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Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
o La maladie mentale touche indirectement tous les Canadiens à un moment donné par l'entremise d'un membre
de la famille, d'un ami ou d'un collègue.
o Au cours d'une année, une personne sur cinq au Canada souffrira personnellement d'un problème
de santé mentale ou d'une maladie mentale.
o La maladie mentale affecte les personnes de tous les âges, de l'éducation, des niveaux de revenu et des
cultures.
o Le suicide représente 24% de tous les décès chez les 15-24 ans et 16% chez les 25-44 ans. Le suicide est l'une
des principales causes de décès des adolescentes. Le taux de mortalité par suicide chez les hommes est quatre
fois plus élevé chez les femmes.
stigmatisation pour les homme plus que pour les femmes
• Neuroinflammation
Les personnes obèses ont un risque accru de 55% de développer une dépression au fil du
temps, tandis que les personnes déprimées ont un risque accru de 58% de devenir obèses
(méta-analyse: Luppino et al., JAMA Psychiatry, 2010).
On estime que le diabète double le nombre de cas de dépression (Anderson et al., 2001).
comportement de maladie
L'acide L'acide
docosahexaénoïque éicosapentaénoïque (DPA)
Changement dans les acides gras alimentaire au cours des siècles
Glycolipides
Liquide extra-cellulaire phospholipides
Glucides
Cytoplasme
Glycoprotéine Cholestérol
Transport intra-cérébrale actif et passif
NFkB
Oméga-3 et dépression
Études animales: Déficience en omega-3 alimentaire augmente les comportement de type dépressif
♦
Canada (5.2%)
6 5 r = -0.84
♦ France (4.5%) p < 0.005
♦
4 3
Allemagne (5.0%)
2 1
♦ ♦
USA Puerto Rico ♦ Corée (2.3%)
(3.0%) (3.0%)
♦ Taiwan (0.8%)
♦
TNF-α
L’association entre
l’AEP (globules
rouges) et les
cytokines pro-
inflammatoires chez
des patients en
bonne santé
IL-1β
Études épidémiologiques examinant la relation entre le
niveau d’oméga-3 et la dépression
Psychological
Assessments at Week −2
Baseline HAMD, mean ± 4.4 ± 4.3 4.5 ± 5.0 4.6 ± 4.2 .98
SD
Baseline NTRS, mean ± 27.6 ± 33.6 27.3 ± 29.7 25.8 ± 25.5 .95
SD
Physiological
Assessments at Week −2
Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics Among EPA, DHA, and Placebo Groupsa
DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HAMD, the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HCV, hepatitis
C virus; NTRS, Neurotoxicity Rating Scale. A The results are from analysis of variance unless otherwise specified.b
.
Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures Among EPA, DHA, and Placebo Groupsa
DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HAMD, the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale;HCV,
hepatitis C virus; IFN, interferon; MDE, major depressive episode; NTRS, Neurotoxicity Rating Scale.
Jun S. Lai, Christopher Oldmeadow, Alexis J. Hure, Mark McEvoy, Sarah A. Hiles, Michael Boyle, John Attia
Inflammation mediates the association between fatty acid intake and depression in older men and women
Nutrition Research, Volume 36, Issue 3, 2016, 234–245
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2015.11.017
chemokine
Stressors
HPA
dysregulation
Hypertension
↑Insulinemia/glycemia
↑Inflammatory signals
ΔGut hormones/
ethanolamides/microbiota
↑TG
Fatty acids ↑Leptin
Obesogenic
environment Intake of high-
fat / sugar
foods
Depression /
anxiety / stress Neurometabolic
sensitivity changes?
