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Résumé. – Les divers moyens de défense de l’immunité se mettent en place progressivement au cours de la
vie intra-utérine. L’immunité non spécifique se développe progressivement au cours de la vie fœtale. À la
naissance, les cellules phagocytaires, dont les fonctions de bactéricidie sont acquises, sont caractérisées par
un défaut de capacité de migration vers les sites infectieux. L’activité cytotoxique natural killer reste
incomplète. La plupart des anomalies observées en période anté- ou périnatale apparaissent secondaires à la
mauvaise production de cytokines. Le système du complément, encore immature à la naissance, se développe
progressivement dans la première année de vie.
La différenciation des cellules lymphocytaires T et B et des cellules présentatrices de l’antigène, nécessaires à
la réponse immune spécifique, débute très précocement au cours de la gestation et, à 12 semaines de
développement, la réponse immune spécifique apparaît possible. Cependant, le caractère naïf des
lymphocytes T et B est responsable d’une réponse de type primaire, retardée, lente et peu efficace. Cette
observation explique la susceptibilité particulière du nouveau-né, et surtout du prématuré, aux infections
bactériennes et virales. Les diverses stimulations antigéniques et les coopérations cellulaires T/B vont
permettre la maturation complète du système immunitaire spécifique au cours des premières années de vie.
© 2001 Editions Scientifiques et Médicales Elsevier SAS. Tous droits réservés.
Toute référence à cet article doit porter la mention : Durandy A. Ontogenèse du système immunitaire embryonnaire et fœtal. Encycl Méd Chir (Editions Scientifiques et Médicales Elsevier SAS, tous droits réservés),
Gynécologie/Obstétrique, 5-006-C-20, 2001, 5 p.
2
Gynécologie/Obstétrique Ontogenèse du système immunitaire embryonnaire et fœtal 5-006-C-20
Thymus Sang
2 Schéma de différenciation des lymphocytes T et B.
Ganglions HLA : human leukocyte antigen ; NK : natural killer ; Ig :
HLA I immunoglobulines ; TCR : T-cell receptor.
HLA I
CD3/TCR CD3/TCR CD3/TCR
CD8 CD8 CD8
CD4/8
CD3
CD3/TCR CD3/TCR CD4/TCR
CD4 CD4
CD40-L
HLA II HLA II
Cellule IgG
précurseur ANTICORPS IgA
NK IgM
IgD
NK IgE
CD40
Lignée érythroïde IgM
Lignée myéloïde IgD
CD19 CD19
Lignée mégacaryocytaire HLA II HLA II
Plasmocytes
Moelle osseuse
Foie fœtal
3
5-006-C-20 Ontogenèse du système immunitaire embryonnaire et fœtal Gynécologie/Obstétrique
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