Saadouni & Stroomer - Tashelhiyt Berber Manuscripts in Arabic Characters, An Update

TASHELHIYT BERBER MANUSCRIPTS IN ARABIC CHARACTERS: AN
UPDATE
Mohamed Saadouni, Harry Stroomer
La Boite à Documents | « Études et Documents Berbères »

Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Université Hassan II - - 196.200.165.13 - 10/07/2020 12:16 - © La Boite à Documents
2019/2 N° 42 | pages 193 à 200
ISSN 0295-5245
Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-et-documents-berberes-2019-2-page-193.htm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour La Boite à Documents.

© La Boite à Documents. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays.
La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les
limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la
licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie,
sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de
l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage
dans une base de données est également interdit.
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Études et Documents Berbères, 42, 2019 : pp. 193-200
TASHELHIYT BERBER MANUSCRIPTS

IN ARABIC CHARACTERS: AN UPDATE
by
Mohamed Saadouni & Harry Stroomer
I. INTRODUCTION
Tashelhiyt Berber 1 has probably the oldest and quantitatively the largest
literary tradition in the Berber speaking world, a literary tradition consisting of
mainly religious texts, written in Arabic script.
In Morocco this literary tradition has been rather unnoticed for quite a long
time. Its existence has often been denied or considered unimportant and its study
has been neglected in academic circles. An outright denial of any Berber written
tradition was and still is quite general in Morocco: on many occasions one can
hear Moroccans, even nowadays, both Arabs and Berbers, both academicians
and non-academicians claim, that “Berber is only an oral language”. This
assumption is clearly contradicted by the existence of the Tashelhiyt Berber
manuscript tradition, representing a literary tradition of some five centuries.
Also in Europe most scholars with an interest in North Africa were not aware
of the existence of this tradition and many of them remained so until even
today. Around 1850 AD these manuscripts were seen for the first time and
recognised as a form of written Berber. Scholars such as J. D. Delaporte and
H. Stumme bought them for their university libraries 2. The first edition of a
complete Tashelhiyt Berber manuscript by the Dutch scholar B. H. Stricker in
1960 was a mile-stone in this domain 3.
1. Tashelhiyt Berber is spoken in Morocco by approximately 8 to 10 million people. Its original