CTL OLIVE PALM
Fat source Soybean oil Olive oil Palm oil
Fat (g/kg) 70 270 270
Casein (g/kg) 200 200 200
L-Cystine (g/kg) 3 3 3
Sucrose (g/kg) 100 100 100
Cornstarch (g/kg) 397.5 197.5 197.5
Dyetrose (g/kg) 132 132 132
Mineral Mix (g/kg) 35 35 35
Vitamine Mix (g/kg) 10 10 10
% Kcal Fat 17 50 50
% Kcal carbohydrates 62 43 43
% Kcal proteins 21 7 7
Total Kcal/g 3.8 4.8 4.8
4
1
2
0 0
CTL OLIVE PALM CTL OLIVEPALM
Weight (g)
suscite: 30 15 ***
10 ***
20
Hyperglycémie
10 5
Hyperinsulinémie 0
Control Palm Olive
0
Fat mass Lean mass
Intolérance au
glucose Adipose tissue distribution Weekly intake
* 100 ***
6 *** Control ***
Palm 80
4 60
12 weeks of diet 3
*** *** 40
*
2
*** ***
20
1
0 0
Subcutaneous Perigonadal Perirenal Control Palm Olive
Leptin (ng/mL)
Insulin (ng/mL)
35 200
FFA (mMol/L)
0.75 30 1.5
25
0.50 20 1.0
100
15
0.25 10 0.5
5
0.00 0 0.0 0
Control Palm Olive Control Palm Olive Control Palm Olive Control Palm Olive
* Palm 100
***
Time spent (%)
Frequency (%)
20 20
10 10
***
0 0
Control Palm Olive Control Palm Olive
Un régime riche en graisses saturées augmente
le désespoir
Velocity (cm/s)
30 7
25 6
20 5
15 4
3
10
2
5 1
Mobility Immobility 0 0
Control Palm Olive Control Palm Olive
INFLAMMATION
DEPRESSION OBESITY
Plasma palmitate levels correlate with
depressive symptoms in humans
Saturated high-fat diet increases plasma cytokines and inflammatory markers
C-reactive protein
** TNF
10000
*** 8 * *
8000
6
CRP (ng/mL)
TNF (pg/mL)
6000
4
4000
2
2000
0 0
Control Palm Olive Control Palm Olive
IL-1β Corticosterone
500 * 80 *
Corticosterone (ng/mL)
400 60
IL-1β (pg/mL)
300
40
200
20
100
0 0
Control Palm Olive Control Palm Olive
Saturated high-fat diet increases inflammatory marker expression in the nucleus accumbens
3.0
* Palm
2.5 Olive
2.0 *
* *
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
GFAP Iba-1 TNF IL-1β IFN-γ CD45 CD11b HSP-72
marqueur marqueur de microlie
d'astrocytes
Reactive gliosis
Normalized to βactin+cyclophilin
N=6-11 group
↑Cytokines/chemokines/
immune receptors
↑BDNF
↓Glucocorticoid receptors
ac ac ac
βgal
Saturated high-fat feeding elicits microglia activation in the nucleus accumbens
GFAP
Iba1
Iba-1+ cells
350
300
250
Cell count
200
150
100
Microglia activation 50
0
Control Palm Olive
Nucleus accumbens viral-mediated
inhibition of IKKB
Behavioral testing
EPM, FST,
Operant conditionning
Start of diet NAc virus injection Sacrifice
Control vs. Palm GFP IKKdn Biochemical
Ad vs. Ad
testing
Transcription 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Weeks on diet
IKKB/NFkB inhibition in the NAc reverses inflammatory
IKKB inhibition in the nucleus accumbens reduces gene expression of
inflammatory markers in high-fat fed mice
marker expression in palm HFD mice
8
Fold change vs Control GFP
**
** ControlGFP
*** *** **
6 *** ***
**
ControlIKKdn
Palm GFP
Palm IKKdn
4
***
***
2 *
0
IKKβ GFAP Iba-1 IL-1β IFN-γ CD45 CD11b HSP-72
Nucleus accumbens NFkB knockdown offsets inflammatory
and anxiodepressive effects of prolonged saturated high fat feeding
Nucleus accumbens
Saturated inflammation
high-fat feeding Depressive
behavior
NFκB
NAc inflammation
Depressive behavior
Compulsive food-seeking
NEUROSCIENCE
ociated withdensity)
food of reward andbrain
subcortical eating behavior
regions. and ulti-
More specifically, we test the based changes involving the NAcc appear to precede the matura-
ead to increased
hypothesiscellularity
that the cell within
densitythese regions. regions
of reward-related This is asso- tion of control-related prefrontal circuitry during development (35),
upported by the current observation that overweightgain. In a which may lead to an overreliance on reward circuitry in driving
ciated with obesity-related metrics and early weight
large cohort of nine- and ten-year-olds enrolled in the Adolescent behavior (36). This imbalance may contribute to and enhance vul-
demonstrated greater cellularity in regions that have
Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we demonstrate that nerability for developing unhealthy eating behaviors early in life,
sely associated with various aspects of food reward
cellular density in the NAcc is related to individual differences in thereby increasing risk for obesity during adolescence as well as
on and eating waistbehavior—including
circumference at baselinethe andventral (NAcc),
is predictive of increases in
during adulthood.
