a “blueprint
for stabilising or controlling private rents in
the capital”. One in four Londoners rents pri-
vately. On average they send over 40% of their
monthly pre-tax income the landlord’s way, a
1. mayor maire / to sniff around fouiner; ici, chercher /
policy politique, mesure / to woo courtiser /
blueprint projet, plan / in ici, sur / average moyenne /
they send […] the landlord’s way ils consacrent […]
au loyer (landlord propriétaire) / pre-tax avant
impôts / income revenu(s) /
ROYAUME-UNI I  B2-C1
Sadiq Khan, the mayor of London, at City Hall in London. (Adam Ferguson/The New York Times)
far higher share than in the rest of the country.
Mr Khan’s policy is likely to prove popular:
more than two-thirds of Londoners are in fa-
vour of rent controls. But would it be effective?
2. The mayor is riding the crest of a rent-control
wave. Four years ago some German cities in-
troduced controls in areas where rents were
deemed too high. In 2017 Scotland gave local
share part / ...is likely ...pourrait... / to prove ici,
s'avérer / effective efficace; ici, concluant.
2. to ride, rode, ridden a wave surfer sur la vague /
crest crête (de la vague) / area quartier, secteur / to
be deemed être jugé/considéré/estimé / local
council conseil municipal /
councils the power to limit rent increases on
certain private tenancies. In November a plan
to control rents in California was put to voters
in a referendum (it failed). Proposals for rent
control appeared in the most recent manifesto
of the Labour Party, to which Mr Khan belongs.
LABOUR VERSUS TORIES
3. The mayor does not have the power to control
rents in London, so changes to legislation would >>>
increase augmentation / tenancy bail (tenant
locataire) / to put, put, put ici, soumettre / to fail
échouer; ici, ne pas passer / Labour (du parti)
travailliste / to belong to appartenir à, faire partie de.
3. Tory conservateur /
VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 • 23
 Enjeux
>>> be required. Unfortunately for him, the ruling
Conservative Party is not keen on rent controls.
And understandably so. The age of rent control
in Britain, which lasted from 1915 to 1989, was
not a glorious one. Some properties had their
rents fixed in cash terms from 1939 to 1957,
resulting in a real-terms fall of 60%. As land-
lords’ returns dwindled they skimped on re-
pairs and upgrades. Many pulled out of the
market. The decision in the late 1980s to liber-
alise rents breathed life back into the market.
In the past 30 years investment in dwellings
has risen smartly.
4. A case can be made that putting limits on
rent rises in the capital now would not cause
as much damage as it did in the past. With
Brexit uncertainty mounting, London’s pri-
vate rents have been flat in nominal terms
for a year (and have fallen in real terms). For
as long as that trend continues any cap would
not be tested.
WHAT PLAN?
5. The details of Mr Khan’s policy are not yet
clear, but he is unlikely to propose the bluntest
sort of rent control, in which clipboard-wield-
ing officials march from property to property
and tell landlords how much they are allowed
to charge. Labour’s nationwide plans offer
some clues as to what the mayor might pro-
pose to do in London. The party appears to
favour allowing landlords to charge whatever
they like when a tenancy is newly listed. But
landlords would then face tough rules as to
how much they could raise rents once a ten-
ancy was under way.
6. That approach might seem more defensible.
A landlord has a degree of market power over
a sitting tenant because it is a big hassle for a
tenant to move out (it is also a bother for a
required nécessaire, indispensable / unfortunately
malheureusement / ruling au pouvoir, en place / to be
keen on être favorable à / age ère, époque / to last
durer / cash terms termes nominaux / returns
revenus / to dwindle diminuer / to skimp on lésiner
sur / upgrade rénovation / to breathe life back into
ranimer, redonner vie à / dwelling logement / to rise,
rose, risen augmenter / smartly intelligemment.
4. to make, made, made a case affirmer, soutenir /
flat ici, stable / trend tendance / cap plafond, limite.
5. unlikely peu probable, ...he is unlikely... il ne
devrait pas... / blunt ici, archaïque / clipboard-
wielding brandissant des blocs-notes / official
fonctionnaire / to allow autoriser / to charge faire
payer / nationwide à l'échelle nationale / clue indice,
indication / tough strict / rule règle / to raise
augmenter / to be under way être en cours.
6. sitting en place / hassle galère (fam.) /
24 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019
Une suggestion ? Ecrivez-nous sur monavis@vocable.fr
Houses for rent in London. (Alex Segre/REX/SIPA)
landlord to lose a tenant, but usually less so).
Stopping unscrupulous landlords from levying
above-market rent rises on vulnerable tenants
is appealing. Yet the problem does not seem
widespread. Evidence is sparse but data from
2015 suggest that half of renewing tenants were
given the same rent on their new contract.
7. Were the cap more aggressive, the impact on
the market would be larger. Labour envisages
increases in line with inflation. Before the
Brexit-related slowdown, rents in London rose
only slightly faster than prices. But were a
wedge to open between market rents and what
was permitted, more incumbent tenants would
stay put. Landlords, meanwhile, would want
them to leave, so might provide a worse service.
When possible they might sell up. A recent
study of limits on rent increases and evictions
in San Francisco found that the policies de-
creased the supply of rental housing, causing
a 5% city-wide rent increase.
OTHER POLICIES
8. There are other ways to help renters. Many
have seen their housing costs jump as a result
to levy prélever; ici, faire payer / appealing
séduisant / widespread répandu / evidence (inv.)
preuve(s) / sparse rare / data données, statistiques.
7. in line with en fonction de / slowdown
ralentissement, récession / slightly légèrement /
wedge ici, fossé, écart / incumbent ici, en place / to
stay put rester; ici, ne pas déménager / to provide
assurer / to find, found, found ici, révéler / supply
offre.
of recent changes to welfare—most notably, a
cash-terms freeze on housing benefit that has
been in place since 2016. Building more houses
would help, too. In 2016-17 Mr Khan exceeded
his target for overall housing completions, yet
fell well short of the one for “affordable” (ie,
state-subsidised) dwellings. Pledges to control
rent get the headlines, but the unsexy policies
matter a lot more. l
8. welfare aide sociale / notably particulièrement /
freeze gel (ici, au sens figuré) / benefit allocation /
target objectif / overall global / completion
achèvement (ici, construction) / to fall, fell, fallen
short ne pas atteindre, rester en deçà de / affordable
abordable / ie = id est c’est-à-dire / subsidised
subventionné / pledge promesse / headline gros
titre / to matter compter, avoir de l’importance.
SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
To rise ou to raise ?
 to rise, rose, risen (verbe intransitif)
se lever
- Rents rose by 5% last year.
- Rents have risen drastically over
the past ten years.
 to raise, raised, raised (verbe
transitif) lever, relever, augmenter
- Landlords are free to raise rents as
they wish.
Notez que pour demander une
augmentation de salaire aux
États-Unis, on demande "a raise",
en Angleterre on demande "a rise".
 facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  difficile C1-C2
 Z om sur...
La personnalité de la quinzaine à la loupe