territory can be demarcated by the imaginary line Marrakech-Essouira-Ifni-Ouarzazate-Marrakech.
2. The Berber manuscripts of J. D. Delaporte went to the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris; the
Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts collected by H. Stumme went to the Leipzig University Library;
during the Second World War they were moved, along with other ‘Oriental’ manuscripts, to a place
safe for the air strikes of the allied forces; the actual fate of these manuscripts is unknown to us.
3. Stricker, B.H., (éd.), Baḥr ad-Dumû`: L’océan des pleurs, poème berbère de Muhammad al-
Awzalî, Leiden (De Goeje Fund, publication 19), 1960.
193
Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts can be found today, in substantial numbers,
among people in the Tashelhiyt speaking South of Morocco. Most of the
owners are reluctant to show them, unless they are convinced of the good
intentions of the person interested in them. These manuscripts are important for
two reasons. Firstly, they allow us to study the complex world of traditional,
local, religious thinking of the Tashelhiyt speaking regions. Secondly, they give
us the rather unique occasion to study a Berber language from an historical
linguistic perspective, since Tashelhiyt manuscripts, as said earlier, have a
time-depth of about five centuries, something quite exceptional for a Berber
language. The older stages of Tashelhiyt show interesting archaic features in
lexicon, morphology and syntax.
II. EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS
Over the last 25 years the opportunities for the study of Tashelhiyt Berber
manuscripts have improved considerably. A number larger than ever before
came at the disposal of researchers. Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts are now
freely consultable in publicly accessible collections; photos and microfilms of
them can be ordered with some of the institutions that keep them. Two
European collections in particular – the Fonds Roux collection in Aix-en-
Provence and the Leiden UniversityLibrary collection – have been important in
this respect, since they, together, have added a total of some 550 manuscript
items to the earlier existing ones. We hope that this positive development will
lead towards an increase of students in this field, a field that offers great
challenges and opportunities to berberologists, arabists, islamologists, histo-
rians, and codicologists alike.
In Europe the collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris is the oldest
one and based on the Delaporte collection. Its catalogue is made by Paulette
Galand-Pernet 4. In her opening line she says that the Bibliothèque Nationale
owns 19 Berber manuscripts. It is unknown to us whether this library has
acquired any additional Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts after 1973.
The second European collection is the one of the French berberologist
Arsène Roux (1893-1971). He collected manuscripts during his life in Morocco
from 1920 to 1956. After his death in 1971, his archive was transferred to Aix-
en-Provence, where it is still kept as the Fonds Roux at the Maison méditer-
rannéenne des sciences de l’homme (MMSH). In 1989, seventeen years after its
transfer, Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts were discovered in this archive by the
Dutch berberologists Nico van den Boogert and Harry Stroomer. These
4. Galand-Pernet, Paulette, Notes sur les manuscrits à poèmes chleuhs du fond berbère de la
Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, Revue des études islamiques XLI/2 1973, pp. 283-296.
194
manuscripts were found dispersed throughout the papers of the Roux archive.
It was the work of Nico van den Boogert to identify these manuscripts and