riatum (caudate, putamen), after
waist circumference and1pallidum.
y. These findings suggest a neurobio- Fig. 2. Association betweensupport
Beyond correlational RSI-based restricted component
for associations and baseline
between obesity-
on previous logical
work mechanism
in animalfor models
pediatricofobesity
diet-induced
consistentobe- with rodent
waist circumference =
related measures (e.g., BMI, waist circumference) and brain struc- to have
(n 5,214). Imaging metrics were normalized
alternative—but complementary—explanation for these unit SD.ture
work showing that high saturated fat diets increase gliosis and Error
andbars represent
function, 95%
a greater CIs.
understanding of the cytoarchitecture in
neuroinflammation in reward-related brain regions, which in turn
lead to further unhealthy eating and obesity.
Significance
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2007918117 Rapuano et al.
Molecular Psychiatry
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0774-9
ARTICLE
Nils Opel1,2 Anbupalam Thalamuthu3,4 Yuri Milaneschi5 Dominik Grotegerd1 Claas Flint 1,6
● ● ● ● ●
Ramona Leenings1 Janik Goltermann1 Maike Richter1 Tim Hahn1 Georg Woditsch7 Klaus Berger8
● ● ● ● ● ●
Marco Hermesdorf8 Andrew McIntosh 9 Heather C. Whalley 9 Mathew A. Harris 9 Frank P. MacMaster10,11
● ● ● ● ●
Henrik Walter 12 Ilya M. Veer12 Thomas Frodl13,14 Angela Carballedo13 Axel Krug15 Igor Nenadic15
● ● ● ● ● ●
Tilo Kircher15 Andre Aleman16 Nynke A. Groenewold16 Dan J. Stein 17 Jair C. Soares18
● ● ● ● ●
Giovana B. Zunta-Soares18 Benson Mwangi19 Mon-Ju Wu 19 Martin Walter20 Meng Li20 Ben J. Harrison21
● ● ● ● ● ●
Philipp G. Sämann26 Brenda Penninx5 Laura Nawijn 5 Dick J. Veltman5 Lyubomir Aftanas27 Ivan V. Brak 27
● ● ● ● ● ●
Elena A. Filimonova27 Evgeniy A. Osipov 28 Liesbeth Reneman29 Anouk Schrantee29 Hans J. Grabe 30,31
● ● ● ● ●
1234567890();,:
Sandra Van der Auwera30,31 Katharina Wittfeld 30,31 Norbert Hosten32 Henry Völzke33,34 Kang Sim 35,36
1234567890();,:
● ● ● ● ●
Ian H. Gotlib37 Matthew D. Sacchet38 Jim Lagopoulos39 Sean N. Hatton 40 Ian Hickie40 Elena Pozzi22,41
● ● ● ● ● ●
Paul M. Thompson42 Neda Jahanshad 42 Lianne Schmaal22,23 Bernhard T. Baune1,43,44 Udo Dannlowski1
● ● ● ●
NFkB-mediated
NAc neuroinflammation
Seek palatable
“comfort” food D1R neuron
neuroplastic
adaptations
Depressed mood
Interventions
Acides gras oméga-3 et potentiel thérapeutique de cibler
le récepteur des acides gras libre GPR120
Lipid composition?
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.