Sadiq Khan
Le parcours politique de Sadiq Kahn,
actuel maire de Londres, en 5 points.

1 In numbers
He is 48. He has 2 daughters. Last year,
he was named in Time magazine’s list
of 100 most influential people. He
served 3 terms as a Member of Parliament for
Tooting. At the 2016 London Mayoral election,
he was elected with 56.8% of the vote.
to serve ici, effectuer, remplir / term mandat /
mayoral municipal (mayor maire).

2 Personal life
He was born in Tooting, South London,
to a working-class British Pakistani
family, and has lived all his life in London.
His father worked as a bus driver and his mother as
a seamstress. He graduated with a law degree
from the University of North London. He practised
as a solicitor for several years, specialising in
human rights law. In 1994, he married Saadiya
Ahmed, a fellow solicitor. He used to perform
stand-up comedy before running for mayor. He has
described himself as a “proud feminist”.
to ici, dans, au sein de / working-class (de la) classe
ouvrière / seamstress couturière / to graduate
obtenir son diplôme / law ici, (de) droit / degree
(James Marsh/BPI/REX/Shutterstock/SIPA)
diplôme / solicitor avocat / fellow collègue, confrère /
to perform se produire (sur scène); ici, faire (du
stand-up) / to run, ran, run ici, se présenter (au poste

de) / proud fier.
3 Political career
In 2005, he was elected Member of
Parliament for Tooting, a position he
held until 2016. In 2008, he was
appointed Minister of State for Communities,
and, one year later, he became Minister of State
for Transport. In 2013, he was appointed
Shadow Minister for London.
position poste, fonction / to hold, held, held ici,
occuper / to appoint nommer / community
collectivité / Shadow Minister ministre fantôme
(homologue dans l’opposition (cabinet fantôme)).
(Imageplotter/REX/Shutter/SIPA)
4 5
Mayor of London
He has been the Mayor of London
since May 2016. He is the capital’s first
Muslim mayor. A Remainer, he stated
after the Brexit referendum that all EU citizens
living in London were welcome in the city. He
launched a special taskforce to tackle youth
homelessness in the capital. Air pollution is
another of his priorities. In April, “ultra-low
emissions zones” will be implemented across
London, meaning that most vehicles will pay a
daily charge if they don’t meet tighter exhaust
emission standards.
muslim musulman / Remainer
personne souhaitant rester dans
l’UE / to state déclarer /
taskforce groupe de travail
(spécialement constitué pour
traiter un objectif donné) / to
tackle s’attaquer à, aborder, tenter
de résoudre / homelessness
problème des (jeunes) sans-abri /
to implement mettre en place /
charge ici, redevance / to meet,
met, met ici, respecter / tight
strict / exhaust gaz
d’échappement / standard
norme.
Transport policy
As mayor of London, he has
launched a 24-hour Underground
service on Fridays and Saturdays,
frozen single transport fares (but
controversially not travel cards) and banned
any advertising on the transport network that
involves body shaming. He has also entered a
war with ride-hailing app Uber. In September
2017, Uber’s licence to operate in the capital
was not renewed. Although there is a court
order granting its short-term licence back, the
company will no longer be exempt from
paying the London congestion charge.
policy politique (ligne d’action) / underground =
subway (US) métro / to freeze, froze, frozen
geler / fare tarif / network réseau / to involve
impliquer / body shaming action qui consiste à
humilier qqn, de quelque manière que ce soit, à
cause de son corps / ride-hailing qui met en
contact les utilisateurs et les conducteurs
proposant des services de transport / app =
application / licence to operate permis
d’exploitation / court order décision de justice,
injonction, ordonnance du tribunal / to grant
accorder; ici, to grant back rendre / no longer
ne... plus / congestion charge péage urbain (en
centre-ville).
VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 • 25
Enjeux I Economie I ETATS-UNIS I  B2-C1