to catalogue them in the years following their discovery.
Arsène Roux was the first European scholar who was very well acquainted
with the Tashelhiyt Berber literary tradition. The notes and remarks in the
margins of manuscripts and manuscript copies in his archive show that he has
studied them thoroughly and that he had acquired a vast knowledge of their
content. Unfortunately, administrative tasks took much of Roux’s time. He
published only one article about this subject 5 and did not find time to edit a
manuscript from his rich collection 6.
Nico van den Boogert wrote the catalogue of the Fonds Roux Tashelhiyt
Berber and Arabic manuscripts’ collection 7. It describes 195 manuscript items.
The MMSH (Aix-en-Provence) placed van den Boogert’s catalogue on-line,
together with photographs of a number of Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts from
the Fonds Roux collection.
The third Tashelhiyt Berber manuscript collection in Europe is the one kept
in the Leiden University Library in the Netherlands. With 355 items, this
manuscript collection is the largest in Europe and has the greatest diversity in
subject matters. The first 300 items have been provisionally catalogued by Nico
van den Boogert, the list can be consulted on-line 8. A part of the 55 manu-
scripts, acquired later than 2002, have been catalogued by Ahmed El Mounadi
(IRCAM) 9.
5. Roux, Arsène, 1948, Les manuscrits berbères en caractères arabes du Sud-Ouest marocain,
XXIe Congrès international des orientalistes, Paris 1948, p. 316-317.
6. During his life in Morocco Arsène Roux was, among others, professor of Berber in Rabat,
teaching mainly Middle Atlas Berber and Tashelhiyt Berber. He collected oral poetry, ethnographic text
and folk tale texts in these languages. As the director of two institutions in Morocco, he appointed
Middle Atlas Berber and Tashelhiyt Berber speaking language assistants. They taught Middle Atlas
Berber or Tashelhiyt Berber. His assistants provided teaching materials and the Tashelhiyt speaking
assistants explained difficult words, idioms and phrases in the manuscripts for Roux. They were often
traditionally educated fqihs with a superb knowledge of Tashelhiyt and Classical Arabic. Roux owed
much to these assistants, especially to Ibrahim al-Kunki (for al-Kunki see: Ssi Brahim Aknku (édition et
présentation El Khatir Aboulkacem) Rabat (IRCAM) 2010; for al-Kunki’s autobiography see Nico van
den Boogert & Mohamed Saadouni & Harry Stroomer, A berber gentleman scholar: the autobiography
of Ibrahim-al-Kunki, in: Mettouchi, A.: Parcours berbères, Mélanges offerts à Paulette Galand-Pernet
et Lionel Galand pour leur 90e anniversaire, Köln, (Rüdiger Köppe Verlag) 2011, pp. 247-266.
7. Boogert, Nico van den -, Catalogue des Manuscrits Arabes et Berbères du Fonds Roux (Aix-en-
Provence), Aix en Provence 1995 (127 p.) (Travaux et Documents de l’IREMAM). Nico van den
Boogert (Leiden University) is an arabist, berberologist and codicologist who showed great com-
petence in this field. His book, The Berber Literary Tradition of the Sous Leiden (De Goeje Fund,
Publication 27), 1997, can, after Stricker’s edition, be seen as the second mile stone in this domain.
It is a pioneer work of high scientific value and, until today, the best tool for everyone interested in the
field of Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts.
8. Boogert, Nico van den -, Provisional Catalogue of Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts in the Leiden
University Library, Leiden 2002.
9. Ahmed El Mounadi, Les manuscrits amazighes non catalogués dans la Bibliothèque de
l’Université de Leiden, Études et Documents berbères 35-36 (2016): pp. 217-241.
195
III. MOROCCAN ACTIVITIES AND COLLECTIONS 10
The Bibliothèque générale in Rabat has a collection of Tashelhiyt Berber

