Équations de transformation pour la contrainte plane Équations de transformation pour la

déformation plane
input Input

Output
Output
Cercle de Mohr

 Tracez un axe «xy» sur du papier millimétré avec l'axe horizontal (abscisse, axe des x) étiqueté " "et l'axe vertical (ordonnée,
axe y) étiqueté " " ou "CW" (CW pour le sens horaire) .
 Tracez les points: X (x, xy) et Y (y, -xy). Ceux-ci représentent les contraintes sur les faces x et y respectivement, et le
sens positif des contraintes est tel que nous les avons toujours définis:
 Tracez une ligne reliant X et Y. Ce sera le diamètre du cercle de Mohr.

 Trouvez le centre du cercle. Cela se produira là où la ligne croise l'axe - et marque le point (ave, 0)
 Dessinez le cercle de Mohr avec le centre à ( ave, 0).
 L'endroit où le cercle coupe l'axe - définit les contraintes principales. I est la contrainte principale maximale et II est la
contrainte principale minimale.
 Le rayon du cercle est égal à la contrainte de cisaillement maximale ou à la moitié de la différence des contraintes principales R
= max = (I - II)/2. max est la contrainte de cisaillement donnée par les coordonnées supérieures et inférieures du
cercle.
General Stress
Stresses actually vary from point-to-point in a
component. A material point can be thought of
as an infinitesimal cube aligned in an
orthogonal coordinate system (e.g., x-y-z).
Each face of the cube has three stresses acting
on it:

 a normal (axial) stress perpendicular

to the face,
 two shear stresses parallel to the face
in the other two coordinate directions.

Applying equilibrium, it can be shown that

there are only 6 unique stresses needed to
describe a state of stress: 3-dimensional stresses drawn in their
positive senses.
(x ; y ; z ; yz = zy ; zx = xz ; xy = yx )
 Stress subscripts refer to (1) the face on which they act,
and (2) the direction in which they act. Thus, xy is a shear stress on the x-
face acting in the y-direction.
 Stresses are positive if they physically act on a positive face in a positive
direction or act on a negative face in a negative direction (as drawn
above).
 Stresses are negative if they physically act on a positive face in a
negative direction or act on a negative face in a positive direction (e.g., a
negative sign indicates the stress acts opposite drawn above).
General Strain
For a homogeneous (the same at every point) and isotropic (the same in
every direction) material, the normal strain in the x-direction x is caused
by all three normal stresses: x causes a direct strain,
while y and z cause transverse strains via the Poisson Effect. The normal
strains in the other two directions are calculated in a similar manner:

The shear strains do not exhibit a Poisson-type effect:

In general, all stresses and strains are non-zero.

Plane Stress
Plane stress problems occur where the structure
is thin in the out-of-plane direction (e.g., the z-
direction) relative to its in-plane dimensions,
and there is no resistance to out-of-plane
displacement. Thus there is no out-of-plane
stress. Any out-of-plane stress is zero:

The non-zero strains are:

Plane Stress Case.

Most problems in the text can be

considered plane stress problems.
Plane Strain
On the other extreme are plane strain problems.
Here, no deformation is allowed in the z-
direction. Any strain with a z-subscript is zero:

=
0

The non-zero strains are then:

Plane strain problems occur when the thickness

of a structure in the third (z-) direction is large or
comparable to the other two (in-plane)
thicknesses, or the z-dimension is otherwise
constrained (e.g., kept from expanding by being
between rigid supports).
 Uniaxial stress: Normal Stress on an element that occurs in
only one direction; no Shear Stress.

 Biaxial stress: Normal Stresses in 2 directions; no Shear Stress.

 Triaxial stress: Normal Stresses in all 3 directions; no Shear

Stress.
 Hydrostatic stress: Equal Normal Stresses in all 3 directions; no
Shear Stress.

 Pure shear: Only Shear Stresses acting on an element (usually

2D).