NIVEAU AVANCÉ DU SUPPLÉMENT SONORE

Notre animatrice Shelly De Vito s’entretient avec Rudi James
Jephcott, un “streamer” qui n’est vraiment pas fan d’Apple...
CD audio ou téléchargement MP3 (sur abonnement)

THE ECONOMIST

APPLE AND THE

SMARTPHONE
MALAISE
Crise des smartphones chez Apple
Après une décennie de croissance, le marché du smartphone commence à
s’essouffler. La première victime de ce ralentissement n’est autre qu’Apple, dont le
chiffre d’affaires et les ventes d’iPhones sont en chute libre depuis fin 2018. Mais,
faisant fi d’une conjoncture défavorable et d’une concurrence de plus en plus rude,
le géant américain peaufine sa nouvelle stratégie...

L ast summer the market value of

Apple passed $1trn, a first for any
publicly traded Western company. It did
not stay there for long. In November it
passed the $1trn mark again, travelling in
the other direction. This January, Tim
Cook, the smartphone maker’s boss, cut
revenue forecasts for the first time in over
a decade. Apple’s shares plunged a further
10% on the news, dragging the world’s jit-
tery stockmarkets down with them.
2.Mr Cook blamed the firm’s woes on an
economic slowdown in China, which ac-
counts for about 18% of Apple’s sales. Ana-
lysts talked gloomily about a slowing
global economy, and pondered whether the
1. trn = trillion mille milliards / publicly traded
company entreprise cotée en bourse / Western
occidental / to cut, cut, cut ici, revoir à la baisse /
revenue revenu, recettes / forecast prévision /
decade décennie / share action / to plunge chuter /
to drag entraîner / jittery nerveux, inquiet /
stockmarket bourse, marché boursier.
2. to blame mettre sur le compte de, imputer à / woe
difficulté, déboire / slowdown ralentissement / to
account for représenter / gloomily de manière
pessimiste / global mondial / to ponder se
demander /
trade war between America and China
might be starting to affect buying habits.
But there are also simpler forces at work.
Smartphones revolutionised everything
from shopping and dating to politics and
computing itself. They are some of the most
popular products ever put on sale. But after
a decade-long boom, devices once seen as
miraculous have become ubiquitous and
even slightly boring.
NEW REPLACEMENT CYCLES
3. Global smartphone sales fell in each of
the past four quarters, the first full-year
decline. Industry watchers think 2019 will
be anaemic, with either more falls or very
modest growth. Apple’s new forecasts show
it is feeling the same chill that is affecting
the rest of the industry. A common diag-
nosis among those who watch the tech
business is that what is happening is what
occurs, in the end, with almost any technol-
trade ici, commercial / dating rencontre amoureuse /
device appareil (ici, électronique) / ubiquitous
omniprésent / slightly légèrement, un peu.
3. quarter trimestre / industry ici, secteur /
watcher observateur / growth croissance / chill
refroidissement, coup de froid / tech = technology /
to occur se produire /
ogy. “With a car, a TV, a phone or anything,
the first model you sell, in retrospect, is
not very good,” says Pierre Ferragu at New
Street Research, a firm of analysts. “So the
value you bring with the second generation
is enormous, and that drives rapid replace-
ment.” But as engineers and firms learn
what works, the process runs quickly into
diminishing returns.
4. Sales of personal computers, the smart-
phone’s predecessors as mass-market com-
puting devices, peaked in 2011, once PCs
had become good enough for most of the
things consumers wanted them for. Some-
thing similar is happening with phones,
with replacement cycles lengthening. CCS
Insight, another firm of analysts, reckons
that the length of time for which consum-
ers hang on to their phones in Western
Europe has risen from 26 months in 2010
to 39 months today.
engineer ingénieur / to run, ran, run into ici, aboutir
à / return rendement, rentabilité.
4. mass-market ici, grand public, commercialisé en
masse / to lengthen devenir plus long / to reckon
estimer / to hang, hung, hung on to s’accrocher à;
ici, conserver / to rise, rose, risen monter,
augmenter, to rise from...to passer de… à.