manuscripts, its first catalogue was made by Paulette Galand-Pernet 11. The
same library, today called Bibliothèque nationale du Royaume de Maroc
(BNRM) published an important Catalogue des manuscrits amazighs in
2015, containing 54 entries covering various subjects. The exact number of
Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts in the BNRM collection remains unclear.
The last three decades witnessed a substantial increase of Moroccan scholars
interested in this tradition: A. Rahmani al-Jishtimi, Omar Afa, Mohamed
Elmedlaoui, Ahmed al-Mounadi, El-Ouafi Nuhi and Khadija Gamaysin 12
with a scholarly philological interest in ‘text and meaning’ of these manu-
scripts, and Ali Amahan 13, El-Khatir Aboulkacem (Afulay) 14, who concen-
trate more on the social, historical and anthropological embedding of this
manuscript tradition.
In 2003, the then newly founded Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe
(IRCAM) organised a conference about Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts as one
of its first activities. During this conference various participants showed
manuscripts from their private collections (see Hammam 15). We assume that
this was the first conference on this subject in Morocco.
In 2005 Muḥammad al-Qâdirî, in cooperation with Aḥmad Ayt Belεid et
10. In this section we attempt to describe Moroccan activities and collections of this domain; it is
a sketch and it does not claim any completeness. We hope that lacunae will be reported to us.
11. Galand-Pernet, P., Notes sur les manuscrits à poèmes chleuhs de la Bibliothèque générale de
Rabat, Journal asiatique CCLX, 1972, pp. 299-316.
12. Gâmaysin, Khadija, Al-εaqida wa-taṣawwuf fi-fikr Muḥammad ibn εAli Awzal, maεa tarjama
wa-taḥqiq makhṭuṭ, Rabat (IRCAM) 2016.
13. Amahan, Ali, Sur une notation du berbère en caractères arabes dans un fragment manuscrit
inédit de 1832, Comptes rendus du Groupe Linguistique d’Études Chamito-Sémitiques (G.L.E.C.S.),
séance du 18 juin 1980, vol. 24-28, 1979-1984, pp. 51-60 ; Amahan, Ali, Notes bibliographiques sur
les manuscrits en langue tamazight écrits en caractères arabes, in : Binebine, A.C. (éd.) Le manuscrit
arabe et la codicologie, Rabat, Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines, série Colloques et
séminaires 33, 1994, pp. 99-104 ; Amahan, Ali, Les écrits berbères au XVIe siècle. Exemple : le
manuscript Aznag, in : La culture populaire ; Spécificités locales et dimension nationale. Actes de la
troisième rencontre (du 1er au 6 août 1988), publié par l’Association de l’Université d’Été Agadir,
Rabat 1990, pp. 11-14.
14. Aboulkacem, El-Khatir, De la légalisation révolutionnaire à l’institutionalisation localisée ;
esquisse d’une histoire de la culture savante d’expression amazighe, Actes du colloque de la sixième
session de l’Association de l’Université d’Été d’Agadir 21-23 juillet 2000 : « Histoire des Amazighs »,
(Éditions Bouregreg) Rabat 2002, vol. 2, pp. 197-221 ; Aboulkacem, El khatir, Les pratiques
scripturaires amazighes dans le champ des études nord-africaines, in : Belghazi, Hammou (éd.), La
culture amazighe, Réflections et pratiques anthropologiques du temps colonial à nos jours, Actes du
colloque de Fès, 28-92 mai 2009, (El maârif Al Jadida) Rabat 2013, pp. 77-96.
15. Hammam, Mohammad (éd.), Le Manuscrit Amazighe, son importance et ses domaines (al-
Makhṭûṭ al-Amâzîġî, ’ahammîyyatuhu wa-majâlâtuhu), (la conférence fut organisée par l’Institut
Royal de la Culture Amazighe (IRCAM), Rabat, le 11 octobre 2003.
196
Σâdil Qîbâl published the Catalogue of Arabic and Berber manuscripts at the
Fondation Abdul Aziz Al Saoud in Casablanca 16. The introduction of this
catalogue mentions a total of 698 manuscripts from three private collections.
In the catalogue they are presented according to subjects and themes (fiqh,
medicine, mysticism, sirah, etc.). It is not always clear which manuscript is
Tashelhiyt Berber.
Moreover, La Fondation du Roi Abdul Aziz Al Saoud is the owner of the
interesting manuscript of al-Tiznîtî, a large lexicon used by notaries of approxi-
mately 400 pages and dating from the 18th century.
In 2014 Abdallah Khalil edited the Tashelhiyt Berber lexicon by Ibrahim ibn
Ali al-Issafanî al-Aqqâwî (dating from 1776 AD = 1190 AH) 17.
A year later the Moroccan scholar Omar Afa published a list of 200 Tashel-
hiyt Berber manuscripts, most of them in private ownership and some of them
kept in the collection of the Bibliothèque nationale in Rabat 18.
Important to mention here is the symposium on the manuscript tradition,
held in Agadir in 2017, with its proceedings edited by Khadijam ar-Râzî:
Khazâ’in at-turâth al-makhṭûṭ fî sûs wa-aṣ-ṣaḥrâ, Agadir 2018.
The last publication we want to mention here is al-makhṭûṭ al-amazîghîyy fi-
l-majal as-sûsîyy, šarḥ manḍûma Taznagt li-lḥasan at-tamuddizti, dirâsa wa-
tahqîq wa-ta`rîb Muḥammad al-Hâṭî, a work that we have not yet been able to
consult unfortunately.
IV. TWO IMPORTANT AUTHORS OF THE TASHELHIYT BERBER LITERARY

