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Spherical trigonometry
It deals with the triangles on the spherical triangles and other figures which
lies on the sphere and the sides of which lies on the sphere and the sides of
which are note straight lines but circular arcs.
This is often applied in determining the position of countries, cities, rivers, etc.
mostly in astronomy and navigation.
Sphere
The locus of the points in space that are a given
distance from a fixed point, called the center of
the sphere.
Great circle
A great circle is a circle whose center is the center of the sphere and whose radius is
equal to the radius of the sphere.
Arc of a great circle
The shortest path between two points on the sphere is the arc of a great circle.
Spherical triangle
A spherical triangle is that part of the surface of a sphere bounded by three arcs of
great circles. The bounding arcs are called the sides of spherical triangle and the
intersection of these arcs are called the vertices. The angle formed by two intersecting
arcs is called a spherical angle.
Spherical trigonometry
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢ෞ𝑣
Or
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑥2 ∙ 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 ∙ 𝑦2 + 𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢ෞ𝑣 = 𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 ∙ 𝑦2 + 𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2
Exprimons les coordonnées X, Y, Z du point M
en fonction de r, θ, φ. Nous avons par
projection (et compte tenu du fait que r=1):
Formules fondamentales
Nous travaillerons désormais en
considérant un triangle sphérique
quelconque ABC de la sphère unité S²: on
notera a, b, c les longueurs des côtés
opposés respectivement à A, B, C, puis α,
β, γ les angles en A, B, C
𝑜𝑎 𝑜𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = 𝑜𝑎 = 𝑟 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑜𝐴 𝑟
𝑎𝐴 𝑎𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = aA= 𝑟 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑜𝐴 𝑟
𝑥
cos𝜑 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑥 = 𝑟 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
𝑧 = 𝑟 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
x = r sin(θ) cos (ϕ)
y= r sin (θ) sin (ϕ)
z = r cos(θ)
Formules fondamentales
tel que 𝒌 =OA et que B soit dans le plan (𝑶, 𝒊Ԧ, 𝒌).
On peut alors utiliser le système de coordonnées sphériques ( r , q , j ):
x = r sin(q) cos (j)
y= r sin (q) sin (j)
z = r cos(q)
B a alors pour coordonnées sphériques le triplet (1;c;0) et
C a pour coordonnées sphériques le triplet (1;b;a).
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ∝ + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ∝= 𝟏
et comme les angles et les côtés d'un triangle sphérique appartiennent à ]0;p [ , leurs sinus sont positifs d'où:
d = 80.6° ≈ 8960 km
d
d = 80.6° ≈ 8960 km
d Az
Az = 41.2° (W)
d = 80.6° ≈ 8960 km
d Az
Az = 41.2° (W)
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodromie
Orthodromie
http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/sites/genevieve_tulloue/Meca/RefTerre/Orthodromie1.html
Loxodromie
http://www.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/sites/genevieve_tulloue/Meca/RefTerre/Orthodromie1.html