26 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  difficile C1-C2

COMPETITION
5. Only the most devoted Apple followers
these days are ready to camp overnight to
get their hands on the latest and greatest
model. New features attract polite interest
at best, and sometimes jokes. And consum-
ers have plenty of other high-tech gizmos
competing for their cash, from home-as-
sistant systems such as Amazon’s Echo to
the battery-powered skateboards and
home-automation devices on show at elec-
tronics trade fairs.
FUTURE
6. For Apple’s shareholders, comparisons
with personal computing will make un-
comfortable reading. As with the smart-
phone, it was a market that Apple helped
pioneer. But its strategy of selling high-
priced, aspirational gear eventually saw it
relegated to the status of also-ran, sus-
tained by a fan base of hip-
sters and creative types
while ceding almost the Consumers
entire market to cheaper,
more flexible machines have plenty of
built to IBM’s PC standard other high-
and running Microsoft’s
Windows operating sys-
tech gizmos
tem. These days, ruthless competing for
competition comes from their cash.
high-quality smartphones
made by Chinese firms
such as Huawei or Xiaomi which sell for a
fraction of the price of Apple’s products,
and which run some version of Android,
an operating system developed by Google.
7.Apple’s prices were bound to limit its
reach, particularly outside the rich world.
But smartphones are much more personal
and intimate devices than desktop comput-
ers ever were, says Tim Hatt of GSM A
Intelligence, the research arm of a trade
5. competition concurrence / devoted fervent /
follower fan, adepte / feature fonctionnalité /
gizmo (US) gadget / home-automation
domotique (maison connectée) / trade fair salon
professionnel.
6. shareholder actionnaire / to pioneer lancer /
aspirational de luxe / gear équipement, matériel /
eventually finalement / also-ran perdant / to
sustain soutenir / standard norme / to run, ran,
run ici, fonctionner, tourner (avec) / operating
system système d'exploitation / ruthless
impitoyable.
7. to be bound to devoir (inévitablement) / reach
portée / desktop (ordinateur de) bureau / arm
branche, cellule /
Téléchargez l’appli Vocable offerte à nos abonnés ! www.vocable.fr/applimobile
Tim Cook with the iPhone X in Cupertino, California, September 2017. (Jim Wilson/The New York Times)
association, and its customers are strik-
ingly loyal. For the moment, therefore,
Apple has chosen to double down on its
strategy, releasing increasingly expensive
phones in the hope that squeezing custom-
ers can make up for lower volumes. To a
degree, at least, that seems
to be working. Early indi-
cations are that the iPhone
XS Max, which starts at
$1,099 and is Apple’s most
expensive phone, is selling
better than the plain old
XS, which is $100 cheaper.
Even for Apple’s well-
8.
heeled customers, though,
such a strategy can only
go so far. The firm is heavily reliant on
hardware sales. iPhone sales made up 59%
of its $63bn revenue in the third quarter of
2018, but that understates its dependence.
Its growing services division accounted for
another 16% of revenue, and Mr Cook wants
it to double in size by 2020 compared with
2016. For now much of it consists of things
like extended warranties or revenues from
the app store, which are linked to iPhone
use. Apple is trying hard to diversify fur-
ther. It may launch a TV-streaming service
later in the year.
strikingly remarquablement / to double down on
renforcer, aller plus loin dans / to release mettre en
vente, sortir / increasingly de plus en plus / to
squeeze presser; ici, tirer tout ce que l'on peut de / to
make, made, made up for compenser / plain
simple.
8. well-heeled riche, fortuné / though cependant /
so far jusqu'à un certain point / heavily largement /
to be reliant on être dépendant de / hardware
matériel informatique / to make, made, made up
représenter, constituer / bn = billion milliard / to
understate sous-estimer / warranty garantie / app
= application / to link lier.
9. At the same time, it is exploring new
kinds of hardware. There are no official
sales figures for the Apple Watch, but Ben
Stanton, an analyst at Canalys, reckons the
product is “very profitable” and that it
dominates the market for smart watches.
It has let the firm dip its toes into the
health-care market, offering users the abil-
ity to keep track of their heart rhythms.
Apple has also signed deals with American
health-insurance firm. The dream, says Mr
Hatt, would be to come up with a new
mass-market computing platform, in the
hope that the firm could repeat the success
of the iPhone. l
9. kind sorte, genre / figure chiffre / profitable
rentable / to dip one's toes into mettre un pied
dans / health-care ici, secteur de la santé / to keep,
kept, kept track of suivre, surveiller / health-
insurance assurance maladie.
SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
"Fair"
Nom commun : foire.
Adjectif : juste, équitable.
a  trade fair foire ou exposition
commerciale
U
 sages similaires :
the Book Fair le Salon du livre
a funfair une fête foraine
 f air trade commerce équitable
U
 sages similaires :
fair shares à chacun son dû
fair-minded impartial, équitable
et bien sûr le "fair-play", le trait de
caractère réputé des anglais !
VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 • 27
Culture I Cinéma I ETATS-UNIS ROYAUME-UNI I  B2-C1

NIVEAU BASIQUE DU SUPPLÉMENT SONORE

Notre animatrice Shelly De Vito nous en dit plus sur le duo comique Laurel
et Hardy, et analyse un court extrait de leur film de 1939 The Flying Deuces.
CD audio ou téléchargement MP3 (sur abonnement)

THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER PETER LARSEN

JOHN C. REILLY AND STEVE

COOGAN ON STAN & OLLIE
Steve Coogan et John C. Reilly dans les rôles de Laurel et Hardy dans
Stan & Ollie
Le duo comique le plus célèbre de toute l’histoire du cinéma est de retour sur grand écran. Dans Stan & Ollie, l’acteur britannique
Steve Coogan et son homologue américain John C. Reilly incarnent un duo Laurel et Hardy plus vrai que nature. Le biopic de Jon S.
Baird, actuellement en salles, met en scène les comédiens légendaires lors de leur dernière tournée en Angleterre, en 1953. Un rôle
qui a valu à John C. Reilly une nomination aux derniers Golden Globes. Rencontre.

F or actors Steve Coogan and John C.