TRADITION
Muḥammad Awzal (died in 1162 AH / 1749 AD) is the best known author of
the Tashelhiyt Berber literary tradition. His works are well represented in the
collections mentioned. The Leiden University manuscript (Leiden, Cod. Or.
22.331) is the oldest known copy of the complete works of Awzal.
Awzal is the author of two books: al-ḥawḍ “the cistern, the water reservoir”,
a versified handbook on Maliki law in two parts; the first part deals with the
εibâdât, “acts of devotion”, i.e. with the relation between God and human
beings; the second part deals with the muεâmalât “acts of interaction”, i.e. the
16. Al-Qâdirî, Muḥammad, in cooperation with Aḥmad Ayt Belεid et Σâdil Qîbâl, Fihris al-
Makhṭuṭât al-εarabiyya wa-l-amâziġiyya, (Catalogue of Arabic and Berber manuscripts), two
volumes, Casablanca (La Fondation Abdul Aziz Al Saoud), 2005.
17. Al-Issafnî al-Aqqâwî, Ibrahim ibn Ali, al-Qâmûs al-Amâziġiy al- εarabî, edited by Abdallah
Khalil, Casablanca (La Fondation Abdul Aziz Al Saoud), 2014.
18. Afa, Omar, Al-dalîl al-judâdî li-lmakhṭûṭât wa-’l-watâ’iq al-‘âmâziġiyya, al-maṣâdir al-
maktûba bi-’l-ḥarf al-εarabî fi manṭiqati sûs, Rabat (IRCAM). 2015.
197
interhuman relations (for text and translation, see Luciani 19 and al-Jishtimi 20).
Awzal’s second book, baḥr al-dumûε “the ocean of tears”, is a versified
eschatological treatise of 656 lines (for editions and studies, see Stricker 21,
Galand-Pernet 22, Boogert 23, Afa and Sharaf ad-Din 24 and Gâmaysin 25).
Finally we can mention Awzal’s al-naṣîḥa “the recommendation”, a praise
poem for Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Nâṣir, grandson of the founder of the
Nâṣiriyya brotherhood 26.
Awzal’s work was considered important by traditional scholars working in
an environment similar to his own, as can be seen from the voluminous
commentary on the al-ḥawḍ, written by al-Ḥasan al-Tamuddizti (d. 1316 AH
/ 1899 AD). This big size manuscript (Leiden, Cod. Or. 23.401) has six hundred
pages of commentary and is probably the largest exisiting Tashelhiyt Berber
prose text. This work has neither been edited nor been studied.
Where Awzal had received scholarly attention as an author, this is much less
the case for his predecessor, Ibrahim Aẓnag (died 1005 AH / 1597 AD). Also
Aẓnag’s work is well represented in the collections mentioned which may
indicate that, in the past, also his work was known and appreciated. It has the
title Lεqayd n ddin, in Arabic: εAqâ’id ad-dîn, “Chapters (or articles) on
religion” and consists of 46 chapters, treating a range of religious subjects.
The work has 2816 lines, the length of a chapter may vary from 10 to 100 lines.
A few chapters have been the subject in pulications. Aẓnag’s (second) “chapter
on women” (lεqida n tayššin) is published by Ali Amahan 27. The “chapter on
pilgrimage” (lεqida n lḥijj) is published by Saadouni & Stroomer 2016 28, who
19. Luciani, J.-D., el-Haoudh, Alger (Jourdan) 1897.