Grosso et al. PLoS ONE 2014
Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Interferon-Alpha-Induced Depression: Results from a Randomized, Controlled Trial
Sua et al., Biol Psychiatry 2014
Impact of fish oil supplementation following obesity onset
80 µl/day gavage
5-week fish oil supplementation does not alter fat mass
Supplementation
45 45 25
Chow-ctrl Fat Mass Lean Mass
Chow-FO
40 20 Ctrl
Body weight (g)
HFD-FO 40
FO
HFD-Ctrl
Grams
35 35 15
30 30 10
25 25 5
20 20 0
0 5 10 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 Chow HFD Chow HFD
Weeks Treatment weeks
60000
Cumulative intake (Kcal)
2000
Ctrl 2000 D a rk p h a s e L ig h t p h a s e
Chow
1600 ChowFO *
C trl
HFDCtrl
1600
A c tiv it y ( A U C )
FO
1200 HFDFO 40000
1200
800 800
20000
400 400
I
0
0 5 10 15 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
Weeks T r e a tm e n t w e e k s
C how H FD C how H FD
Fish oil supplememtation corrects glucose intolerance
provoked by diet-induced obesity
30
* *** 3
Glucose (mmol/L)
3
** Ctrl **
20 FO
Insulin (ng/ml)
CRP µ g/ml
2 2
*
10 ChowCtrl
ChowFO 1 1
HFDCtrl
HFDFO
0 0 0
0 15 30 60 120 CHOW HFD CHOW HFD
Time (min)
Saturated high-fat feeding increases levels of forebrain
saturated fatty acids and reduces polyunsaturated fatty acids
T o ta l S F A T o ta l fa tty a c id s
80 T o ta l P U F A
C trl C trl 200 C trl
% T o ta l fa tty a c id s
% T o ta l fa tty a c id s
FO * e ffe c t o f F O
FO * e ffe c t o f d ie t 20 FO
60
150
n m o l/m g
40 *
100
10
20
50
0 0 0
CHOW HFD CHOW HFD CHOW HFD
P o ly u n s a t u r a te d f a t t y a c id p r o f ile
20 *
*
10 C trl * * e ffe c t o f d ie t
FO * e ffe c t o f F O
n m o l/m g
1 .5 * E P A /A A r a tio
*
0 .2 0
C trl
1 .0 FO
0 .1 5
R a t io
0 .1 0
* * e ffe c t o f F O
0 .5
#### ####
0 .0 5
****
0 .0 0 .0 0
Chow HFD Chow HFD Chow HFD Chow HFD Chow HFD Chow HFD CHOW HFD
60 Ctrl
30 Ctrl
Light/Dark Box FO
40
20
**
**
10 20
0 0
CHOW HFD CHOW HFD
Fish oil supplementation reverses anxiogenic
effects of diet-induced obesity
25 30
0 0
CHOW HFD CHOW HFD
Fish oil supplementation attenuates behavioral depair
provoked by diet-induced obesity
Ctrl FO
8
Velocity (cm/s)
FO
10
6
4
5
0 0
CHOW HFD CHOW HFD
Fish oil supplementation attenuates forebrain
markers of reactive gliosis
marqueurs d'inflam dans le cerveau
astrocyte microglie
G FAP m RNA Ib a 1 m R N A
1 .6
R e la tiv e e x p r e s s io n
R e la tiv e e x p r e s s io n
C trl 1 .2
FO
1 .2 *
0 .8
0 .8
* 0 .4
0 .4
0 .0 0 .0
CHOW HFD CHOW HFD
Sommaire
1.6 1.4
HUMAN MOUSE
1.4 ici cerveau foetale 1.2
1.2 1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
MG Neu Astro Brain MG Neu Astro Brain
GPR120 agonism inhibits LPS-induced microglia activaton
CX3Cr1CreER-YFP mice
or FFA application
Microglial
Number of processes
4.0
processes
3.5
LPS Cpda+LPS
3.0
*
2.5
2.0
Zahra Dashtehei pour
1.5
A
S
TR
LP
pd
C
C
S+
LP
GPR120 agonism prevents LPS-induced proinflammatory effects in a
manner similar or superior to the effects of omega-3 fatty acids
Relative gene expression
4.5 *
LPS + vehicle
4.0 *
LPS + OA
LPS + ALA
3.5
(Fold change)
LPS + DHA
LPS + EPA
3.0 LPS + cpdA
**
***
*
***
***
*
******
***
2.5 ** **
*** ***
***
2.0
** ***
*** *** *** ***
***
*** ***
1β IL-6 MCP-I NF-κB TNF-α IL-10 Iba-I
1.5
1.0 * * *
** ** **
*** *** ****** *** ***
0.5 ***
***
*** ***
***
*** *** *** ***
***
0.0 *** ***
IL-1β IL-6 MCP-I NF-κB TNF-α IL-10 Iba-I
Central GPR120 agonism reduces LPS-induced anxiety-like
behavior and nucleus accumbens cytokine expression
High-fat diet /
inflammatory signals?
Mediate omega-3
beneficial effects?
• Cibler le récepteur aux acides gras oméga-3 GPR120 pourrait être une
thérapie pharmacologique future au traitement de la dépression chez les
individus obèses.
NFkB-mediated
striatal neuroinflammation
Seek palatable
Neuroplastic adaptations
“comfort” food (D1R circuit)
Depressed mood