Reilly, the decision to tackle the roles of
Laurel and Hardy in Stan & Ollie led ultimately
to a wonderful experience. Though it was not,
occurrence – I would say to myself, ‘Well, I might
not be Oliver Hardy but I’m doing just what he
did,’” Reilly says during an interview with Coogan
at the London West Hollywood at Beverly Hills
both say, without plenty of second-guessing, hotel recently. “He and Stan were plucked out of
before and during production on the new film, obscurity and thrown together and told to come
given all the pressures of portraying the legend- up with an act. Which is actually what happened
ary comedy team. to Steve and I. It gave you confidence to
get through it: Well, they did it, maybe
2. “Every time I had one of those ‘I’m not worthy we can,” he says. “But what a mira-
moments’ – and they came on a regular, steady cle these two guys were. The
more you try to act like them,
the more you realize how
1. to tackle s'attaquer à; ici, accepter (idée de difficulté) /
ultimately au bout du compte / though bien que / both
miraculously unique
les deux (aussi, à la fois... et) / plenty of beaucoup de / this partnership
second-guessing mûre réflexion (impliquant des prises was.”
de décisions et des changements d'avis jusqu'à ce qu'une
décision finale soit prise) / given au vu de / pressure
3. Stan & Ollie,
pression, défi / to portray incarner, jouer le rôle de.
2. I'm not worthy je ne mérite pas/suis pas digne/ici, à la
for which Reilly
hauteur / steady régulier, persistant / earned a Golden
Globe nomination
for best actor in De-

to be plucked out of
SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE obscurity ici, être sorti de
l'ombre/projeté sur le devant de la
scène / to be thrown together ici, être
Ne pas confondre : associés / to come, came, come up with
to devise imaginer, concevoir imaginer, concevoir, créer / act numéro
(artiste) / actually en fait / to happen se
a device un appareil, mécanisme, passer / confidence confiance en soi,
dispositif assurance / to get, got, got through it
Attention ! y arriver / how ici, dans quelle mesure /
partnership partenariat, association.
un devis en français se dit en anglais
3. to earn remporter /
estimate, quotation, quote

John C. Reilly as Hardy and Steve Coogan as Laurel in Stan & Ollie.
(Metropolitan Filmexport)
28 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  difficile C1-C2

cember, tells a now mostly forgotten true-life
story of a theatrical tour Laurel and Hardy did in
the United Kingdom in the early 1950s. Their trip,
as told in the film directed by Jon S. Baird, is the
poignant story of both the rekindling of a friend-
ship, which had broken apart in bitterness years
earlier, and a swansong for a partnership that
created so many joyful movie memories.
INVOLVEMENT
4. Coogan says he first learned of the project when
screenwriter Jeff Pope, his co-writer on the Oscar-
mostly en grande partie / tour tournée / in the early
1950s au début des années cinquante / to direct réaliser
(film) / rekindling ici, reprise (to rekindle raviver) /
friendship amitié / to break, broke, broken apart ici,
prendre fin / bitterness rancœur / swansong chant du
cygne / joyful joyeux.
4. involvement implication, participation / to learn,
learnt or learned, learnt or learned of entendre parler
de / screenwriter scénariste /
Améliorez votre prononciation en écoutant tous les articles sur le supplément audio de lecture.
SUPPLÉMENT VIDÉO
Découvrez la bande-annonce du film
Stan & Ollie, et testez votre
compréhension sur
www.vocable.fr/videos-anglais
nominated screenplay for the 2013 film Philom-
ena, mentioned it in passing several years ago.
“And I remember thinking, ‘Hey, I wonder if I
could have a stab at Stan?’” Coogan says. “But he
didn’t mention it that way, we just kind of talked
about the script and just let it go.” When fate
brought the project back his way,
Coogan says the answer to his first
question about it sealed the deal for
him. “I said, ‘Who are you thinking
of for Ollie?’ and he said, ‘John C.
Reilly,’” he says. “I said, ‘If that hap-
pens I’m totally in.”
5. Reilly, an Oscar nominee for best
supporting actor in 2003’s Chicago,
says he took his time to say yes,
carefully considering the legacy of
Laurel and Hardy and how he might
best honor it. “Ultimately that’s why
I did it,” he says. “Not for my own
glory, because it was a very risky
thing for me to do as an actor, to
take on someone so well-known. I did it because
I thought, ‘If this works, we will have reintro-
duced a whole new generation of people to
the work of Laurel and Hardy.’”
screenplay scénario / several plusieurs,
quelques / to wonder se demander / to
have, had, had a stab at s'essayer à;
ici, postuler (rôle) / way ici, sens / kind
of ici, en passant / to let, let, let
sth go passer à autre chose; ici, to
let it go changer de sujet /
fate destin / to seal the
deal ici, confirmer sa
volonté de participer
au film/jouer le rôle
de Laurel / I'm
totally in vous
pouvez compter sur
moi à 10 000%, je
serai ravi de faire partie de
l'aventure.
5. supporting actor second rôle /
carefully soigneusement, savamment / to
consider prendre en considération, songer à /
legacy héritage (ce qu'ils laissent derrière eux),
legs / own propre, personnel / to take, took,
taken on ici, accepter de jouer le rôle de / to work
fonctionner, "marcher", réussir / to reintroduce
ici, initier (à qch qui existait déjà), faire connaître /
whole tout / work ici, œuvre.
6. Coogan quickly came up with a strong imper-
sonation of Laurel, a double-edged sword, he says,
given that an impression is a superficial thing
until the deeper character is revealed. “In a way,
it was like trying to reverse-engineer the charac-
ter by saying, ‘Well, this is what he looks like on
the outside in those
movies,’” Coogan says.
“That’s not enough to
find the way back, but
you get clues to who the
person is because of the
work they’re doing.”
PRIVATE LIVES
7. The movie is called Stan
& Ollie to focus on their
private lives in opposition
to the surnames by which
they were professionally
known. And while both
Coogan and Reilly did
plenty of research into the
personal lives of their characters, for Reilly a key
turned when he realized that Laurel and Hardy
had likely incorporated much of their own char-
acter into their performances.
8. “They were thrown together, two virtual
strangers, and told, ‘Come up with an act,
boys,’” he says. “So what would you draw on?
You would draw on your own experiences,
your own past, your own personality. These
weren’t just two characters they played, these
were two characters they authored, so it had
to come from a personal place.” >>>
6. impersonation imitation, interprétation / double-
edged sword arme à double tranchant / deep profond /
to reverse-engineer reconstituer (en faisant machine
arrière, de l'apparence au caractère profond) / character
personnage / to look like ressembler à, sembler/donner
l’impression d'être / on the outside vu de l'extérieur, de
prime abord / enough suffisant / to find, found, found
the way back ici, reconstituer/déceler le caractère
profond / clue indice, indication.
7. to focus on mettre l'accent/attirer l'attention sur /
surname nom de famille / while ici, même si / a key
turned un(e) déclic/révélation est survenu(e) / likely
vraisemblablement / performance ici, rôle (aussi,
numéro) / to perform jouer un rôle.
8. virtual à peu de chose près / stranger étranger,
inconnu / boys les gars / to draw, drew, drawn on puiser
dans, s'inspirer de / to author ici, créer / place ici,
expérience, vécu, personnalité.
VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 • 29
 Culture I Cinéma I ETATS-UNIS ROYAUME-UNI I  B2-C1

>>> ON STAGE weaken and the two entertainers realize their 11. For weeks they rehearsed those routines in
9. In the film, Reilly and Coogan recreate one of time together is passing. private or with choreographer Toby Sedgwick
Laurel and Hardy’s most famous movie routines, who helped devise the new routines. But it wasn’t
a dance number from the 1937 10. “That moment when you’re until the first filmed performance, with 400 ex-
film Way Out West. The rest reconciling your feelings at the tras filling a vintage theater, that Reilly says
of the bits they perform in Stan end of something, it’s a thing something clicked and he knew he and Coogan
& Ollie, live numbers done on The rest of the that occurs over and over in the had gone beyond the mannerisms and makeup
stage in theaters around the bits they life of an actor,” Reilly says. and fully transformed into the spirit of their
United Kingdom, are new “Maybe it’s a play coming to an characters. “I’ll never forget it,” he says. “I had this
creations. These include a
perform in end and turning to your pal moment where I looked out and this woman, her
double-door routine that’s the Stan & Ollie are who you’ve been on stage with eyes were just full of joy, just laughing out loud
centerpiece of those perfor-
mances – moviegoers see
new creations. for six months, saying, ‘It’s
been a hell of a run, I’m going
at our act. She wasn’t laughing because she was
in a movie or she loved Laurel and Hardy. She was
when the routine is going well to miss these things.’ Those laughing because the simple joyful gags that these
and fans are laughing uproar- moments at the end of this guys used we used and they still worked. Those
iously, and later when Ollie’s health starts to film are like that times a million,” he says. little moments give you a lot of confidence that
you might be on the right track.” l
9. on stage sur scène / routine numéro (artiste) / Way to weaken s'affaiblir, se fragiliser / entertainer ici,
Out West Laurel et Hardy au Far West / bit ici, numéro / comédien / [it] is passing [il] s'amenuit. 11. to rehearse répéter / to devise imaginer, créer /
double-door ici, en deux parties, à deux facettes / 10. to reconcile s'efforcer à accepter / to occur se extra ici, figurant / to click ici, faire tilt / to go, went,
centerpiece élément central/principal/essentiel / produire / over and over maintes fois / play pièce (de gone beyond aller au-delà de, dépasser, atteindre un
moviegoer cinéphile / uproariously à gorge déployée / théâtre) / to come, came, come to an end prendre fin, autre niveau (par-delà) / mannerism mimique / to look
health (état de) santé / se terminer, s'achever / pal pote / it's been a hell of a out ici, regarder (dans) le public / to laugh out loud rire à
run quel(le) marathon/aventure / times fois (x). gorge déployée / to be on the right track être sur la
bonne voie.

30 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  difficile C1-C2
 Échos
Brèves de culture
Retrouvez plus d’infos sur www.vocable.fr

(Robert Viglasky/Netflix)
Scottish gangsters

(John Rahim/Rex Features/SIPA)

Steven Knight, the creator of the TV series
Peaky Blinders, has confirmed that filming
for the fifth series – which he calls “the best
yet” – has been completed, and that the
new episodes are now in post-production.
The series will revolve around infamous
Glasgow gang, The Billy Boys, and the rise
of fascism. Although no official release date
has been given yet, the series is expected to

Credit
air by Summer 2019.

(fith) series ici, (cinquième) saison / yet ici, à ce

Jack White, the former frontman of the rock duo The White Stripes, has been jour / to complete achever, terminer / to revolve
around tourner autour de / infamous célèbre
added to the list of composers of Netta Barzilai’s “Toy,” the song that won the 2018 (pour de mauvaises raisons) / rise montée /
Eurovision Song Contest for Israel. After the contest, many pointed out the simi- release (de) sortie / to be expected to devoir
larities between the song’s chorus and “Seven Nation Army” by the White Stripes. (selon les prévisions) / to air être diffusé.
In June, Universal Music Group wrote to Doron Medalie and Stav Beger, the writ-
ers credited for “Toy,” asking them about the resemblance. The Israeli state radio
broadcaster has just revealed that an agreement had been reached, and that Jack
White had been added to the song’s credits.
former ancien / frontman chanteur/leader / to add ajouter / contest concours / to point out faire remarquer /
chorus refrain / broadcaster société de diffusion / agreement accord / to reach atteindre; ici, conclure.

(Damon Winter/The New York Times)

Postcards

Woody vs. Jeff

American director Woody Allen is suing
Amazon Studios for refusing to distribute
(REX/Shutterstock/SIPA)

his completed movie A Rainy Day in

New York. The filmmaker said Amazon
backed out of their film deal in June over
a “baseless” sexual abuse accusation
regarding his adopted daughter Dylan
Farrow, which resurfaced last year. He is
demanding for $68 million in damages.
The UK’s first major postcard art exhibition has just opened at the British Museum, in London,
displaying more than 300 works. The exhibition includes postcards by renowned artists such as vs = versus contre / director ici, réalisateur / to
Gilbert & George, Susan Hiller, and Yoko Ono. They were collected by writer Jeremy Cooper before sue poursuivre en justice, intenter un procès à /
being gifted to the British Museum. filmmaker cinéaste / to back out se retirer / deal
accord / over ici, pour, en raison de / baseless
exhibition exposition / to display exposer, présenter / work ici, œuvre / renowned célèbre, de renom / to gift infondé / regarding concernant / to demand
offrir. réclamer / damages dommages et intérêts.

VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019 • 31

Découverte I Psychologie I ROYAUME-UNI I  B2-C1

THE INDEPENDENT ROBERT NASH

CAN YOU TRUST

YOUR OWN
MEMORIES?
Peut-on se fier à nos souvenirs ?
Vous êtes-vous déjà demandé pourquoi, dans vos souvenirs, vos
premières vacances en amoureux étaient complètement ratées alors
que votre conjoint en a gardé un merveilleux souvenir ? Mauvaise foi
mise à part, la mémoire est un processus cognitif très complexe, qui est
loin d’être infaillible. Robert Nash, psychologue à l’Aston University de
Birmingham, nous explique pourquoi nous ne pouvons pas toujours
faire confiance à nos souvenirs.

Y our memory probably isn’t as good

as you think it is. We rely on our
memories not only for sharing stories with
friends or learning from our past experi-
ences, but also for crucial things like creat-
ing a sense of personal identity. Yet evidence
shows that our memory isn’t as consistent
as we’d like to believe.
2. To understand a bit about
how remembering works, con-
sider the “telephone game.” In
the game, one person quietly
to our memories. There are countless reasons
why tiny mistakes or embellishments might
happen each time we recall past events. And
whenever these flaws happen, they can have
tener laugh. Research shows that when we
describe our memories differently to differ-
ent audiences it isn’t only the message that
changes, but sometimes it’s also the mem-
long-term effects on how we’ll recall that ory itself. This is known as the “audience-
memory in the future. tuning effect”.
THE AUDIENCE- 4. In one study on the audience-tuning ef-
TUNING EFFECT fect, participants watched a video of a bar
Our memory 3. Take storytelling for exam- fight. In the video, two intoxicated men get
isn’t as ple. When we describe our
memories to other people, we
consistent use artistic licence to tell the
4. intoxicated ivre, sous l'emprise de l'alcool /

whispers a message to the per- as we’d like story differently depending

son beside them, who then
passes it on to the next person
to believe. on who’s listening. We might
ask ourselves whether
in line, and so on. Each time the it’s vital to get the
message is relayed, some parts might be mis- facts straight, or whether we
heard or misunderstood, others might get only want to make the lis-
innocently altered, improved, or forgotten.
Over time the message can become very dif-
countless innombrable / tiny tout
ferent from the original. The same can happen petit, infime / mistake
erreur / embellishment
enjolivement / to recall se
1. memory mémoire (memories souvenirs) / to rely on remémorer / flaw faille,
compter sur, se fier à / sense sentiment / evidence défaut.
(inv.) preuves, faits / consistent cohérent, solide.
3. audience-tuning
2. to consider ici, penser, songer à / to whisper effect effet d'adaptation
chuchoter / to pass on to transmettre à / the next à l'auditoire / storytelling
person in line la personne suivante / and so on et art de raconter une
cetera (etc.) / to relay, laid, laid relayer, transmettre / to histoire / to get, got, got
mishear, heard, heard mal entendre, mal comprendre / the facts straight être
to alter modifier / over time au fil du temps / fidèle à la réalité.

32 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  difficile C1-C2

into a physical confrontation after one man
argues with his friend, and the other sees
his favourite football team lose a match.
Afterwards, participants were asked to tell
a stranger what they had seen. The partici-
pants were split into two groups. One group
was told that the stranger disliked one of
the two fighters in the video. The other
group was told that the stranger liked this
same fighter. Unsurprisingly, this extra
information shaped how people de-
scribed the video to the stranger.
Participants gave more negative
accounts of the behaviour of the
fighter if they believed the
stranger disliked him.
5. More importantly though, the
way people told their story later
affected the way they remembered
the fighter’s behaviour. When participants
later tried to remember the fight in a neutral,
(Istock)
unbiased way, the two groups still gave
somewhat differing accounts of what had
happened, mirroring the attitude of their
original audience. To an extent, these par-
ticipants’ stories had become their memories.
REHEARSING MEMORIES
6. Results like these show us how our
memories can change spontaneously over
time, as a product of how, when, and why
we access them. In fact, sometimes simply
the act of rehearsing a memory can be
exactly what makes it susceptible to
change. This is known as “retrieval-en-
hanced suggestibility”.
7.In a typical study of this effect, partici-
pants watched a short film, then took a
memory test a few days later. During the
days between watching the film and taking
the final test, two other things happened.
First, half of the participants took a practice
memory test. Second, all of the participants
were given a description of the film to read,
which contained some false details.
to argue se disputer / to split, split, split diviser,
partager / to shape façonner, ici influer sur / account ici,
récit, version des faits.
5. unbiased impartial / somewhat quelque peu,
légèrement / differing divergent / to mirror refléter / to
an extent dans une certaine mesure.
6. to rehearse répéter ici, raconter / retrieval-
enhanced suggestibility suggestibilité facilitée par la
récupération (le fait de se remémorer un souvenir peut
accroître la perméabilité à des éléments erronés).
7. practice entraînement.
Une suggestion ? Ecrivez-nous sur monavis@vocable.fr
8. The aim of these studies was to see how
many of the false details people would even-
tually reproduce in the final memory test.
Hundreds of studies already show that peo- SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
ple will unwittingly add false details like
these to their memories. But these studies to recall, to remember
found something even more fascinating. se souvenir
Participants who took a practice memory to forget oublier
test shortly before reading the false informa- a memory un souvenir
tion were more likely to reproduce this false
Au retour des vacances, vous aurez
information in the final memory test. In this sûrement des "happy memories"
case, practice makes imperfect. mais peut-être aussi dans votre
valise des "souvenirs", petits objets
MALLEABILITY que vous avez achetés pour les offrir
9. Why might this be? One ou pour les conserver.
theory is that rehearsing Vers la fin de votre vie, vous pourrez
our memories of past events can écrire vos "memoirs".
temporarily make those memories
malleable. In other words, retrieving
a memory might be a bit like taking ice- especially if someone has meddled with it in
cream out of the freezer and leaving it in the meantime.
direct sunlight for a while. By the time our
memory goes back into the freezer, it might 10. These findings teach us a lot about how
have naturally become a little misshapen, our memories are formed and stored. And
they might lead us to wonder how much our
most treasured memories have changed since
the very first time we remembered them. l
8. aim objectif / eventually finalement, par la suite /
unwittingly involontairement / practice makes
imperfect réf. au dicton "practice makes perfect" c'est
to meddle with ici, (fam.) tripatouiller, toucher à qqch /
en forgeant qu'on devient forgeron.
in the meantime entre-temps.
9. to retrieve récupérer, retrouver / freezer
10. findings conclusions / to store stocker, enregistrer /
congélateur / for a while pendant quelque temps /
to wonder se demander / treasured précieux.
misshapen déformé /
Séjours linguistiques dans le monde entier
pour enfants, étudiants, adultes et professionnels
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TÉLÉVISION
UN AMÉRICAIN NOMMÉ
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Arte diffuse ce mois-ci un fascinant
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34 • VOCABLE Du 7 au 20 mars 2019
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THÉÂTRE
LA MACHINE DE TURING
De Benoit Solès
En 1942, Alan Turing, mathématicien de génie, réalise
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 le
dessin
I Décryptage I ETATS-UNIS

ILLINOIS MINIMUM WAGE HIKE

A bill to increase the minimum wage to $15 an hour in Illinois has passed through the state Senate and is going
to be presented to the state House of Representatives. The plan would increase the base wage from $8.25 an
hour to $15 in stages by 2025. It would benefit 1.4 million workers, or nearly one-quarter of the state’s
workforce. Democratic Governor J.B. Pritzker is a strong proponent of the bill and is expected to sign it into law
immediately if it is approved by the House. Four other states and Washington, D.C. either already require a $15
minimum wage or will do so before Illinois. However, Illinois Republicans lawmakers have expressed their
concerns about the bill, arguing that it could hurt businesses and drive them to leave the state.
wage salaire / hike ici, hausse / bill projet de loi / to increase augmenter; ici, faire passer (à) / House of Representatives Chambre des représentants / stage ici, étape,
palier / workforce population active / proponent partisan, défenseur / to be expected devoir (selon les prévisions) / to sign into law promulguer, donner force de loi par
sa signature / to require ici, imposer / lawmaker législateur / concern inquiétude / to argue affirmer, prétendre / business ici, entreprise.

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