20. al-Jishtimi, A. Rahmani -, al-Hawḍ fî-l-fiqh al-mâlikî bi-l-lisânî al-‘âmâzîġî, lî aš-šayx
Muḥammad Awzal,, Casablanca (Dar al-Kitab), 1977.
21. Stricker, B.H., (éd.), Bahr ad-Dumû`: L’océan des pleurs, poème berbère de Muhammad al-
Awzalî, Leiden (De Goeje Fund, publication 19), 1960.
22. Galand-Pernet, P., Le manuscrit berbère Jean Fines: un awzal chleuh du 12e/18e siècle,
Comptes rendus du Groupe Linguistique d’Études Chamito-Sémitiques (G.L.E.C.S.) 24-28, 1979-
1984, pp. 43-49.
23. Boogert, Nico van den -, The Berber Literary Tradition of the Sous, Leiden (De Goeje Fund,
publication 27), 1997.
24. Afa, Omar & Ibrahim Sharaf ad-Din, Baḥr ad-dumuε bi-l-luġa al-amaziġiyya wa-‘l-εarabiyya,
Casablanca, (Matbaεat al-Najâh al-Jadîdah) 2009.
25. Gâmaysin, Khadija, Al-εaqida wa-taṣawwuf fi-fikr Muḥammad ibn εAli Awzal, maεa tarjama
wa-taḥqîq makhṭuṭ, Rabat (IRCAM) 2016.
26. Boogert, Nico van den -, A Sous Berber poem on Sidi Ahmad ibn Nâṣir, Études et Documents
Berbères 9, 1992, pp. 121-137.
27. Amahan, Ali, L’écriture en Tašelḥiyt est-elle une stratégie des Zawaya?, in: Drouin, J. & Roth,
A. (eds.), À la croisée des études libyco-berbères, mélanges offerts à P. Galand-Pernet et L. Galand,
(Comptes rendus du Groupe Linguistique d’Études Chamito-Sémitiques (G.L.E.C.S.), Supplément 15,
Paris 1993.
28. Saadouni, Mohamed & Harry Stroomer, The chapter on Pilgrimage in the work of Ibrahim
Aẓnag, Études et Documents berbères 35-36 (2016) : pp. 361-377.
198
also published the first five chapters of Aznag’s work 29. Apart from these, no
other text publications of Aẓnag’s work are known to us.
Mukhtar as-Sûsî, writer of several important works on the history of South
Morocco 30, provided us with some biographical information concerning
Aẓnag 31; Nico van den Boogert summarized this information in his catalogue
of the Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts’ collection of the Fonds Roux in Aix-en-
Provence 32.
As for Aẓnag manuscript sources: The Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris has
one copy of Aẓnag’s Lεqayd n ddin. 33. The Fonds Roux (Aix-en-Provence)
collection has seven manuscripts and/or manuscript fragments 34. The Leiden
University Library collection has ten manuscripts and/or manuscript fragments
of Aẓnag’s Lεqayd n ddin. 35.
Finally the Bibliothèque National in Rabat has two Aẓnag manuscripts 36. In
total there are more than twenty Aẓnag manuscripts available for scientific
study.
V. TWO FINAL REMARKS
We end with two general remarks: (1) Berber languages have gained an
official status in the Moroccan Constitution since 2011. We may therefore
assume that more manuscripts of this literary tradition will become available in
the public domain in Morocco in the years to come. We look at both Moroccan
and European universities as well as the Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe
(IRCAM) as institutions that will be decisively instrumental to make the
Tashelhiyt Berber manuscripts heritage accessible for national and internatio-
nal berberological, historical and islamological research. (2) We want to plead
for more scholarly attention for this important part of the Moroccan national
29. Saadouni, Mohamed & Harry Stroomer, On the Tashelhiyt Berber author Ibrahim Aẓnag
(d. 1597) in: Written Sources about Africa and their Study, edited by Mena B. Lafkioui & Vermondo
Brugnatelli, Milano (Biblioteca Ambrosiana) 2018, pp. 173-196.
30. al-Sûsî, Muḥammad al-Mukhtâr, Rijâlât al-εilm al-εarabî, Tanger 1400 AH / 1984 AD; idem,
Sûs al-εâlima, Casablanca, 1404AH /1989 AD (2nd edition); idem, al-Maεsûl, Casablanca, (20 vo-
lumes) 1960-1963, (Matbaεat al-Najâh al-Jadîdah).
31. as-Sûsî 1989: 52; 1984 : 180 and al-Maεsûl, vol. 19, p. 15.
32. Boogert, op. cit. 1995 : 120.
33. see Galand-Pernet op. cit.,² 1973.
34. see the catalogue by Nico van den Boogert 1995 and the online manuscript website of the Fonds
Roux in Aix-en-Provence (http://www.e-corpus.org/eng/notices/88253-Aẓnag-Aqa-id-ad-din.html)
35. see the on-line provisional Catalogue by Nico van den Boogert. The other Leiden University
Aznag manuscripts are: Cod. Or. 23.335; Cod. Or. 23.299; Cod. Or. 23.304; Cod. Or. 25.274; Cod. Or.
25.184; Cod. Or. 23.389; Cod. Or. 23.391; Cod. Or. 25.373; Cod. Or. 25.583.
36. see Afa, op. cit., p. 495.
199
intellectual and linguistic heritage and, in particular, we want to break a lance
for the revitalization of text philology and text editing in relation to the
Tashelhiyt Berber text materials contained in the manuscripts of the world’s
largest Berber manuscript tradition. Only scholarly edited texts will provide
a solid foundation for the study of the cultural and linguistic background of
this tradition.
Mohamed SAADOUNI
Leiden University
and Harry STROOMER
Leiden University
200

Saadouni & Stroomer - Tashelhiyt Berber Manuscripts in Arabic Characters, An Update

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Saadouni & Stroomer - Tashelhiyt Berber Manuscripts in Arabic Characters, An Update

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

TASHELHIYT BERBER MANUSCRIPTS IN ARABIC CHARACTERS: AN

Mohamed Saadouni, Harry Stroomer

La Boite à Documents | « Études et Documents Berbères »

Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour La Boite à Documents.

Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

TASHELHIYT BERBER MANUSCRIPTS

1. Tashelhiyt Berber is spoken in Morocco by approximately 8 to 10 million people. Its original

The Bibliothèque générale in Rabat has a collection of Tashelhiyt Berber

IV. TWO IMPORTANT AUTHORS OF THE TASHELHIYT BERBER LITERARY

19. Luciani, J.-D., el-Haoudh, Alger (Jourdan) 1897.

V. TWO FINAL REMARKS

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi